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  • 101 Stephenson, George

    [br]
    b. 9 June 1781 Wylam, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 August 1848 Tapton House, Chesterfield, England
    [br]
    English engineer, "the father of railways".
    [br]
    George Stephenson was the son of the fireman of the pumping engine at Wylam colliery, and horses drew wagons of coal along the wooden rails of the Wylam wagonway past the house in which he was born and spent his earliest childhood. While still a child he worked as a cowherd, but soon moved to working at coal pits. At 17 years of age he showed sufficient mechanical talent to be placed in charge of a new pumping engine, and had already achieved a job more responsible than that of his father. Despite his position he was still illiterate, although he subsequently learned to read and write. He was largely self-educated.
    In 1801 he was appointed Brakesman of the winding engine at Black Callerton pit, with responsibility for lowering the miners safely to their work. Then, about two years later, he became Brakesman of a new winding engine erected by Robert Hawthorn at Willington Quay on the Tyne. Returning collier brigs discharged ballast into wagons and the engine drew the wagons up an inclined plane to the top of "Ballast Hill" for their contents to be tipped; this was one of the earliest applications of steam power to transport, other than experimentally.
    In 1804 Stephenson moved to West Moor pit, Killingworth, again as Brakesman. In 1811 he demonstrated his mechanical skill by successfully modifying a new and unsatisfactory atmospheric engine, a task that had defeated the efforts of others, to enable it to pump a drowned pit clear of water. The following year he was appointed Enginewright at Killingworth, in charge of the machinery in all the collieries of the "Grand Allies", the prominent coal-owning families of Wortley, Liddell and Bowes, with authorization also to work for others. He built many stationary engines and he closely examined locomotives of John Blenkinsop's type on the Kenton \& Coxlodge wagonway, as well as those of William Hedley at Wylam.
    It was in 1813 that Sir Thomas Liddell requested George Stephenson to build a steam locomotive for the Killingworth wagonway: Blucher made its first trial run on 25 July 1814 and was based on Blenkinsop's locomotives, although it lacked their rack-and-pinion drive. George Stephenson is credited with building the first locomotive both to run on edge rails and be driven by adhesion, an arrangement that has been the conventional one ever since. Yet Blucher was far from perfect and over the next few years, while other engineers ignored the steam locomotive, Stephenson built a succession of them, each an improvement on the last.
    During this period many lives were lost in coalmines from explosions of gas ignited by miners' lamps. By observation and experiment (sometimes at great personal risk) Stephenson invented a satisfactory safety lamp, working independently of the noted scientist Sir Humphry Davy who also invented such a lamp around the same time.
    In 1817 George Stephenson designed his first locomotive for an outside customer, the Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, and in 1819 he laid out the Hetton Colliery Railway in County Durham, for which his brother Robert was Resident Engineer. This was the first railway to be worked entirely without animal traction: it used inclined planes with stationary engines, self-acting inclined planes powered by gravity, and locomotives.
    On 19 April 1821 Stephenson was introduced to Edward Pease, one of the main promoters of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR), which by coincidence received its Act of Parliament the same day. George Stephenson carried out a further survey, to improve the proposed line, and in this he was assisted by his 18-year-old son, Robert Stephenson, whom he had ensured received the theoretical education which he himself lacked. It is doubtful whether either could have succeeded without the other; together they were to make the steam railway practicable.
    At George Stephenson's instance, much of the S \& DR was laid with wrought-iron rails recently developed by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks, Morpeth. These were longer than cast-iron rails and were not brittle: they made a track well suited for locomotives. In June 1823 George and Robert Stephenson, with other partners, founded a firm in Newcastle upon Tyne to build locomotives and rolling stock and to do general engineering work: after its Managing Partner, the firm was called Robert Stephenson \& Co.
    In 1824 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) invited George Stephenson to resurvey their proposed line in order to reduce opposition to it. William James, a wealthy land agent who had become a visionary protagonist of a national railway network and had seen Stephenson's locomotives at Killingworth, had promoted the L \& MR with some merchants of Liverpool and had carried out the first survey; however, he overreached himself in business and, shortly after the invitation to Stephenson, became bankrupt. In his own survey, however, George Stephenson lacked the assistance of his son Robert, who had left for South America, and he delegated much of the detailed work to incompetent assistants. During a devastating Parliamentary examination in the spring of 1825, much of his survey was shown to be seriously inaccurate and the L \& MR's application for an Act of Parliament was refused. The railway's promoters discharged Stephenson and had their line surveyed yet again, by C.B. Vignoles.
    The Stockton \& Darlington Railway was, however, triumphantly opened in the presence of vast crowds in September 1825, with Stephenson himself driving the locomotive Locomotion, which had been built at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s Newcastle works. Once the railway was at work, horse-drawn and gravity-powered traffic shared the line with locomotives: in 1828 Stephenson invented the horse dandy, a wagon at the back of a train in which a horse could travel over the gravity-operated stretches, instead of trotting behind.
    Meanwhile, in May 1826, the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had successfully obtained its Act of Parliament. Stephenson was appointed Engineer in June, and since he and Vignoles proved incompatible the latter left early in 1827. The railway was built by Stephenson and his staff, using direct labour. A considerable controversy arose c. 1828 over the motive power to be used: the traffic anticipated was too great for horses, but the performance of the reciprocal system of cable haulage developed by Benjamin Thompson appeared in many respects superior to that of contemporary locomotives. The company instituted a prize competition for a better locomotive and the Rainhill Trials were held in October 1829.
    Robert Stephenson had been working on improved locomotive designs since his return from America in 1827, but it was the L \& MR's Treasurer, Henry Booth, who suggested the multi-tubular boiler to George Stephenson. This was incorporated into a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson for the trials: Rocket was entered by the three men in partnership. The other principal entrants were Novelty, entered by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, and Sans Pareil, entered by Timothy Hackworth, but only Rocket, driven by George Stephenson, met all the organizers' demands; indeed, it far surpassed them and demonstrated the practicability of the long-distance steam railway. With the opening of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1830, the age of railways began.
    Stephenson was active in many aspects. He advised on the construction of the Belgian State Railway, of which the Brussels-Malines section, opened in 1835, was the first all-steam railway on the European continent. In England, proposals to link the L \& MR with the Midlands had culminated in an Act of Parliament for the Grand Junction Railway in 1833: this was to run from Warrington, which was already linked to the L \& MR, to Birmingham. George Stephenson had been in charge of the surveys, and for the railway's construction he and J.U. Rastrick were initially Principal Engineers, with Stephenson's former pupil Joseph Locke under them; by 1835 both Stephenson and Rastrick had withdrawn and Locke was Engineer-in-Chief. Stephenson remained much in demand elsewhere: he was particularly associated with the construction of the North Midland Railway (Derby to Leeds) and related lines. He was active in many other places and carried out, for instance, preliminary surveys for the Chester \& Holyhead and Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, which were important links in the lines of communication between London and, respectively, Dublin and Edinburgh.
    He eventually retired to Tapton House, Chesterfield, overlooking the North Midland. A man who was self-made (with great success) against colossal odds, he was ever reluctant, regrettably, to give others their due credit, although in retirement, immensely wealthy and full of honour, he was still able to mingle with people of all ranks.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on its formation in 1847. Order of Leopold (Belgium) 1835. Stephenson refused both a knighthood and Fellowship of the Royal Society.
    Bibliography
    1815, jointly with Ralph Dodd, British patent no. 3,887 (locomotive drive by connecting rods directly to the wheels).
    1817, jointly with William Losh, British patent no. 4,067 (steam springs for locomotives, and improvements to track).
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, Longman (the best modern biography; includes a bibliography).
    S.Smiles, 1874, The Lives of George and Robert Stephenson, rev. edn, London (although sycophantic, this is probably the best nineteenthcentury biography).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, George

  • 102 Young, James

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 13 July 1811 Glasgow, Scotland
    d. 13 May 1883 Wemyss Bay, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish chemist and pioneer petroleum technologist.
    [br]
    Young's early education took place in the evenings, after the day's work in his father's joinery. From 1830 he studied chemistry at the evening classes in Glasgow given by the distinguished Scottish chemist Thomas Graham (1805–69) and soon afterwards became Graham's assistant. When Graham moved to University College London in 1837, Young accompanied him.
    From 1839 he was employed in the chemical industry, first with James Muspratt at St Helens, Lancashire, and from 1843 with Tennant \& Company in Manchester. In 1848 his attention was drawn to an oil seepage in a mine at Alfreton, Derbyshire, of some 300 gallons per day; he set up his own works there to extract an oil that could be used for lighting and lubrication. When this source of oil was exhausted, three years later, Young moved to Lothian in Scotland. By distillation, he extracted oil from the oil-shale deposits there and thus founded the Scottish oil-shale industry: he obtained a high yield of paraffin oil for lighting and heating, and was a pioneer in the use of chemical methods in extracting and treating oil. In 1866 he disposed of his company for no less than £400,000. Young's other activities included measuring the speed of light by Fizeau's method and giving financial support to the expeditions of David Livingstone, who had been a fellow student in Glasgow.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1873.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1884, Journal of the Chemical Society 45:630.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Young, James

  • 103 षष् _ṣaṣ

    षष् num. a. (used in pl., nom. षट्; gen. षण्णाम्) Six; तेषां त्ववयवान् सूक्ष्मान् षण्णामप्यमितौजसाम् Ms.1.16;8.43.
    -Comp. -अंशः (ष़डंशः) a sixth part.
    -अक्षीणः (षडक्षीणः) a fish.
    -अङ्गम् (ष़डङ्गम्) 1 (a) six parts of the body taken collectively: जङ्घे बाहू शिरो मध्यं षडङ्गमिदमुच्यते । (b) The other six parts of the body are 'हृदयशिरःशिखा- नेत्रकवचास्त्राणि' as in Māl.5.2 (नित्यं न्यस्तषडङगचक्रनिहितं हृत्पद्यमध्योदितम्); cf. com. on the verse.
    -2 the six works auxiliary to the Veda; शिक्षा कल्पो व्याकरणं निरुक्तं छन्दसां चितिः । ज्योतिषामयनं चैव षडङ्गो वेद उच्यते ॥ see वेदाङ्ग also. ˚विद् knowing the six वेदाङ्गs; Ms.3.145.
    -3 six auspicious things, i. e. the six things obtained from a cow; गोमूत्रं गोमयं क्षीरं सर्पिर्दधि च रोचना । षडङ्गमेतन्माङ्गल्यं पठितं सर्वदा गवाम् ॥
    -3 any set of six articles.
    ˚जत् m. N. of Viṣṇu.
    -अङ्घ्रिः (षडङ्घ्रिः) a bee; किमिह बहु षडङ्घ्रे गायसि त्वम् Bhāg.1.47.14.; Śi.1.4.
    -अधिक a. (
    -षडधिक) exceeded by six; षडधिकदशनाडीचक्रमध्यस्थितात्मा Māl.5.1.
    -अभिज्ञः (षडभिज्ञः) a Buddhist deified saint.
    -अशीत (षडशीत) eighty-sixth.
    -अशीतिः f.
    (-ष़डशीतिः) 1 eighty-six.
    -2 N. of the four passages of the sun from one zodiacal sign to the other; L. D. B.
    -अष्टकम् (in astr.) a particular Yoga.
    -अहः (ष़डहः) a period of six days.
    -आननः, -वक्त्रः, -वदनः, (षडाननः, षड्वक्त्रः, षड्वदनः) epithets of Kārtikeya; षडाननापीतपयोधरासु नेता चमूनामिव कृत्तिकासु R.14.22.
    -आम्नायः (षडाम्नायः) the six-fold Tantra.
    -ऊर्मिः the six waves of existence.
    -ऊषणम् (ष़डूषणम्) six spices taken collectively; पञ्चकोलं समरिचं षडूषणमुदाहृतम्.
    -ऋतुः m. pl. the six seasons (i. e. वसन्त, ग्रीष्म, वर्षा, शरद्, हेमन्त and शिशिर).
    -कर्ण a. (
    -षट्कर्ण) heard by six ears; i. e. by a third person other than the speaker and the person spoken to; told to more than one listener (as a counsel, secret &c.); षट्कर्णो भिद्यते मन्त्रः Pt.1.99. (
    -र्णः) a kind of lute.
    -कर्मन् n.
    (षट्कर्मन्) 1 the six acts or duties enjoined on a Brāhmaṇa; they are अध्यापनमध्ययनं यजनं याजनं तथा । दानं प्रतिग्रहश्चैव षट्कर्माण्यग्र- जन्मनः ॥ Ms.1.75.
    -2 the six acts allowable to a Brāhmaṇa for his subsistence:- उच्छं प्रतिग्रहो भिक्षा वाणिज्यं पशुपालनम् । कृषिकर्म तथा चेति षट्कर्माण्यग्रजन्मनः ॥.
    -3 the six acts that may be performed by means of magic:- शान्ति, वशीकरण, स्तम्भन, विद्वेष, उच्चाटन and मरण.
    -4 the six acts belonging to the practice of Yoga:- धौतिर्वस्ती तथा नेती नौलिकी (नौलिकः) त्राटकस्तथा । कपालभाती चैतानि षट्कर्माणि समाचरेत् ॥ (-m.)
    1 a Brāhmaṇa skilled in the above six acts.
    -2 one well-versed in the Tantra magical rites.
    -कोण a. (
    -षट्कोण) hexangular.
    (-णम्) 1 a hexagon.
    -2 the thunderbolt of Indra.
    -3 a diamond.
    -गया the sixfold gayā; गयागजो गयादित्यो गायत्री च गदाधरः । गया गयासुरश्चैव षड्गया मुक्तिदायकाः ॥
    -गवम् (षड्गवम् 1 a team or yoke of six oxen.
    -2 a yoke of six (sometimes after the names of other animals); i. e. हस्ति˚, अश्व˚ 'six elephants, horses &c.'.
    -गवीय a. drawn by six oxen; न यद्वहेच्छकटं षड्गवीयम् Mb.8.76.17.
    -गुण a.
    (-षड्गुण) 1 sixfold.
    -2 having six attributes.
    (-णम्) 1 an assem- blage of six qualities.
    -2 the six expedients to be used by a king in foreign politics; see under गुण (21); cf. षाड्गुण्य also.
    -ग्रन्थः a kind of Karañja tree.
    -ग्रन्थि n. (
    -षड्ग्रन्थि) the root of long pepper.
    -ग्रन्थिका (षड्- ग्रन्थिका) zedoary (शठी).
    -चक्रम्, (षट्चक्रम्) the six my- stical circles of the body, i. e. मूलाधार, स्वाधिष्ठान, मणिपूर, अनाहत, विशुद्ध and आज्ञाख्य.
    -चत्वारिंशत् (षट्चत्वारिंशत्) forty-six.
    -चरणः (षट्चरणः) -1 a bee.
    -2 a locust.
    -3 a louse.
    -जः, (ष़ड्जः) the fourth (or first according to some) of the seven primary notes of the Indian gamut; so called because it is derived from the six organs: नासां कण्ठमुरस्तालु जिह्वां दताञ्श्च संस्पृशन् । षड्जः सञ्जायते (षढ्भ्यः संञ्जायते) यस्मात्तस्मात् षड्ज इति स्मृतः ॥ it is said to resemble the note of peacocks; षड्जं रौति मयूरस्तु Nārada; षड्जसंवादिनीः केकाः द्विधा भिन्नाः शिखण्डिभिः R.1.39.
    -तन्त्री N. of the six philosophical systems.
    -त्रिंशत् f. (
    -षट्त्रिंशत्) thirty-six; (
    -षट्रत्रिंश a. thirtysixth).
    -तिलिन् m. one performing six acts with sesamum seeds; तिलोद्वतीं तिलस्नायी तिलहोमी तिलप्रदः । तिलभुक् तिलवापी च षट्तिली नावसीदति ॥
    -दर्शनम् (षड्दर्शनम्) the six principal systems of Hindu philosophy; they are: सांख्य, योग, न्याय, वैशेषिक, मीमांसा and वेदान्त. (
    -नः) one conversant with the above six systems.
    -दीर्घः the six long vowels: आ, ई, ऊ, ऐ, औ.
    -दुर्गम्, (षड्दुर्गम्) the six kinds of forts taken collectivelly; धन्वदुर्गं महीदुर्गं गिरिदुर्गं तथैव च । मनुष्यदुर्गं मृद्दुर्गं वनदुर्गमिति क्रमात् ॥
    -नवतिः f. (
    -षण्णवतिः) ninety-six.
    -पञ्चाशत् f. (
    -षट्पञ्चाशत्) fifty-six.
    -पदः (षट्पदः) 1 a bee; न पङ्कजं तद्यदलीनषट्पदं न षट्पदो$सौ न जुगुञ्ज यः कलम् Bk.2.19; Ku.5.9; R.6.69.
    -2 a louse.
    -3 a verse consisting of six padas. ˚अथितिः
    1 the mango tree.
    -2 the Champaka tree. ˚आनन्दवर्धनः the Aśoka or Kiṅkirāta tree. ˚ज्य a. having bees for the bow-string (as the bow of Cupid); प्रायश्चापं न वहति भयान्मन्मथः षट्पदज्यम् Me.75. ˚प्रियः the tree called नाग- केशर.
    -पदी (षट्पदी) 1 a stanza consisting of six lines.
    -2 a female bee.
    -3 a louse.
    -4 the six states ('यो$शनायापिपासे शोकं मोहं जरां मृत्युमत्येति' इति श्रुत्युक्ताः Mb. 3.314.9 Com.):-- hunger, thrist, sorrow, disordered intellect, old age and death; other version is:-- कामक्रोधौ लोभमोहौ मदमानौ च षट्पदी ।.
    -पादः (षट्पादः) a bee.
    -प्रज्ञः, (षट्प्रज्ञः) 1 one who is well acquainted with six subjects i. e. the four Puruṣārthas or objects of human existence, the nature of the world, and the nature of the Supreme Sprit; धर्मार्थकाममोक्षेषु लोक- तत्त्वार्थयोरपि । षट्सु प्रज्ञा तु यस्यासौ षट्प्रज्ञः परिकीर्तितः ॥
    -2 a lustful or licentious man.
    -3 a good-hearted neighbour.
    -बिन्दुः (षड्बिन्दुः) an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -भागः (षड्भागः) a sixth part, one-sixth; तपःषड्भागमक्षय्यं ददत्यारण्यका हि नः Ś.2.14; Ms.7.131;8.33.
    -भाववादिन् a maintainer of the theory of the six भावs (i. e. द्रव्य, गुण, कर्मन्, सामान्य, विशेष and समवाय).
    -भुज a.
    (-षड्भुज) 1 six-armed.
    -2 six-sided, hexagonal. (
    -जः) a hexa- gon.
    (-जा) 1 an epithet of Durgā.
    -2 the water- melon.
    -मतस्थापकः (षण्मतस्थापकः) N. of Śaṁkarāchārya.
    -मासः (षण्मासः) a period of six months. ˚निचय a. one who has a store (of food) sufficient for six months; Ms.6.18.
    -मासिक a. (
    -षण्मासिक) half-yearly, occurring every six months.
    -मुखः (षण्मुखः) an epithet of Kārtikeya; स गुणानां बलानां च षण्णां षण्मुख- विक्रमः R.17.67; Mv.1.33. (खा) a water-melon.
    -रसम्, -रसाः (m. pl.) (
    -षड्रसम् &c.) the six flavours taken collectively; see under रस.
    -रात्रम् (षड्रात्रम्) a period of six nights.
    -रेखा, (षड्रेखा) a water-melon.
    -वर्गः (षड्वर्गः) 1 an aggregate of six things.
    -2 espe- cially, the six enemies of mankind; (also called षड्रिपु); कामः क्रोधस्तथा लोभो मदमोहौ च मत्सरः; कृतारिषड्वर्गजयेन Ki.1 9; व्यजेष्ठ षड्वर्गम् Bk.1.2.
    -3 the five senses and Manas.
    -र्विशम् N. of a Brāhmaṇa belonging to the Sāma Veda.
    -विंशतिः f. (
    -षड्विंशतिः)twenty-six; (
    -षड्विंश twentysixth).
    -विध (षड्विध) a. of six kinds, sixfold; षड्विधं बलमादाय प्रतस्थे दिग्जिगीषया R.4.26.
    -शास्त्रिन् m. one conversant with the six Śāstras or darśanas.
    -षष्टिः f. (
    -षट्षष्टिः) sixty-six.
    -सप्ततिः (षट्सप्ततिः) seventy-six.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > षष् _ṣaṣ

  • 104 Arnold, Aza

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 4 October 1788 Smithfield, Pawtucket, Rhode Island, USA
    d. 1865 Washington, DC, USA
    [br]
    American textile machinist who applied the differential motion to roving frames, solving the problem of winding on the delicate cotton rovings.
    [br]
    He was the son of Benjamin and Isabel Arnold, but his mother died when he was 2 years old and after his father's second marriage he was largely left to look after himself. After attending the village school he learnt the trade of a carpenter, and following this he became a machinist. He entered the employment of Samuel Slater, but left after a few years to engage in the unsuccessful manufacture of woollen blankets. He became involved in an engineering shop, where he devised a machine for taking wool off a carding machine and making it into endless slivers or rovings for spinning. He then became associated with a cotton-spinning mill, which led to his most important invention. The carded cotton sliver had to be reduced in thickness before it could be spun on the final machines such as the mule or the waterframe. The roving, as the mass of cotton fibres was called at this stage, was thin and very delicate because it could not be twisted to give strength, as this would not allow it to be drawn out again during the next stage. In order to wind the roving on to bobbins, the speed of the bobbin had to be just right but the diameter of the bobbin increased as it was filled. Obtaining the correct reduction in speed as the circumference increased was partially solved by the use of double-coned pulleys, but the driving belt was liable to slip owing to the power that had to be transmitted.
    The final solution to the problem came with the introduction of the differential drive with bevel gears or a sun-and-planet motion. Arnold had invented this compound motion in 1818 but did not think of applying it to the roving frame until 1820. It combined the direct-gearing drive from the main shaft of the machine with that from the cone-drum drive so that the latter only provided the difference between flyer and bobbin speeds, which meant that most of the transmission power was taken away from the belt. The patent for this invention was issued to Arnold on 23 January 1823 and was soon copied in Britain by Henry Houldsworth, although J.Green of Mansfield may have originated it independendy in the same year. Arnold's patent was widely infringed in America and he sued the Proprietors of the Locks and Canals, machine makers for the Lowell manufacturers, for $30,000, eventually receiving $3,500 compensation. Arnold had his own machine shop but he gave it up in 1838 and moved the Philadelphia, where he operated the Mulhausen Print Works. Around 1850 he went to Washington, DC, and became a patent attorney, remaining as such until his death. On 24 June 1856 he was granted patent for a self-setting and self-raking saw for sawing machines.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    28 June 1856, US patent no. 15,163 (self-setting and self-raking saw for sawing machines).
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. 1.
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (a description of the principles of the differential gear applied to the roving frame).
    D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of Textile Technologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830, Oxford (a discussion of the introduction and spread of Arnold's gear).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Arnold, Aza

  • 105 ALLR

    (öll, allt), a.
    1) all, entire, whole;
    hón á allan arf eptir mik, she has all the heritage after me;
    af öllum hug, with all (one’s) heart;
    hvítr allr, white all over;
    bú allt, the whole estate;
    allan daginn, the whole day;
    í allri veröld, in the whole world;
    allan hálfan mánuð, for the entire fortnight;
    with addition of ‘saman’;
    allt saman féit, the whole amount;
    um þenna hernað allan saman, all together;
    2) used almost adverbially, all, quite, entirely;
    klofnaði hann allr í sundr, he was all cloven asunder, kváðu Örn allan villast, that he was altogether bewildered;
    var Hrappr allr brottu, quite gone;
    allr annarr maðr, quite another man;
    3) gone, past;
    áðr þessi dagr er allr, before this day is past;
    var þá óll þeirra vinátta, their friendship was all over;
    allt er nú mitt megin, my strength is exhausted, gone;
    4) departed, dead (þá er Geirmundr var allr);
    5) neut. sing. (allt) used. as a subst. in the sense of all, everything;
    þá var allt (all, everybody) við þá hrætt;
    hér er skammætt allt, here everything is transient;
    with a compar. all the more (því öllu þungbærri);
    with gen., allt missera (= öll misseri), all the year round;
    allt annars, all the rest;
    at öllu annars, in all other respects;
    alls fyrst, first of all;
    alls mest, most of all;
    in adverbial phrases: at öllu, in all respects, in every way;
    í öllu, in everything;
    með öllu, wholly, quite;
    neita með öllu, to refuse outright;
    6) pl. allir (allar, öll), as adj. or substantively, all (þeir gengu út allir);
    ór öllum fjórðungum á landinu, from all the quarters of the land;
    allir aðrir, all others, every one else;
    flestir allir, nearly all, the greatest part of;
    gen. pl. (allra) as an intensive with superlatives, of all things, all the more;
    nú þykkir mér þat allra sýnst, er, all the more likely, as;
    allra helzt, er þeir heyra, particularly now when they hear;
    allra sízt, least of all.
    * * *
    öll, allt, and alt, adj. [Ulf. alls = πας, άπας, όλος; A. S. eall; Engl. and Germ. all].
    A. In sing. as adj. or substantively, cunctus, totus, omnis:
    I. all, entire, the whole; hón á allan arf eptir mik, she has all my heritage after me, Nj. 3; um alla þingsafglöpun, every kind of þ., 150; gaf hann þat allt, all, 101; at öllum hluta, in totum, Grág. i. 245; allr heilagr dómr, the whole body of Christians, ii. 165; á öllu því máli, Fms. vii. 311; allu fólki, thewhole people, x. 273; hvitr allr, white all over, 655 xxxii. 21; bú allt, thewhole estate, Grág. i. 244; fyrir allt dagsljós, before any dawn of light, Hom. 41: with the addition of saman = άπας—Icel. now in fem. sing. and n. pl. say öll sömun, and even n. sing. allt samant; in old writers saman is indecl.,—the whole, Germ. sänmtlich, zusammen; allt saman féit, thewhole amount, entire, Grág. ii. 148; þenna hernað allan saman, all together, Fms. i. 144; fyrir allan saman ójafnað þann, Sd. 157. Metaph. in the phrase, at vera ekki allr þar sem hann er sénn (séðr), of persons of deep, shrewd characters, not to be seen through, but also with a feeling of something ‘uncanny’ about them, Fms. xi. 157 (a familiar phrase); ekki er oil nótt úti enn, sagði draugrinn, the night is not all over yet, said the ghost, ‘the Ides are not past’ (a proverb), v. Ísl. Þjóðs.
    2. all, entire, full; allan hálfan mánuð, for the entire fortnight, Nj. 7; þar til er Kjartani þykir allt mál upp, until Kjartan thought it was high time, of one nearly (or) well-nigh drowned, Hkr. i. 286.
    II. metaph. past, gone, dead, extinct; perh. ellipt., vera allr í brottu, quite gone, Eb. 112 new Ed.; var Hrappr þá allr í brottu, Nj. 132; then by an ellipsis of ‘brottu,’ or the like, allr simply = past, gone:
    α. past, of time; seg þú svá fremi frá því er þessi dagr er allr, when this day is past, Nj. 96, Fms. ii. 38, 301; var þá öll þeirra vinátta, their friendship was all gone, Fms. ix. 428; allt er mi mitt megin, my strength is gone, exhausted, Str.
    β. dead; þá er Geirmundr var allr, gone, dead, Landn. (Hb.) 124; síz Gunnarr at Hlíðarenda var allr, since G. of Lithend was dead and gone (v. l. to lézt), Nj. 142; sem faðir þeirra væri allr, after his death, Stj. 127; þá er Nói var allr, 66; en sem hann var allr, 100; eptir þat er Sara var öll, after all Sara’s days were over, 139, 140, 405; á vegum allr hygg ek at at ek verða munu, that I shall perish on the way, Gg. verse 5; með því at þú ert gamlaðr mjök, þá munu þeir eigi út koma fyr en þú ert allr, Háv. 57; still freq. in Swed., e. g. blifwa all af bekumring, be worn out with sorrow; vinet blev alt, fell short; tiden er all, past.
    III. used almost adverbially, when it may be translated by all, quite, just, entirely; klofnaði hann allr í sundr, was all cloven asunder, Nj. 205; er sá nú allr einn í þínu liði er nú hefir eigi höfuðs, ok hinn, er þá eggiaði hins versta verks er eigi var fram komit, where it seems, however, rather to mean one and the same … or the very same …, thus, and he is now one and the same man in thy band, who has now lost his head, and he who then egged thee on to the worst work when it was still undone, or the very same, … who, Nj. 213; vil ek at sú görð häldist öll, in all its parts, 256; kváðu Örn allan villast, that he was all bewildered, Ld. 74.
    IV. neut. sing. used as a subst. in the sense of all, everything, in every respect; ok for svá með öllu, sem …, acted in everything as…, Nj. 14, Ld. 54; ok lát sem þú þykist þar allt eiga, that you depend upon him in all, Fms. xi. 113; eigi er enn þeirra allt, they have not yet altogether won the game, Nj. 235: í alls vesöld, in all misery, Ver. 4; alls mest, most of all, especially, Fms. ii. 137 C, Fs. 89 (in a verse); in mod. usage, allra mest, cp. below. The neut. with a gen.; allt missera, all the year round, Hom. 73; allt annars, all the rest, Grág. ii. 141; at öllu annars, in all other respects, K. Þ. K. 98; þá var allt (all, everybody) við þá hrætt, Fas. i. 338. In the phrases, at öllu, in all respects, Fms. i. 21, Grág. i. 431; ef hann á eigi at öllu framfærsluna, if he be not the sole supporter, 275: úreyndr at öllu, untried in every way, Nj. 90; cp. Engl. not at all, prop. not in every respect, analogous to never, prop. not always: fyrir alls sakir, in every respect, Grág. ii. 47, Fas. i. 252: í öllu, in everything, Nj. 90, 228: með öllu, wholly, quite, dauðr með öllu, quite dead, 153; neita með öllu, to refuse outright, Fms. i. 35, 232, Boll. 342: um allt, in respect of everything, Nj. 89; hence comes the adverb ávalt, ever = of allt = um allt, prop. in every respect, v. ávalt.
    V. the neut. sing. allt is used as an adv., right up to, as far as, all the way; Brynjólfr gengr allt at honum, close to him, Nj. 58; kómu allt at bænum, 79; allt at búðardyrunum, right up to the very door of the booth, 247; allt norðr urn Stað, all along north, round Cape Stad, Fms. vii. 7; suðr allt í Englands haf, iv. 329; verit allt út í Miklagarð, as far out as Constantinople, ii. 7, iv. 250, 25; allt á klofa, Bárð. 171.
    2. everywhere, in all places; at riki Eireks konungs mundi allt yfir standa í Eyjunum, might stretch over the whole of the Islands, Eg. 405; Sigröðr var konungr allt um Þrændalög, over all Drontheim, Fms. i. 19; bjoggu þar allt fyrir þingmenn Runólfs goða, the liegemen of R. the priest were in every house, ii. 234 ( = í hverju húsi, Bs. i. 20); allt norðr um Rogaland, all the way north over the whole of R., Fms. iv. 251; vóru svirar allt gulli búnir, all overlaid with gold, vi. 308; hafið svá allt kesjurnar fyrir, at ekki megi á ganga, hold your spears everywhere (all along the line) straight before you, that they (the enemy) may not come up to you, 413; allt imdir innviðuna ok stafnana, vii. 82.
    3. nearly = Lat. jam, soon, already; vóru allt komin fyrir hann bréf, warrants of arrest were already in his way, Fms. vii. 207; var allt skipat liðinu til fylkingar, the troops were at once drawn up in array, 295; en allt hugðum vér ( still we thought) at fara með spekt um þessi héruð, Boll. 346.
    4. temp. all through, until; allt til Júnsvöku, Ann. 1295; allt um daga Hákonar konungs, all through the reign of king Hacon, Bs. i. 731.
    5. in phrases such as, allt at einu, all one, all in the same way, Fms. i. 113. In Icel. at present allt að einu means all the same: allt eins, nevertheless; ek ætla þó utan a. eins, Ísl. ii. 216; hann neitaði allt eins at…, refused all the same, Dipl. iii. 13; allt eins hraustliga, not the less manly, Fms. xi. 443. The mod. Icel. use is a little different, namely = as, in similes = just as; allt eins og blómstrið eina (a simile), just as the flower, the initial words of the famous hymn by Hallgrim.
    6. by adding ‘of’ = far too …, much too …, Karl. 301 (now freq.)
    7. with a comparative, much, far, Fms. vi. 45 (freq.)
    VI. neut. gen. alls [cp. Ulf. allis = όλως; A. S. ealles], used as an adv., esp. before a negative (ekki, hvergi), not a bit, not at all, no how, by no means; þeir ugðu alls ekki at sér, they were not a bit afraid, Nj. 252; hræðumst vér hann nú alls ekki, we do not care a bit for him, 260; á hólmgöngu er vandi en alls ekki ( none at all) á einvigi, Korm. 84; en junkherra Eiríkr þóttist ekki hafa, ok kallaði sik Eirík alls ekki (cp. Engl. lackland), Fms. x. 160; alls hvergi skal sök koma undir enn þriðja mann, no how, in no case, by no means, Grág. i. 144: sometimes without a negative following it; ær alls geldar, ewes quite barren, Grág. i. 502; hafrar alls geldir, id.; alls vesall, altogether wretched, Nj. 124; alls mjök stærist hann nú, very much, Stj.; a. mest, especially, Fs. 89, Fms. ii. 137. In connection with numbers, in all, in the whole; tólf vóru þau alls á skipi, twelve were they all told in the ship, Ld. 142; tíu Íslenzkir menn alls, 164; alls fórust níu menn, the slain were nine in all, Ísl. ii. 385; verða alls sárir þrír eða fleiri, Grág. ii. 10; alls mánuð, a full month, i. 163; þeir ala eitt barn alls á aefi sinni, Rb. 346.
    β. with addition of ‘til’ or ‘of’ = far too much; alls of lengi, far too long a time, Fms. i. 140; hefnd alls til lítil, much too little, vi. 35.
    B. In pl. allir, allar, öll, as adj. or substantively:
    1. used absol. all; þeir gengu út allir, all men, altogether, Nj. 80; Síðan bjoggust þeir heiman allir, 212; Gunnarr reið ok beir allir, 48; hvikit þér allir, 78, etc.
    2. as adj., alla höfðingja, all the chiefs, Nj. 213; ór öllum fjórðungum á landinu, all the quarters of the land, 222; at vitni guðs ok allra heilagra manna, all the saints, Grág. ii. 22; í allum orrostum, in all the battles, Fms. x. 273; Josep ok allir hans ellifu bræðr, Stj., etc.
    3. by adding aðrir, flestir, etc.; allir aðrir, all other, everyone else, Nj. 89, Fms. xi. 135: flestir allir, nearly all, the greatest part of, v. flestr; in mod. use flestallir, flest being indecl.: allir saman, altogether, Nj. 80.
    4. adverb., Gregorius hafði eigi öll fjögr hundruð, not all, not quite, four hundred, Fms. vii. 255.
    5. used ellipt., allir ( everybody) vildu leita þér vegs, Nj. 78.
    6. gen. pl. allra, when followed by superl. neut. adj. or adv., of all things, all the more; en nú þyki mér þat allra sýnst er …, all the more likely, as …, Ld. 34; allra helzt er þeir heyra, particularly now when they hear, Fms. ix. 330; allra helzt ef hann fellr meir, all the rather, if …, Grág. ii. 8; allra sízt, least of all, 686 B. 2; bæn sú kemr til þess allra mest, especially, Hom. 149: very freq. at present in Icel., and used nearly as Engl. very, e. g. allra bezt, the very best; a. hæst, neðst, fyrst, the very highest, lowest, foremost, etc.
    C. alls is used as a prefix to several nouns in the gen., in order to express something common, general, universal.
    COMPDS: allsendis, allsháttar, allsherjar, allsherjarbúð, allsherjardómr, allsherjarfé, allsherjargoði, allsherjarlið, allsherjarlýðr, allsherjarlög, allsherjarþing, allskonar, allskostar, allskyns, allsstaðar, allsvaldandi, allrahanda, allraheilagra.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > ALLR

  • 106 ввод (проходной изолятор)

    1. bushing

     

    ввод
    Проходной изолятор, имеющий внутреннюю изоляцию из жидкого, твердого, газообразного диэлектрического материала или их комбинации.
    [ ГОСТ 27744-88 ]

    EN

    bushing
    device that enables one or several conductors to pass through a partition such as a wall or a tank, and insulate the conductors from it.
    NOTE 1 – The means of attachment (flange or fixing device) to the partition forms part of the bushing. The conductor may form an integral part of the bushing or be drawn into the central tube of the bushing.
    NOTE 2 – The bushings may be of the following types:
    - liquid-filled bushing;
    - liquid-insulated bushing;
    - gas-filled bushing;
    - gas-insulated bushing;
    - oil-impregnated paper bushing;
    - resin-bonded paper bushing;
    - resin-impregnated paper bushing;
    - ceramic, glass or analogous inorganic material bushing;
    - cast or moulded resin-insulated bushing;
    - combined insulation bushing;
    - compound-filled bushing;
    - gas-impregnated bushing.
    [IEV number 471-02-01]

    FR

    traversée
    dispositif servant à faire passer un ou plusieurs conducteurs à travers une paroi, telle qu’un mur ou une cuve, en isolant le(s) conducteur(s) de cette paroi.
    NOTE 1 – Les moyens de fixation (bride ou autre dispositif) sur la paroi font partie de la traversée. Le conducteur peut être solidaire de la traversée ou démontable.
    NOTE 2 – Les différentes traversées peuvent être les suivantes:
    - traversée à remplissage d’un liquide;
    - traversée à isolation liquide;
    - traversée à remplissage de gaz;
    - traversée à isolation gazeuse;
    - traversée en papier imprégné d’huile;
    - traversée en papier enduit de résine;
    - traversée en papier imprégné de résine;
    - traversée en matière céramique, en verre ou en matière inorganique analogue;
    - traversée à isolation en résine coulée ou moulée;
    - traversée à isolation combinée;
    - traversée à remplissage de mélange;
    - traversée imprégnée de gaz.
    [IEV number 471-02-01]

    0835

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    • Durchführung, f

    FR

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > ввод (проходной изолятор)

  • 107 Vertrag

    Vertrag m 1. GEN agreement, contract, pact, treaty; 2. POL treaty, accord; 3. RECHT agreement; contract, covenant, deed (schriftliche Vereinbarung) • einem Vertrag zustimmen RECHT agree to a contract • einen Vertrag aufheben RECHT cancel a contract, rescind a contract • einen Vertrag schließen mit GEN enter into a contract with • etw. in einen Vertrag einfügen RECHT build sth into a contract (Klausel, Bestimmung, Bedingung)
    * * *
    m 1. < Geschäft> agreement, contract, pact, treaty; 2. < Pol> treaty, accord; 3. < Recht> agreement, schriftliche Vereinbarung contract, covenant, deed ■ einem Vertrag zustimmen < Recht> agree to a contract ■ einen Vertrag aufheben < Recht> cancel a contract, rescind a contract ■ einen Vertrag schließen mit < Geschäft> enter into a contract with ■ etw. in einen Vertrag einfügen < Recht> Klausel, Bestimmung, Bedingung build sth into a contract
    * * *
    Vertrag
    contract, covenant, (Geschäftsabschluss) transaction, (Staatsvertrag) treaty, pact, (Übereinkommen) convention, (Urkunde) deed, instrument, document, indenture, indent, (Vereinbarung) agreement, composition, compact;
    • aufgrund eines Vertrages under an agreement (indenture);
    • bei Wirksamwerden des Vertrages when the contract is effected;
    • durch Vertrag gebunden bound by contract;
    • kraft Vertrages by virtue of a treaty;
    • laut Vertrag according to (as may be required by) contract, according to the treaty;
    • während der Dauer des Vertrages during the life of a contract;
    • abgeänderter Vertrag modified (amended) contract;
    • zugunsten der Gläubiger abgeschlossener Vertrag deed for the benefit of creditors;
    • abhängiger Vertrag dependent contract;
    • akzessorischer Vertrag accessory contract;
    • aleatorischer Vertrag aleatory contract;
    • anfechtbarer Vertrag voidable (impeachable) contract;
    • annullierter Vertrag cancelled (rescinded) contract;
    • aufhebbarer Vertrag determinable contract;
    • mit Preisgleitklausel ausgestatteter Vertrag cost-of-living escalator contract;
    • auslaufender Vertrag expiring contract;
    • bedingter Vertrag conditional contract;
    • befristeter Vertrag temporary contract;
    • einseitig begünstigender Vertrag contract of benevolence;
    • beurkundeter Vertrag special contract, contract under seal;
    • bindender Vertrag binding agreement;
    • wechselseitig bindender Vertrag indented deed;
    • gültig bleibender Vertrag contract that can be upheld;
    • dinglicher Vertrag real contract;
    • einfacher (formloser) Vertrag simple contract (US), contract (agreement) under hand (Br.);
    • einklagbarer Vertrag contract enforceable at law;
    • nicht einklagbarer Vertrag unenforceable contract;
    • einseitiger (einseitig bindender) Vertrag unilateral (naked, nude, one-sided) contract;
    • entgeltlicher Vertrag onerous contract;
    • beiderseits (beiderseitig) erfüllter Vertrag executed covenant (contract);
    • noch nicht erfüllter Vertrag executory (unfulfilled) contract;
    • ordnungsgemäß errichteter Vertrag contract drawn up in due form;
    • fairer Vertrag (Minderjähriger) fair and reasonable contract;
    • fehlerhafter Vertrag invalid (defective) contract;
    • fester Vertrag standing contract;
    • fiktiver Vertrag sham contract;
    • fingierter Vertrag fictitious (sham) contract;
    • formbedürftiger Vertrag specialty (formal) contract, specialty [deed];
    • formfreier (formloser) Vertrag parole agreement, simple contract (US), agreement (contract) under hand (Br.);
    • gegenseitiger Vertrag mutual (reciprocal) contract, (zweiseitiger) synallagmatic contract;
    • gemischter Vertrag mixed contract;
    • elektronisch geschlossener Vertrag electronically concluded contract;
    • außerhalb der Geschäftsräume geschlossener Vertrag contract negotiated away from business premises;
    • stillschweigend geschlossener Vertrag implied contract (covenant);
    • lästig gewordener Vertrag burdensome contract;
    • objektiv unmöglich gewordener Vertrag frustrated contract;
    • halbjährlicher Vertrag six-month contract;
    • kaufähnlicher Vertrag quasi contract;
    • kündbarer Vertrag [de]terminable contract;
    • langfristiger Vertrag long-term contract;
    • laufender Vertrag continuing (standing, running) contract;
    • lebenslänglicher Vertrag life contract;
    • zugrunde liegender Vertrag underlying contract;
    • mehrseitiger Vertrag multilateral agreement;
    • mündlicher Vertrag parol agreement, oral (parol) contract;
    • neuer Vertrag fresh (substituted) contract;
    • nichtiger Vertrag void contract;
    • notarieller Vertrag sealed contract, notarial deed, contract by speciality;
    • obligatorischer Vertrag consensual contract;
    • paraphierter Vertrag initialled contract;
    • rechtsgültiger (rechtsverbindlicher) Vertrag valid contract, [legally] binding contract;
    • amtlich registrierter Vertrag contract of record;
    • schlüsselfertiger Vertrag turnkey contract;
    • schriftlicher Vertrag written (literal) contract, contract in writing, covenant;
    • schuldrechtlicher Vertrag personal covenant;
    • schwebender Vertrag executory contract;
    • seerechtlicher Vertrag marine contract;
    • selbstständiger Vertrag independent contract;
    • sittenwidriger Vertrag contract tainted with immorality, immoral (illegal) contract;
    • teilbarer Vertrag divisible contract;
    • unanfechtbarer Vertrag unavoidable contract;
    • unentgeltlicher Vertrag gratuitous contract (deed);
    • ungeteilter Vertrag entire contract;
    • ungültiger Vertrag invalid (void) contract;
    • aufgrund Gesetzes ungültiger Vertrag contract rendered void by statute;
    • unmöglicher Vertrag impossible (frustrated) contract;
    • unrentabler Vertrag unprofitable contract;
    • unteilbarer Vertrag indivisible (entire) contract;
    • einseitig unterzeichneter Vertrag inchoate agreement;
    • unverbindlicher Vertrag naked (nude) contract;
    • mit Treu und Glauben unvereinbarer Vertrag unconscionable contract;
    • unvollständiger Vertrag incomplete contract;
    • gesetzlich verbotener Vertrag contract prohibited by statute;
    • einseitig verpflichtender Vertrag deed poll;
    • gegen die guten Sitten verstoßender Vertrag contract offending public policy;
    • vorläufiger Vertrag provisional contract, preliminary agreement;
    • wechselseitiger Vertrag commutative contract;
    • wirksamer Vertrag executed contract;
    • wucherischer Vertrag usurious contract;
    • zweiseitiger Vertrag synallagmatic (bilateral, mutual) contract, bipartite treaty;
    • Vertrag über den Abschluss eines Prämiengeschäfts option contract;
    • Vertrag auf der Basis zu erstattender Selbstkosten cost-reimbursement contract;
    • Vertrag mit fünfzigprozentiger Beteiligung an den Mehrkosten 50: 50 share contract;
    • Vertrag zugunsten Dritter third-party beneficiary contract (US), contract for benefit of a third party (in consideration of another);
    • Vertrag über Entwicklungsvorhaben developmental contract;
    • Vertrag über die Europäische Union (EUV) Treaty on European Union;
    • Vertrag zur Festlegung des Selbstbehalts (Rückversicherungsgeschäft) surplus treaty;
    • Vertrag über die Fortführung des Geschäftes unter Gläubigeraufsicht deed of inspectorship;
    • Vertrag über Gegenstände des notwendigen Lebensbedarfs contract for necessaries;
    • Vertrag mit vorkalkulierten Kosten target-cost contract;
    • Vertrag auf Lebenszeit life[time] contract;
    • Vertrag über eine geldwerte Leistung money contract;
    • Vertrag über selbstständige Leistungen independent contract;
    • Vertrag mit ungleichen Leistungen mixed contract;
    • Vertrag über mehrere Lieferungen multiple-delivery contract;
    • Vertrag eines Minderjährigen infant’s contract;
    • Vertrag mit Preisfestsetzung nach den Kosten zuzüglich Verrechnung fester Zuschläge cost-plus-a-fixed-fee contract (US);
    • Vertrag zur Sicherstellung des notwendigen Lebensunterhalts contract for necessaries;
    • Vertrag gegen die guten Sitten contract offending public policy, immoral contract;
    • Vertrag in mehreren Währungen multi-currency contract;
    • Vertrag zu Zwecken der Steuerhinterziehung contract to defraud the revenue;
    • Vertrag abändern to modify a contract;
    • Vertrag ablehnen to disaffirm a contract;
    • Vertrag abschließen to conclude (enter into) an agreement, to make (close) a contract;
    • schriftlichen Vertrag abschließen to enter into a written agreement;
    • Vertrag unter Druck abschließen to make a contract under duress;
    • Vertrag nicht anerkennen to repudiate a contract;
    • Vertrag anfechten to rescind (void, avoid) a contract;
    • ungültigen Vertrag anfechten to disaffirm an invalid contract;
    • Vertrag annehmen to adopt (assume) a contract;
    • Vertrag annullieren to invalidate a contract (Br.);
    • Vertrag automatisch annullieren to wash up a contract automatically;
    • Vertrag aufheben to annul (avoid, cancel, set aside, dissolve, evacuate, reprobate, rescind) a contract, to rescind an agreement;
    • Vertrag in gegenseitigem Einvernehmen aufheben to rescind a contract by mutual consent;
    • Vertrag auflösen to sever a contract;
    • Vertrag aufrechterhalten to keep a contract alive, to go on with a contract;
    • Vertrag aufsetzen to draw up (write, prepare) a contract;
    • Vertrag ausfertigen to draw up a contract;
    • Vertrag aushandeln to negotiate a contract (transaction);
    • Vertrag bis in die kleinsten Kleinigkeiten aushandeln to negotiate a contract in exhausting detail;
    • Vertrag auslegen to interpret a contract;
    • Vertrag beenden to determine (terminate, discharge) a contract;
    • einem bestehenden Vertrag beitreten to intervene in an (become party to an) agreement;
    • Vertrag bestätigen to affirm (ratify) a contract;
    • Vertrag nicht bestätigen to disaffirm a contract;
    • Vertrag als nichtig betrachten to consider a contract void;
    • Vertrag brechen to break (violate) a contract;
    • Vertrag genau durchlesen to read through a contract;
    • Klausel in einen Vertrag einfügen to insert a clause into a contract, to embody (put) a clause in a treaty;
    • Vertrag eingehen to enter into an agreement, to [make a] contract;
    • Vertrag einhalten to hono(u)r a contract, to abide by an agreement;
    • Vertrag entwerfen to draft a contract;
    • einem Vertrag die Geschäftsgrundlage entziehen to frustrate a contract;
    • Vertrag erfüllen to complete (execute, satisfy, fulfil(l), perform) a contract;
    • Vertrag bis zum letzten I-Tüpfelchen erfüllen to live up to the letter of a contract;
    • Vertrag für nichtig (ungültig) erklären to vitiate (invalidate) a contract, to set aside an agreement;
    • durch einen neuen Vertrag ersetzen to supersede by a new contract;
    • unter einen Vertrag fallen to fall within the scope of (be covered by, come under) an agreement;
    • Vertrag gänzlich neu fassen to completely transform a treaty;
    • Vertrag genehmigen to approbate an agreement;
    • einem Vertrag gemäß handeln to act in conformity with a contract;
    • aus einem Vertrag herauskommen to get out of a contract;
    • aus einem Vertrag (aufgrund eines Vertrag es) klagen to sue on a contract;
    • Vertrag mit vierteljährlicher Frist kündigen to denounce an agreement with three month’s notice;
    • Vertrag (nicht) fristgemäß kündigen to terminate a contract by (without) notice;
    • Vertrag aus wichtigem Grunde kündigen to terminate a contract for cause;
    • zu einem rechtsgültigen, bindenden und gesetzmäßigen Vertrag machen to constitute an indenture a valid, binding and legal agreement;
    • Vertrag ungültig machen to void (vitiate) a contract;
    • Vertrag nachträglich unmöglich machen to frustrate a contract;
    • unter Vertrag nehmen to employ, to engage, to recruit (US), to hire (US);
    • Vertrag schließen to enter into (conclude) a contract, to consummate an agreement;
    • von wesentlicher Bedeutung für einen Vertrag sein to be of essence for a contract;
    • im Vertrag vorgesehen sein to be provided for in a contract, to be covered by an agreement;
    • auf Vertrag stützen (Klage) to sound in contract;
    • Vertrag umstoßen to void (vitiate) a contract;
    • Vertrag unterschreiben (unterzeichnen) to sign an agreement;
    • internationalen Vertrag gesetzlich verankern to embody a treaty in law;
    • Vertrag verklausulieren to put hedges in a contract;
    • Vertrag verlängern to extend (prolong) a contract;
    • Vertrag verletzen to violate a contract (an agreement);
    • unterschriftsreifen Vertrag vorlegen to submit a contract all cut and dried, to draw up a contract for signature;
    • zu einem Vertrag gezwungen werden to make a contract under duress;
    • Vertrag widerrufen to revoke (rescind) a contract;
    • von einem Vertrag zurücktreten to recede (withdraw from, terminate) an agreement, to rescind a contract;
    • einem Vertrag zustimmen to assent to (ratify) a contract.
    zusammenpfuschen, Vertrag
    to huddle up an agreement.

    Business german-english dictionary > Vertrag

  • 108 calendario

    m.
    1 calendar.
    calendario escolar/laboral school/working year
    2 schedule, programme, timetable, program.
    3 timetable of negotiations.
    * * *
    1 calendar
    \
    calendario académico school year
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM calendar; [de reforma etc] timetable; [de trabajo etc] schedule
    * * *
    a) (de pared, mesa) calendar

    el calendario para el proyecto — the schedule o timetable for the project

    calendario escolar/laboral — school/work calendar

    * * *
    = calendar, schedule, time schedule, timeline [time line].
    Ex. Calendars and almanacs are the oldest form of annual publications.
    Ex. The head librarian had set up a timetable of activities for her in advance and topics and schedules for the courses she would teach at the library school.
    Ex. Time schedule of tasks for implementing decisions concerning archives is described.
    Ex. This article describes a city-wide communications network, looks behind the scenes at how it was developed, and summarises what was learned from creating the system on a tight timeline.
    ----
    * año del calendario = calendar year.
    * calendario académico = academic calendar.
    * calendario de actuación = time scale [timescale], action agenda.
    * calendario de actuaciones = action agenda.
    * calendario de mareas = tide table.
    * calendario deportivo = sporting calendar.
    * calendario de retenciones = retention schedule.
    * calendario electoral = election calendar, electoral calendar.
    * calendario litúrgico = liturgical calendar.
    * calendario lunar = lunar calendar.
    * mes del calendario = calendar month.
    * * *
    a) (de pared, mesa) calendar

    el calendario para el proyecto — the schedule o timetable for the project

    calendario escolar/laboral — school/work calendar

    * * *
    = calendar, schedule, time schedule, timeline [time line].

    Ex: Calendars and almanacs are the oldest form of annual publications.

    Ex: The head librarian had set up a timetable of activities for her in advance and topics and schedules for the courses she would teach at the library school.
    Ex: Time schedule of tasks for implementing decisions concerning archives is described.
    Ex: This article describes a city-wide communications network, looks behind the scenes at how it was developed, and summarises what was learned from creating the system on a tight timeline.
    * año del calendario = calendar year.
    * calendario académico = academic calendar.
    * calendario de actuación = time scale [timescale], action agenda.
    * calendario de actuaciones = action agenda.
    * calendario de mareas = tide table.
    * calendario deportivo = sporting calendar.
    * calendario de retenciones = retention schedule.
    * calendario electoral = election calendar, electoral calendar.
    * calendario litúrgico = liturgical calendar.
    * calendario lunar = lunar calendar.
    * mes del calendario = calendar month.

    * * *
    1 (sistema) calendar
    2 (de pared, mesa) calendar
    calendario de taco tear-off calendar
    3
    (programa): calendario escolar school calendar
    el calendario para el proyecto the timetable o schedule for the project
    tiene un calendario de lo más apretado she has a very tight schedule
    se fijó un calendario preciso para las negociaciones a detailed agenda was drawn up for the negotiations
    Compuestos:
    Advent calendar
    Gregorian calendar
    Julian calendar
    lunar calendar
    * * *

     

    calendario sustantivo masculino


    calendario escolar school calendar


    calendario sustantivo masculino
    1 calendar
    calendario gregoriano, gregorian calendar
    2 (almanaque) calendar: ¿tiene alguien un calendario de bolsillo?, has anyone got a pocket-sized calender?
    3 (de trabajo) schedule: nos han dado el calendario de festivos, we have already received the list of scheduled holidays
    ' calendario' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    gregoriana
    - gregoriano
    - almanaque
    - apretado
    - movilización
    English:
    calendar
    - Gregorian
    - schedule
    - tight
    - timetable
    * * *
    1. [sistema] calendar
    calendario de Adviento Advent calendar;
    calendario del contribuyente = timetable for making annual tax returns;
    calendario eclesiástico ecclesiastic calendar;
    calendario escolar school calendar;
    calendario gregoriano Gregorian calendar;
    calendario juliano Julian calendar;
    calendario laboral = officially stipulated working days and holidays for the year;
    calendario lunar lunar calendar;
    calendario perpetuo perpetual calendar;
    calendario solar solar calendar
    2. [objeto] calendar;
    un calendario de mesa a desk calendar
    3. [programa] schedule, programme;
    la cita más importante en el calendario musical de la ciudad the most important event in the city's musical calendar;
    los participantes en el congreso tienen un calendario muy apretado the conference participants have a busy programme;
    programaron el calendario de actividades para el festival they drew up the schedule o programme of activities for the festival
    CALENDARIO LABORAL
    The calendario laboral lists the 15 public holidays a year in Spain. There are eight official national holidays, some of which are religious: Good Friday, the Assumption (15 August), All Saints' (1 November), the Immaculate Conception (8 December), Christmas; others are required by labour legislation: New Year, Labour Day (1 May), Day of the Constitution (6 December). A further five national holidays are optional (in that regional authorities can substitute them with other days): Epiphany (6 January), St Joseph (19 March), Holy Thursday, Feast of Santiago (25 July), Spanish National Day (12 October). There are two further holidays, one to be decided by each autonomous region, and one by each province.
    * * *
    m
    1 calendar
    2 ( programa) schedule
    * * *
    1) : calendar
    2) : timetable, schedule
    * * *
    calendario n calendar

    Spanish-English dictionary > calendario

  • 109 plano

    adj.
    flat, even, level, plain.
    m.
    1 blueprint, diagram, map, blue-print.
    2 plane, level.
    3 plane, plane surface, surface.
    4 Plano.
    * * *
    1 (de una ciudad) street plan, map
    3 (nivel) level
    5 MATEMÁTICAS plane
    6 figurado (perspectiva) point of view
    \
    de plano (rechazar) flatly, point blank
    en primer plano in the foreground, close-up
    en segundo plano in the background
    plano inclinado inclined plane
    primer plano (foto, cine) close-up
    ————————
    1 (de una ciudad) street plan, map
    3 (nivel) level
    5 MATEMÁTICAS plane
    6 figurado (perspectiva) point of view
    * * *
    1. (f. - plana)
    adj.
    flat, level
    2. noun m.
    1) plan, map
    2) flat
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ (=llano) flat, level
    2. SM
    1) (Mat, Mec) plane
    2) (=posición, nivel) plane
    3) (Cine, Fot) shot

    en primer plano — (Cine, Fot) in close-up; (Arte) in the foreground

    estar en (un) segundo plano — (fig) to be in the background

    4) (Aer)
    5) (Arquit, Mec) plan; (Geog) map; [de ciudad] map, street plan

    levantar el plano de — [+ país] to survey, make a map of; [+ edificio] to draw up the designs for

    6)

    de plano: caer de plano — to fall flat

    7) [de espada] flat
    * * *
    I
    - na adjetivo
    1) <superficie/terreno/zapato> flat

    los 100 metros planos — (AmL) the hundred meters dash o sprint

    2) <figura/ángulo> plane
    II
    1) ( de edificio) plan; ( de ciudad) street plan, map
    2) (Mat) plane
    3)
    a) ( nivel) level
    b) (Cin, Fot) shot
    4) ( de espada) flat
    5)

    de plano — <rechazar/rehusar> flatly

    * * *
    I
    - na adjetivo
    1) <superficie/terreno/zapato> flat

    los 100 metros planos — (AmL) the hundred meters dash o sprint

    2) <figura/ángulo> plane
    II
    1) ( de edificio) plan; ( de ciudad) street plan, map
    2) (Mat) plane
    3)
    a) ( nivel) level
    b) (Cin, Fot) shot
    4) ( de espada) flat
    5)

    de plano — <rechazar/rehusar> flatly

    * * *
    plano1
    1 = plan, floor plan.

    Ex: A plan is a drawing showing relative positions on a horizontal plane, e.g., relative positions of part of a building, a landscape design, the arrangement of furniture in a room or building, etc.

    Ex: The winning entry in the competition to produce a design for the main library building is described and a floor plan of the building is presented.
    * alzado de planos = survey.
    * levantamiento de planos = survey.
    * pantalla plana = flat screen [flatscreen].
    * plano de la ciudad = street plan, city map.
    * plano del metro = subway map.

    plano2
    2 = plane.

    Ex: At this stage the indexer is working in the verbal plane of classification.

    * actuar en segundo plano = lurk in + the wings.
    * dejar en segundo plano = overshadow.
    * en un segundo plano = in the background.
    * pasar al primer plano = take + centre stage.
    * plano conceptual = idea plane.
    * plano notacional = notational plane.
    * plano verbal = verbal plane.
    * poner en primer plano = foreground.
    * primera plana = front page [front-page].
    * primer plano = close up, foreground, limelight, centre stage, forefront.
    * quedar en segundo plano = come in + a poor second.
    * relegado a un segundo plano = on the back burner, back burner.
    * relegarse a un segundo plano = take + a back seat.

    plano3
    3 = flat [flatter -comp., flattest -sup.].

    Ex: The film-strip may roll sideways a little as a canister is removed if they are housed on flat shelves.

    * cable plano = flat wire.
    * de pies planos = flat-footed.
    * destonillador de cabeza plana = flathead screwdriver.
    * pantalla de televisión plana = flat television screen, flat TV screen.
    * pies planos = flat feet, pes planus, fallen arches.
    * televisión de pantalla de plasma = plasma screen TV.
    * televisión de pantalla plana = flat-screen television, flat-screen TV.
    * televisión plana = flat television, flat TV.

    * * *
    plano1 -na
    A ‹superficie/terreno› flat; ‹zapato› flat
    los 100 metros planos ( AmL); the hundred meters, the hundred meters dash o sprint
    pie1 (↑ pie (1))
    B ‹figura/ángulo› plane
    A (de un edificio) plan; (de una ciudad) street plan, plan, map
    Compuesto:
    contour map
    B ( Mat) plane
    Compuestos:
    tail plane
    inclined plane
    C
    1 (nivel) level
    objetos situados en planos diferentes objects located on different levels
    se mueven en planos sociales muy diferentes they move in very different social circles
    en cuanto a calidad está en otro plano as for quality, it's in a different class
    en el plano afectivo on an emotional level o plane
    en el plano laboral la situación no es alentadora on the employment front the news is not encouraging
    primero1 (↑ primero (1)), segundo1 (↑ segundo (1))
    2 ( Cin, Fot) shot
    Compuestos:
    close-up
    pan shot
    long shot
    aerial view
    E
    de plano: negó de plano su participación en los hechos he flatly denied his involvement in the matter
    rechazó de plano la propuesta she rejected the proposal outright
    se equivocaron de plano con esa decisión they made totally the wrong decision
    el sol nos daba de plano en los ojos the sun was shining straight o right into our eyes
    * * *

     

    Del verbo plañir: ( conjugate plañir)

    plaño es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    plañó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    plano    
    plañir
    plano 1
    ◊ -na adjetivo

    1 ‹superficie/terreno/zapato› flat;
    ◊ los 100 metros planos (AmL) the hundred meters dash o sprint

    2 ‹figura/ángulo› plane
    plano 2 sustantivo masculino
    1 ( de edificio) plan;
    ( de ciudad) street plan, map
    2 (Mat) plane
    3
    a) ( nivel) level;


    b) (Cin, Fot) shot

    4
    ◊ de plano ‹rechazar/rehusar› flatly

    plano,-a
    I sustantivo masculino
    1 (de una ciudad) map
    2 (de un edificio, de calles) plan, draft
    3 Cine shot
    primer plano, close-up
    4 (nivel, aspecto) level: dejó sus problemas personales en segundo plano, he put his personal problems aside
    5 Mat plane
    II adjetivo flat, even
    ' plano' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ampliación
    - fondo
    - llana
    - llano
    - perfilar
    - plana
    - posponer
    - sección
    - sobresalir
    - trazado
    - delinear
    - destacar
    - hacer
    - planta
    - primero
    - relegar
    - segundo
    - trazar
    English:
    background
    - blueprint
    - close-up
    - design
    - flat
    - flatly
    - floor plan
    - level
    - limelight
    - map
    - of
    - plan
    - plane
    - shrift
    - street-map
    - which
    - blue
    - close
    - dinner
    - even
    - foreground
    - hand
    - lime
    - place
    - shallow
    - street
    * * *
    plano, -a
    ♦ adj
    flat
    ♦ nm
    1. [diseño, mapa] plan;
    el plano de una ciudad the map of a city
    plano acotado spot height map;
    plano de calles street map;
    plano de planta floor plan
    2. [ámbito]
    en el plano político politically;
    una persona muy estable en el plano afectivo a very emotionally stable person
    3. Cine shot;
    primer plano close-up;
    también Fig
    en segundo plano in the background
    plano corto close-up;
    plano general pan shot;
    plano largo long shot
    4. [en pintura]
    primer plano foreground;
    segundo plano background
    5. Mat plane
    Geol plano de falla fault plane;
    plano inclinado inclined plane
    ♦ de plano loc adv
    [golpear] right, directly; [negar] flatly; Fam
    cantar de plano to make a full confession;
    te equivocas de plano you're completely wrong;
    rechazó de plano la propuesta she flatly rejected the proposal
    * * *
    I adj flat
    II m
    1 ARQUI plan; de ciudad map
    2 en cine shot
    3 MAT plane
    4 fig ( aspecto) level
    5
    :
    primer/segundo plano foreground/middle ground;
    pasar/relegar a un segundo plano fig fade/push into the background;
    estar en el primer plano de la actualidad be in the spotlight o limelight;
    de plano completely; negar categorically; rechazar outright
    * * *
    plano, -na adj
    : flat, level, plane
    plano nm
    1) plan: map, plan
    2) : plane (surface)
    3) nivel: level
    en un plano personal: on a personal level
    4) : shot (in photography)
    5)
    de plano : flatly, outright, directly
    se negó de plano: he flatly refused
    * * *
    plano1 adj flat
    plano2 n
    1. (de una ciudad) map / street plan

    Spanish-English dictionary > plano

  • 110 Bull-fighting

       Until soccer ( futebol) assumed that role in the 20th century, bull-fighting was perhaps Portugal's most popular national sport. Portugal's variation of this blood sport, which is also pursued in Spain and a number of Latin American countries (as well as occasionally the United States), differs from that found in neighboring Spain. The contemporary Portuguese bullfight emphasizes pageantry, spectacle, horsemanship, and bull-jumping during a typical "program" of six bulls.
       The Portuguese participants wear 18th-century costumes, including plumed three-cornered hats, silk breeches, and buckled shoes and boots, and the bulls are not killed in the arena. In the early stages of each "fight," the bull is taunted and harassed by participants on foot or on horses. In the final stage of each bull's appearance, the bull is challenged to charge by a group of seven men called forcados, who proceed to incite the bull to charge the first man in front of the lined-up row of six other men. The object is to jump on the bull's head, hold the horns, and stop the bull's forward progress. Even though the bull's horns are cut and padded and horses wear padding, injuries to persons and horses do occur. In Portuguese tradition, it is said that the bull-jumping activity goes back to the ancient Phoenician or even Minoan customs of bull-jumping as a popular sport.
       In recent years, bullfight audiences have decreased in number while soccer has increasingly drawn greater crowds. During the 18th century, when killing the bull was part of the Portuguese bullfight, during one series of incidents a number of aristocratic bullfighters died in the arena. In 1928, the government of the day banned killing the bull and made such an act against the law. Matadores who killed the bull in the fight then were fined. In 2007, the matador Pedro de Portugal was fined 137,000 euros for killing a bull in the ring as an act of protest against the ban.
       The traditional bullfight season in Portugal runs from May into October each year. It was customary during the Estado Novo that after the bullfight the bulls, although not killed in the bullring, were slaughtered soon afterward and the meat donated to feed the poor. The supply of horses and bulls for this blood sport remains a business of some consequence in the Ribatejo district, north of the Tagus River, the "cowboy" and cattle section of central Portugal.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Bull-fighting

  • 111 στρογγύλος

    Grammatical information: adj.
    Meaning: `round, spherical, compact' (IA.).
    Compounds: Compp., e.g. στρογγυλο-πρόσωπος `round-faced' (Arist., pap.), ὑπο-στρόγγυλος `somewhat rounded' (Thphr. a.o.).
    Derivatives: 1. στρογγυλ-ότης f. `roundness' (Pl., Arist.). 2. - ιον n. `round bottle' (pap. VIp). 3. - λω `to round (off)' with - μα n. (late). 4. - ίζω `id.' (D. H.) with - ισμα n. `terse expression' (Anon. Fig.). 5. - όομαι `to be or become round' (Plu. a.o.) with - ωσις f. (Hp., LXX a.o.), - ωμα n. (Al.). 6. - αίνω `to round' (Hippiatr.). 7. - εύματα H. s. γογγυλεύματα (: *-εύω) H.
    Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]
    Etymology: Formation as γογγ-ύλος, καμπ-ύλος, ἀγκ-ύλος a.o. Prop. *`drawn together, balled together, copast', to στράγξ a. cogn. (s. v.). Then στρογγύλος can be either an old full grade ο-ablaut as NHG Strang a.o. or have taken its - ο- secondarily from γογγύλος (Güntert Reimwortbild. 146 f.). Against the last supposition speaks however the wide spread of στρογγύλος. Diff. J. Schmidt KZ 32, 381: α \> ο because of the following υ (which is a rule of Pre-Greek!). -- A connection with στράγξ `squeezed out drop' is semant. far from evident to my mind (though στρογγ- may well continue * stragg- before υ).
    Page in Frisk: 2,810-811

    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στρογγύλος

  • 112 Guericke, Otto von

    [br]
    b. 20 November 1602 Magdeburg, Saxony, Germany
    d. 11 May 1686 Hamburg, Germany
    [br]
    German engineer and physicist, inventor of the air pump and investigator of the properties of a vacuum.
    [br]
    Guericke was born into a patrician family in Magdeburg. He was educated at the University of Leipzig in 1617–20 and at the University of Helmstedt in 1620. He then spent two years studying law at Jena, and in 1622 went to Leiden to study law, mathematics, engineering and especially fortification. He spent most of his life in politics, for he was elected an alderman of Magdeburg in 1626. After the destruction of Magdeburg in 1631, he worked in Brunswick and Erfurt as an engineer for the Swedish government, and then in 1635 for the Electorate of Saxony. He was Mayor of Magdeburg for thirty years, between 1646 and 1676. He was ennobled in 1666 and retired from public office in 168land went to Hamburg. It was through his attendances at international congresses and at princely courts that he took part in the exchange of scientific ideas.
    From his student days he was concerned with the definition of space and posed three questions: can empty space exist or is space always filled? How can heavenly bodies affect each other across space and how are they moved? Is space, and so also the heavenly bodies, bounded or unbounded? In c. 1647 Guericke made a suction pump for air and tried to exhaust a beer barrel, but he could not stop the leaks. He then tried a copper sphere, which imploded. He developed a series of spectacular demonstrations with his air pump. In 1654 at Rattisbon he used a vertical cylinder with a well-fitting piston connected over pulleys by a rope to fifty men, who could not stop the piston descending when the cylinder was exhausted. More famous were his copper hemispheres which, when exhausted, could not be drawn apart by two teams of eight horses. They were first demonstrated at Magdeburg in 1657 and at the court in Berlin in 1663. Through these experiments he discovered the elasticity of air and began to investigate its density at different heights. He heard of the work of Torricelli in 1653 and by 1660 had succeeded in making barometric forecasts. He published his famous work New Experiments Concerning Empty Space in 1672. Between 1660 and 1663 Guericke constructed a large ball of sulphur that could be rotated on a spindle. He found that, when he pressed his hand on it and it was rotated, it became strongly electrified; he thus unintentionally became the inventor of the first machine to generate static electricity. He attempted to reach a complete physical explanation of the world and the heavens with magnetism as a primary force and evolved an explanation for the rotation of the heavenly bodies.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1672, Experimenta nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de vacuo spatio (New Experiments Concerning Empty Space).
    Further Reading
    F.W.Hoffmann, 1874, Otto von Guericke (a full biography).
    T.I.Williams (ed.), 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, London: A. \& C.Black (contains a short account of his life).
    Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.
    Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. V, New York.
    C.Singer (ed.), 1957, A History of Technology, Vols. III and IV, Oxford University Press (includes references to Guericke's inventions).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Guericke, Otto von

  • 113 С-531

    HE ИДТИ В СРАВНЕНИЕ (НИ В КАКОЕ СРАВНЕНИЕ) с кем-чем НЕ ПОДДАВАТЬСЯ НИКАКОМУ СРАВНЕНИЮ НЕ ВЫДЕРЖИВАТЬ (НИКАКОГО) СРАВНЕНИЯ VP subj: any noun the verb may take the final position, otherwise fixed WO
    to be so different from someone or something else that no comparison can be drawn (often because one of the people, things etc is far superior to the other)
    X не идёт ни в какое сравнение с Y-ом = X can't compare with Y
    X is in no way comparable to Y there's no comparing X and Y X is nothing compared with (to) Y X is nothing in comparison with Y.
    ...Девушка не шла ни в какое сравнение с Фаиной... (Битов 2)....The girl couldn't compare with Faina... (2a).
    До этого Сталин был за границей только в Таммерфорсе и Стокгольме. Но те съезды не шли ни в какое сравнение с лондонским, где собралось более трёхсот делегатов... (Рыбаков 2). Until then, Stalin had been abroad only to Party meetings in Tammerfors and Stockholm. But they had been nothing compared to the London congress, where more than three hundred delegates had gathered... (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > С-531

  • 114 не выдерживать никакого сравнения

    • НЕ ИДТИ В СРАВНЕНИЕ < НИ В КАКОЕ СРАВНЕНИЕ> с кем-чем; НЕ ПОДДАВАТЬСЯ НИКАКОМУ СРАВНЕНИЮ; НЕ ВЫДЕРЖИВАТЬ (НИКАКОГО) СРАВНЕНИЯ
    [VP; subj: any noun; the verb may take the final position, otherwise fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ to be so different from someone or something else that no comparison can be drawn (often because one of the people, things etc is far superior to the other):
    - X не идёт ни в какое сравнение с Y-ом≈ X can't compare with Y;
    - X is nothing in comparison with Y.
         ♦...Девушка не шла ни в какое сравнение с Фаиной... (Битов 2)....The girl couldn't compare with Faina... (2a).
         ♦ До этого Сталин был за границей только в Таммерфорсе и Стокгольме. Но те съезды не шли ни в какое сравнение с лондонским, где собралось более трёхсот делегатов... (Рыбаков 2). Until then, Stalin had been abroad only to Party meetings in Tammerfors and Stockholm. But they had been nothing compared to the London congress, where more than three hundred delegates had gathered... (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > не выдерживать никакого сравнения

  • 115 не выдерживать сравнения

    • НЕ ИДТИ В СРАВНЕНИЕ < НИ В КАКОЕ СРАВНЕНИЕ> с кем-чем; НЕ ПОДДАВАТЬСЯ НИКАКОМУ СРАВНЕНИЮ; НЕ ВЫДЕРЖИВАТЬ (НИКАКОГО) СРАВНЕНИЯ
    [VP; subj: any noun; the verb may take the final position, otherwise fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ to be so different from someone or something else that no comparison can be drawn (often because one of the people, things etc is far superior to the other):
    - X не идёт ни в какое сравнение с Y-ом≈ X can't compare with Y;
    - X is nothing in comparison with Y.
         ♦...Девушка не шла ни в какое сравнение с Фаиной... (Битов 2)....The girl couldn't compare with Faina... (2a).
         ♦ До этого Сталин был за границей только в Таммерфорсе и Стокгольме. Но те съезды не шли ни в какое сравнение с лондонским, где собралось более трёхсот делегатов... (Рыбаков 2). Until then, Stalin had been abroad only to Party meetings in Tammerfors and Stockholm. But they had been nothing compared to the London congress, where more than three hundred delegates had gathered... (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > не выдерживать сравнения

  • 116 не идти в сравнение

    • НЕ ИДТИ В СРАВНЕНИЕ < НИ В КАКОЕ СРАВНЕНИЕ> с кем-чем; НЕ ПОДДАВАТЬСЯ НИКАКОМУ СРАВНЕНИЮ; НЕ ВЫДЕРЖИВАТЬ (НИКАКОГО) СРАВНЕНИЯ
    [VP; subj: any noun; the verb may take the final position, otherwise fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ to be so different from someone or something else that no comparison can be drawn (often because one of the people, things etc is far superior to the other):
    - X не идёт ни в какое сравнение с Y-ом≈ X can't compare with Y;
    - X is nothing in comparison with Y.
         ♦...Девушка не шла ни в какое сравнение с Фаиной... (Битов 2)....The girl couldn't compare with Faina... (2a).
         ♦ До этого Сталин был за границей только в Таммерфорсе и Стокгольме. Но те съезды не шли ни в какое сравнение с лондонским, где собралось более трёхсот делегатов... (Рыбаков 2). Until then, Stalin had been abroad only to Party meetings in Tammerfors and Stockholm. But they had been nothing compared to the London congress, where more than three hundred delegates had gathered... (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > не идти в сравнение

  • 117 не идти ни в какое сравнение

    • НЕ ИДТИ В СРАВНЕНИЕ < НИ В КАКОЕ СРАВНЕНИЕ> с кем-чем; НЕ ПОДДАВАТЬСЯ НИКАКОМУ СРАВНЕНИЮ; НЕ ВЫДЕРЖИВАТЬ (НИКАКОГО) СРАВНЕНИЯ
    [VP; subj: any noun; the verb may take the final position, otherwise fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ to be so different from someone or something else that no comparison can be drawn (often because one of the people, things etc is far superior to the other):
    - X не идёт ни в какое сравнение с Y-ом≈ X can't compare with Y;
    - X is nothing in comparison with Y.
         ♦...Девушка не шла ни в какое сравнение с Фаиной... (Битов 2)....The girl couldn't compare with Faina... (2a).
         ♦ До этого Сталин был за границей только в Таммерфорсе и Стокгольме. Но те съезды не шли ни в какое сравнение с лондонским, где собралось более трёхсот делегатов... (Рыбаков 2). Until then, Stalin had been abroad only to Party meetings in Tammerfors and Stockholm. But they had been nothing compared to the London congress, where more than three hundred delegates had gathered... (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > не идти ни в какое сравнение

  • 118 не поддаваться никакому сравнению

    • НЕ ИДТИ В СРАВНЕНИЕ < НИ В КАКОЕ СРАВНЕНИЕ> с кем-чем; НЕ ПОДДАВАТЬСЯ НИКАКОМУ СРАВНЕНИЮ; НЕ ВЫДЕРЖИВАТЬ (НИКАКОГО) СРАВНЕНИЯ
    [VP; subj: any noun; the verb may take the final position, otherwise fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ to be so different from someone or something else that no comparison can be drawn (often because one of the people, things etc is far superior to the other):
    - X не идёт ни в какое сравнение с Y-ом≈ X can't compare with Y;
    - X is nothing in comparison with Y.
         ♦...Девушка не шла ни в какое сравнение с Фаиной... (Битов 2)....The girl couldn't compare with Faina... (2a).
         ♦ До этого Сталин был за границей только в Таммерфорсе и Стокгольме. Но те съезды не шли ни в какое сравнение с лондонским, где собралось более трёхсот делегатов... (Рыбаков 2). Until then, Stalin had been abroad only to Party meetings in Tammerfors and Stockholm. But they had been nothing compared to the London congress, where more than three hundred delegates had gathered... (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > не поддаваться никакому сравнению

  • 119 remarquer

    remarquer [ʀ(ə)maʀke]
    ➭ TABLE 1
    1. transitive verb
       a. ( = apercevoir) to notice
    • il entra sans qu'on le remarque or sans se faire remarquer he came in without being noticed
    • faire remarquer [+ détail, erreur] to point out
       b. ( = faire une remarque) to remark
    • ça m'est tout à fait égal, remarque ! I couldn't care less, I can tell you! or mind you! (inf) (Brit)
       c. ( = marquer de nouveau) to mark again
    2. reflexive verb
    ► se remarquer [défaut, gêne, jalousie] to be obvious
    • cette tache se remarque beaucoup/à peine this stain is quite/hardly noticeable
    * * *
    ʀ(ə)maʀke
    1.
    1) ( signaler) to point out
    2) ( dire) liter to observe ( que that)
    3) ( voir) to notice [personne, événement, objet]

    remarque, ce n'est pas très important — mind you, it's not very important

    4) ( distinguer) to spot

    2.
    se remarquer verbe pronominal
    1) ( attirer l'attention) [personne, vêtement, caractéristique] to attract attention
    2) ( se voir) [qualité, défaut, sentiment] to show
    * * *
    ʀ(ə)maʀke vt
    1) (= voir) to notice

    J'ai remarqué qu'elle avait l'air triste. — I noticed she was looking sad.

    Je lui ai fait remarquer que c'était un peu cher. — I pointed out to him that it was a bit expensive.

    remarquez,... — mind you,...

    Remarquez, il n'est pas si bête que ça. — Mind you, he's not as stupid as all that.

    se faire remarquer — to draw attention to o.s.

    2) (= dire) to remark, to observe
    * * *
    remarquer verb table: aimer
    A vtr
    1 ( signaler) to point out; faire remarquer to point out; comme le remarquait or faisait remarquer Hegel as Hegel pointed out; remarque-t-il he points out; (faire) remarquer que to point out that; faire remarquer à qn que to point out to sb that; elle lui a fait remarquer qu'il était en retard she pointed out to him that he was late; ( reproche) je te ferai remarquer que c'était ton idée may I remind you that it was your idea;
    2 ( dire) liter to observe (que that); les jours raccourcissent, remarqua-t-il tristement the days are growing shorter, he observed sadly; on remarquera que you will observe that;
    3 ( voir) to notice [personne, événement, situation, objet]; remarquer que/comment to notice that/how; remarque, ce n'est pas très important mind you, it's not very important; remarquons que ce n'est pas la première fois let us note that it is not the first time; se faire remarquer to draw attention to oneself; ne te fais pas remarquer don't draw attention to yourself; entrer/sortir sans se faire remarquer to come in/to leave unnoticed; le roman/film mérite d'être remarqué the novel/film is worthy of attention ou notice;
    4 ( distinguer) remarquer un visage dans la foule to spot a face in the crowd.
    1 ( attirer l'attention) [personne, vêtement, caractéristique] to attract attention;
    2 ( se voir) [qualité, défaut, sentiment] to show; mon émotion se remarquait à ma pâleur one could tell from my pallor that I was deeply affected.
    [rəmarke] verbe transitif
    1. [constater] to notice
    on m'a fait remarquer que... it's been pointed out to me ou it's been drawn to my attention that...
    remarque, je m'en moque éperdument mind you, I really couldn't care less
    [distinguer] to notice
    elle partit sans se faire remarquer she left unnoticed ou without drawing attention to herself
    2. [dire] to remark
    "il ne viendra pas", remarqua-t-il "he won't come," he remarked
    3. [marquer de nouveau - date, adresse] to write ou to note down (separable) again ; [ - linge] to tag ou to mark again
    ————————
    se remarquer verbe pronominal (emploi passif)
    [être visible] to be noticed, to show
    si elle continue à bouder, ça va se remarquer if she keeps (on) sulking, people are going to notice

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > remarquer

  • 120 по жребию

    do smth. on drawing lots

    В конце мая партия прибыла в Читу. Там уже скопилось к тому времени большое количество переселенцев, направлявшихся на Амур и на Уссури. Это были крестьяне Орловской, Тамбовской, Пермской, Вятской и Воронежской губерний. Часть их шла на переселение по доброй воле, часть - по жребию. (Н. Задорнов, Амур-батюшка) — The party reached Chita at the end of May. A large number of settlers, headed for the Amur and the Ussuri, had already collected there. They were peasants from the Orel, Tambov, Perm, Vyatka and Voronezh gubernias. Some had come as volunteers, others had drawn lots and lost.

    Русско-английский фразеологический словарь > по жребию

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