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21 математическая логика
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > математическая логика
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22 log.
abbreviationmathematics logarithm; logic(al) -
23 term
[tə:m] 1. noun1) (a (usually limited) period of time: a term of imprisonment; a term of office.) doba2) (a division of a school or university year: the autumn term.) semester3) (a word or expression: Myopia is a medical term for short-sightedness.) izraz•- terms2. verb(to name or call: That kind of painting is termed `abstract'.)- in terms of* * *I [tə:m]nountermin, strokoven izraz; beseda, izraz; plural izrazi, način izražanja, govor(jenje); termin, rok, čas (doba) trajanja; commerce plačilni rok, čas dospelosti menice; plural določbe, pogoji (v pogodbi); cena; honorar; odnosi; British English kvartal, plačilni dan, termin za plačanje; juridically zasedanje, čas (sodnega) zasedanja; določeni čas posesti (zakupa, najema); British English university trimesečje, trimester; semester; mathematics člen; logic pojem; medicine obsolete menstruacija; obsolete mejnik, mejni kamen; geography skrajna, končna črta ali točkain plain terms — odkrito, naravnostnot on any terms — pod nobenimi pogoji, za nobeno cenoinclusive terms — skupaj s postrežbo, z razsvetijavoreasonable terms — pametne, sprejemljive ceneterms of delivery economy dobavni pogojito be on good (bad) terms with s.o. — biti s kom v dobrih (slabih) odnosihto be on (familiar) terms with s.o. — biti prijatelj s komto be not on speaking terms with s.o. — ne govoriti s kom, biti sprt (skregan) s komwhat are your terms? — kakšne so vaše cene? kaj zahtevate?to bring s.o. to terms — naložiti komu svoje pogojeto come to terms — popustiti, odnehatito make terms, to come to terms with s.o. — pogoditi se, sporazumeti se s komto set a term to s.o. — staviti komu terminII [tə:m]transitive verbimenovati, označevati -
24 symmetric
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25 term
term [tɜ:m]termes ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (e), 1 (f), 3 (a), 3 (d) trimestre ⇒ 1 (b) session ⇒ 1 (c) mandat ⇒ 1 (c) peine ⇒ 1 (d) échéance ⇒ 1 (g) appeler ⇒ 2 conditions ⇒ 3 (a) tarifs ⇒ 3 (c) accord ⇒ 3 (e)1 noun∎ in the long/short term à long/court terme;∎ to reach (full) term (pregnancy) arriver ou être à terme;∎ to set or put a term to sth mettre fin ou un terme à qch∎ in or during term (time) pendant le trimestre;∎ autumn term trimestre m d'automne, premier trimestre m∎ the president is elected for a four-year term le président est élu pour (une période ou une durée de) quatre ans;(d) (in prison) peine f;∎ term of imprisonment peine f de prison;∎ to serve one's term purger sa peine(e) (word, expression) terme m;∎ medical/legal term terme m médical/juridique;∎ she spoke of you in very flattering terms elle a parlé de vous en (des) termes très flatteurs;∎ she told him what she thought in no uncertain terms elle lui a dit carrément ce qu'elle pensait;∎ he condemned the invasion in the strongest possible terms il a condamné l'invasion avec la dernière énergieappeler, nommer;∎ I wouldn't term it a scientific book exactly je ne dirais pas vraiment que c'est un livre scientifique;∎ critics termed the play a total disaster les critiques ont qualifié la pièce d'échec complet∎ under the terms of the agreement selon les termes de l'accord;∎ Law terms and conditions of sale/of employment conditions fpl de vente/d'emploi;∎ what are the inquiry's terms of reference? quelles sont les attributions ou quel est le mandat de la commission d'enquête?;∎ what are your terms? quelles sont vos conditions?;∎ to dictate terms to sb imposer des conditions à qn;∎ she would only accept on her own terms elle n'était disposée à accepter qu'après avoir posé ses conditions;∎ not on any terms à aucun prix, à aucune condition∎ we must think in less ambitious terms il faut voir moins grand;∎ he refuses to consider the question in international terms il refuse d'envisager la question d'un point de vue international;∎ in personal terms, it was a disaster sur le plan personnel, c'était une catastrophe;∎ in financial terms financièrement parlant, en matière de finance(c) (rates, tariffs) conditions fpl, tarifs mpl;∎ we offer easy terms nous proposons des facilités de paiement;∎ on easy terms avec facilités de paiement;∎ weekly terms (in hotel) tarifs mpl à la semaine;∎ special terms for families tarifs mpl spéciaux pour les familles∎ to be on good terms with sb être en bons termes avec qn;∎ we're on the best of terms nous sommes en excellents termes;∎ we remained on friendly terms nos relations sont restées amicales;∎ on equal terms d'égal à égal;∎ they're no longer on speaking terms ils ne se parlent plus(e) (agreement) accord m;∎ to make terms or to come to terms with sb arriver à ou conclure un accord avec qn∎ to come to terms with sth se résigner à qch, arriver à accepter qch;∎ she'll have to come to terms with her problems eventually tôt ou tard elle devra faire face à ses problèmesen ce qui concerne, pour ce qui est de;∎ in terms of profits, we're doing well pour ce qui est des bénéfices, tout va bien;∎ I was thinking more in terms of a Jaguar je pensais plutôt à une Jaguar;∎ we really should be thinking more in terms of foreign competition il nous faudrait davantage tenir compte de ou penser davantage à la concurrence étrangère►► Finance term bill effet m à terme;Finance terms of credit conditions fpl de crédit;Finance term day (jour m du) terme m;Finance term deposit dépôt m à terme;Finance term draft traite f à terme;Finance terms of exchange termes mpl d'échange;term insurance assurance f à terme;term of notice période f de préavis;American School & University term paper dissertation f trimestrielle;terms of payment modalités fpl de paiement, conditions fpl ou termes mpl de paiement;Economics terms of trade termes mpl de l'échange -
26 truth
1 noun(a) (true facts) vérité f;∎ I then discovered the truth about Neil j'ai alors découvert la vérité sur Neil;∎ there isn't a grain or an ounce of truth in what he says il n'y a pas une once de vérité dans ce qu'il dit;∎ there's some truth in what he says il y a du vrai dans ce qu'il dit;∎ there is no truth in the rumour il n'y a rien de vrai dans cette rumeur;∎ the truth of the matter is I really don't care any more la vérité c'est que maintenant je m'en fiche vraiment;∎ … and that's the truth … et voilà la vérité;∎ to tell the truth dire la vérité;∎ to tell (you) the truth à vrai dire, à dire vrai;∎ literary truth to tell à dire vrai;∎ truth is the first casualty (of war) toute guerre s'accompagne de son cortège de mensonges;∎ Law the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth la vérité, toute la vérité, rien que la vérité;∎ proverb (the) truth will out = la vérité finit toujours par se savoir(b) (fact, piece of information) vérité f;∎ he learned some important truths about himself on lui a dit ses quatre vérités;∎ universal truths vérités fpl universellesen vérité►► truth drug sérum m de vérité;truth table table f ou matrice f de vérité -
27 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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28 Boole, George
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 2 November 1815 Lincoln, Englandd. 8 December 1864 Ballintemple, Coounty Cork, Ireland[br]English mathematician whose development of symbolic logic laid the foundations for the operating principles of modern computers.[br]Boole was the son of a tradesman, from whom he learned the principles of mathematics and optical-component manufacturing. From the early age of 16 he taught in a number of schools in West Yorkshire, and when only 20 he opened his own school in Lincoln. There, at the Mechanical Institute, he avidly read mathematical journals and the works of great mathematicians such as Lagrange, Laplace and Newton and began to tackle a variety of algebraic problems. This led to the publication of a constant stream of original papers in the newly launched Cambridge Mathematical Journal on topics in the fields of algebra and calculus, for which in 1844 he received the Royal Society Medal.In 1847 he wrote The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, which applied algebraic symbolism to logical forms, whereby the presence or absence of properties could be represented by binary states and combined, just like normal algebraic equations, to derive logical statements about a series of operations. This laid the foundations for the binary logic used in modern computers, which, being based on binary on-off devices, greatly depend on the use of such operations as "and", "nand" ("not and"), "or" and "nor" ("not or"), etc. Although he lacked any formal degree, this revolutionary work led to his appointment in 1849 to the Chair of Mathematics at Queen's College, Cork, where he continued his work on logic and also produce treatises on differential equations and the calculus of finite differences.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society Medal 1844. FRS 1857.BibliographyBoole's major contributions to logic available in republished form include George Boole: Investigation of the Laws of Thought, Dover Publications; George Boole: Laws of Thought, Open Court, and George Boole: Studies in Logic \& Probability, Open Court.1872, A Treatise on Differential Equations.Further ReadingW.Kneale, 1948, "Boole and the revival of logic", Mind 57:149.G.C.Smith (ed.), 1982, George Boole \& Augustus de Morgan. Correspondence 1842– 1864, Oxford University Press.—, 1985, George Boole: His Life and Work, McHale.E.T.Bell, 1937, Men of Mathematics, London: Victor Gollancz.KF -
29 Shannon, Claude Elwood
[br]b. 30 April 1916 Gaylord, Michigan, USA[br]American mathematician, creator of information theory.[br]As a child, Shannon tinkered with radio kits and enjoyed solving puzzles, particularly crypto-graphic ones. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1936 with a Bachelor of Science in mathematics and electrical engineering, and earned his Master's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1937. His thesis on applying Boolean algebra to switching circuits has since been acclaimed as possibly the most significant this century. Shannon earned his PhD in mathematics from MIT in 1940 with a dissertation on the mathematics of genetic transmission.Shannon spent a year at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, then in 1941 joined Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he began studying the relative efficiency of alternative transmission systems. Work on digital encryption systems during the Second World War led him to think that just as ciphers hide information from the enemy, "encoding" information could also protect it from noise. About 1948, he decided that the amount of information was best expressed quantitatively in a two-value number system, using only the digits 0 and 1. John Tukey, a Princeton colleague, named these units "binary digits" (or, for short, "bits"). Almost all digital computers and communications systems use such on-off, or two-state logic as their basis of operation.Also in the 1940s, building on the work of H. Nyquist and R.V.L. Hartley, Shannon proved that there was an upper limit to the amount of information that could be transmitted through a communications channel in a unit of time, which could be approached but never reached because real transmissions are subject to interference (noise). This was the beginning of information theory, which has been used by others in attempts to quantify many sciences and technologies, as well as subjects in the humanities, but with mixed results. Before 1970, when integrated circuits were developed, Shannon's theory was not the preferred circuit-and-transmission design tool it has since become.Shannon was also a pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence, claiming that computing machines could be used to manipulate symbols as well as do calculations. His 1953 paper on computers and automata proposed that digital computers were capable of tasks then thought exclusively the province of living organisms. In 1956 he left Bell Laboratories to join the MIT faculty as Professor of Communications Science.On the lighter side, Shannon has built many devices that play games, and in particular has made a scientific study of juggling.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNational Medal of Science. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honor, Kyoto Prize.BibliographyHis seminal paper (on what has subsequently become known as information theory) was entitled "The mathematical theory of communications", first published in Bell System Technical Journal in 1948; it is also available in a monograph (written with Warren Weaver) published by the University of Illinois Press in 1949, and in Key Papers in the Development of Information Theory, ed. David Slepian, IEEE Press, 1974, 1988. For readers who want all of Shannon's works, see N.J.A.Sloane and A.D.Wyner, 1992, TheCollected Papers of Claude E.Shannon.HO -
30 MCL
1) Общая лексика: making change last2) Компьютерная техника: Mif Command Language, Module Creation Language3) Авиация: Maximum Climb4) Медицина: mantle cell lymphoma (лимфома из клеток мантийной зоны), Medial collateral ligament (www. medterms. com), внутренняя боковая связка (колена?) (www. medterms. com), midclavicular line (среднеключичная линия), modified chest lead5) Американизм: Most Contaminated Lakes6) Спорт: Members Choice League7) Военный термин: Marine Corps League, Mobilization Cross-Leveling System, maintenance checkoff list, master change log, master component list, master configuration list, miniature cartridge, light8) Техника: multicollector logic9) Сокращение: Mecanique Creusot-Loire (France), midclavicular line10) Физиология: Medial Collateral Ligament, Medial Cruciate Ligament, Medical Consultants Network, Inc.11) Вычислительная техника: Media Communication Lab (organization, Uni Boston, USA)12) Нефть: Maximum contaminant level (The highest permissible concentration of a substance allowed in drinking water, as established by EPA.)13) Транспорт: Mathematics Computation Laboratory (US)14) Экология: maximum contaminant level15) Бурение: MCHL, cone-expanded MCHL, пластырь MetalSkin для обсадной колонны, пластырь MetalSkin для обсадной колонны с уменьшением внутреннего диаметра, пластырь MetalSkin для обсадной колонны с уменьшением внутреннего диаметра при ремонте повреждений, MetalSkin Cased-hole Liner, non-monobore MetalSkin Cased-hole Liner, расширенный конусом пластырь MetalSkin для обсадной колонны, Cone Expanded MetalSkin Cased-Hole Liner16) Образование: My Class Library17) Программирование: Machine Control Language18) Автоматика: machine control logic19) Химическое оружие: Mobile Chemical Laboratory20) Авиационная медицина: maximum contamination level21) Расширение файла: Microsoft Compatibility Labs (Microsoft), Macro library (MultiEdit)22) Чат: Musical Chain Letters23) NYSE. Moore, LTD.24) Аэропорты: Mount Mckinley, Alaska -
31 MCl
1) Общая лексика: making change last2) Компьютерная техника: Mif Command Language, Module Creation Language3) Авиация: Maximum Climb4) Медицина: mantle cell lymphoma (лимфома из клеток мантийной зоны), Medial collateral ligament (www. medterms. com), внутренняя боковая связка (колена?) (www. medterms. com), midclavicular line (среднеключичная линия), modified chest lead5) Американизм: Most Contaminated Lakes6) Спорт: Members Choice League7) Военный термин: Marine Corps League, Mobilization Cross-Leveling System, maintenance checkoff list, master change log, master component list, master configuration list, miniature cartridge, light8) Техника: multicollector logic9) Сокращение: Mecanique Creusot-Loire (France), midclavicular line10) Физиология: Medial Collateral Ligament, Medial Cruciate Ligament, Medical Consultants Network, Inc.11) Вычислительная техника: Media Communication Lab (organization, Uni Boston, USA)12) Нефть: Maximum contaminant level (The highest permissible concentration of a substance allowed in drinking water, as established by EPA.)13) Транспорт: Mathematics Computation Laboratory (US)14) Экология: maximum contaminant level15) Бурение: MCHL, cone-expanded MCHL, пластырь MetalSkin для обсадной колонны, пластырь MetalSkin для обсадной колонны с уменьшением внутреннего диаметра, пластырь MetalSkin для обсадной колонны с уменьшением внутреннего диаметра при ремонте повреждений, MetalSkin Cased-hole Liner, non-monobore MetalSkin Cased-hole Liner, расширенный конусом пластырь MetalSkin для обсадной колонны, Cone Expanded MetalSkin Cased-Hole Liner16) Образование: My Class Library17) Программирование: Machine Control Language18) Автоматика: machine control logic19) Химическое оружие: Mobile Chemical Laboratory20) Авиационная медицина: maximum contamination level21) Расширение файла: Microsoft Compatibility Labs (Microsoft), Macro library (MultiEdit)22) Чат: Musical Chain Letters23) NYSE. Moore, LTD.24) Аэропорты: Mount Mckinley, Alaska -
32 McL
1) Общая лексика: making change last2) Компьютерная техника: Mif Command Language, Module Creation Language3) Авиация: Maximum Climb4) Медицина: mantle cell lymphoma (лимфома из клеток мантийной зоны), Medial collateral ligament (www. medterms. com), внутренняя боковая связка (колена?) (www. medterms. com), midclavicular line (среднеключичная линия), modified chest lead5) Американизм: Most Contaminated Lakes6) Спорт: Members Choice League7) Военный термин: Marine Corps League, Mobilization Cross-Leveling System, maintenance checkoff list, master change log, master component list, master configuration list, miniature cartridge, light8) Техника: multicollector logic9) Сокращение: Mecanique Creusot-Loire (France), midclavicular line10) Физиология: Medial Collateral Ligament, Medial Cruciate Ligament, Medical Consultants Network, Inc.11) Вычислительная техника: Media Communication Lab (organization, Uni Boston, USA)12) Нефть: Maximum contaminant level (The highest permissible concentration of a substance allowed in drinking water, as established by EPA.)13) Транспорт: Mathematics Computation Laboratory (US)14) Экология: maximum contaminant level15) Бурение: MCHL, cone-expanded MCHL, пластырь MetalSkin для обсадной колонны, пластырь MetalSkin для обсадной колонны с уменьшением внутреннего диаметра, пластырь MetalSkin для обсадной колонны с уменьшением внутреннего диаметра при ремонте повреждений, MetalSkin Cased-hole Liner, non-monobore MetalSkin Cased-hole Liner, расширенный конусом пластырь MetalSkin для обсадной колонны, Cone Expanded MetalSkin Cased-Hole Liner16) Образование: My Class Library17) Программирование: Machine Control Language18) Автоматика: machine control logic19) Химическое оружие: Mobile Chemical Laboratory20) Авиационная медицина: maximum contamination level21) Расширение файла: Microsoft Compatibility Labs (Microsoft), Macro library (MultiEdit)22) Чат: Musical Chain Letters23) NYSE. Moore, LTD.24) Аэропорты: Mount Mckinley, Alaska -
33 mcL
1) Общая лексика: making change last2) Компьютерная техника: Mif Command Language, Module Creation Language3) Авиация: Maximum Climb4) Медицина: mantle cell lymphoma (лимфома из клеток мантийной зоны), Medial collateral ligament (www. medterms. com), внутренняя боковая связка (колена?) (www. medterms. com), midclavicular line (среднеключичная линия), modified chest lead5) Американизм: Most Contaminated Lakes6) Спорт: Members Choice League7) Военный термин: Marine Corps League, Mobilization Cross-Leveling System, maintenance checkoff list, master change log, master component list, master configuration list, miniature cartridge, light8) Техника: multicollector logic9) Сокращение: Mecanique Creusot-Loire (France), midclavicular line10) Физиология: Medial Collateral Ligament, Medial Cruciate Ligament, Medical Consultants Network, Inc.11) Вычислительная техника: Media Communication Lab (organization, Uni Boston, USA)12) Нефть: Maximum contaminant level (The highest permissible concentration of a substance allowed in drinking water, as established by EPA.)13) Транспорт: Mathematics Computation Laboratory (US)14) Экология: maximum contaminant level15) Бурение: MCHL, cone-expanded MCHL, пластырь MetalSkin для обсадной колонны, пластырь MetalSkin для обсадной колонны с уменьшением внутреннего диаметра, пластырь MetalSkin для обсадной колонны с уменьшением внутреннего диаметра при ремонте повреждений, MetalSkin Cased-hole Liner, non-monobore MetalSkin Cased-hole Liner, расширенный конусом пластырь MetalSkin для обсадной колонны, Cone Expanded MetalSkin Cased-Hole Liner16) Образование: My Class Library17) Программирование: Machine Control Language18) Автоматика: machine control logic19) Химическое оружие: Mobile Chemical Laboratory20) Авиационная медицина: maximum contamination level21) Расширение файла: Microsoft Compatibility Labs (Microsoft), Macro library (MultiEdit)22) Чат: Musical Chain Letters23) NYSE. Moore, LTD.24) Аэропорты: Mount Mckinley, Alaska -
34 mcl
1) Общая лексика: making change last2) Компьютерная техника: Mif Command Language, Module Creation Language3) Авиация: Maximum Climb4) Медицина: mantle cell lymphoma (лимфома из клеток мантийной зоны), Medial collateral ligament (www. medterms. com), внутренняя боковая связка (колена?) (www. medterms. com), midclavicular line (среднеключичная линия), modified chest lead5) Американизм: Most Contaminated Lakes6) Спорт: Members Choice League7) Военный термин: Marine Corps League, Mobilization Cross-Leveling System, maintenance checkoff list, master change log, master component list, master configuration list, miniature cartridge, light8) Техника: multicollector logic9) Сокращение: Mecanique Creusot-Loire (France), midclavicular line10) Физиология: Medial Collateral Ligament, Medial Cruciate Ligament, Medical Consultants Network, Inc.11) Вычислительная техника: Media Communication Lab (organization, Uni Boston, USA)12) Нефть: Maximum contaminant level (The highest permissible concentration of a substance allowed in drinking water, as established by EPA.)13) Транспорт: Mathematics Computation Laboratory (US)14) Экология: maximum contaminant level15) Бурение: MCHL, cone-expanded MCHL, пластырь MetalSkin для обсадной колонны, пластырь MetalSkin для обсадной колонны с уменьшением внутреннего диаметра, пластырь MetalSkin для обсадной колонны с уменьшением внутреннего диаметра при ремонте повреждений, MetalSkin Cased-hole Liner, non-monobore MetalSkin Cased-hole Liner, расширенный конусом пластырь MetalSkin для обсадной колонны, Cone Expanded MetalSkin Cased-Hole Liner16) Образование: My Class Library17) Программирование: Machine Control Language18) Автоматика: machine control logic19) Химическое оружие: Mobile Chemical Laboratory20) Авиационная медицина: maximum contamination level21) Расширение файла: Microsoft Compatibility Labs (Microsoft), Macro library (MultiEdit)22) Чат: Musical Chain Letters23) NYSE. Moore, LTD.24) Аэропорты: Mount Mckinley, Alaska -
35 subject
1. noun1) (citizen) Staatsbürger, der/-bürgerin, die; (in relation to monarch) Untertan, der/Untertanin, die2) (topic) Thema, das; (department of study) Fach, das; (area of knowledge) Fach[gebiet], das; (Art) Motiv, das; (Mus.) Thema, dason the subject of money — über das Thema Geld [reden usw.]; beim Thema Geld [sein, bleiben]
3)be a subject for something — (cause something) zu etwas Anlass geben
4) (Ling., Logic, Philos.) Subjekt, das2. adjective1) (conditional)be subject to something — von etwas abhängig sein od. abhängen
2) (prone)be subject to — anfällig sein für [Krankheit]; neigen zu [Melancholie]
3) (dependent) abhängig3. adverb 4. transitive verbsubject to — (dependent on) untertan (+ Dat.) [König usw.]; unterworfen (+ Dat.) [Verfassung, Gesetz, Krone]; untergeben (+ Dat.) [Dienstherrn]
1) (subjugate, make submissive) unterwerfen (to Dat.)2) (expose)subject somebody/something to something — jemanden/etwas einer Sache (Dat.) aussetzen
* * *1. adjective 2. noun1) (a person who is under the rule of a monarch or a member of a country that has a monarchy etc: We are loyal subjects of the Queen; He is a British subject.) der/die Untertan(in)2) (someone or something that is talked about, written about etc: We discussed the price of food and similar subjects; What was the subject of the debate?; The teacher tried to think of a good subject for their essay; I've said all I can on that subject.) der Gegenstad3) (a branch of study or learning in school, university etc: He is taking exams in seven subjects; Mathematics is his best subject.) das Fach4) (a thing, person or circumstance suitable for, or requiring, a particular kind of treatment, reaction etc: I don't think her behaviour is a subject for laughter.) der Gegenstand5) (in English, the word(s) representing the person or thing that usually does the action shown by the verb, and with which the verb agrees: The cat sat on the mat; He hit her because she broke his toy; He was hit by the ball.) das Subjekt3. [səb'‹ekt] verb1) (to bring (a person, country etc) under control: They have subjected all the neighbouring states (to their rule).) unterwerfen2) (to cause to suffer, or submit (to something): He was subjected to cruel treatment; These tyres are subjected to various tests before leaving the factory.) aussetzen•- academic.ru/71616/subjection">subjection- subjective
- subjectively
- subject matter
- change the subject
- subject to* * *sub·jectI. n[ˈsʌbʤɪkt, -ʤekt]▪ on the \subject of sb/sth über jdn/etwwhile we're on the \subject wo wir gerade beim Thema sindthe planes have been the \subject of their concern die Flugzeuge waren Gegenstand ihrer Befürchtungenthe guest lecturer took as her \subject ‘imprisonment in modern society’ die Gastsprecherin hatte ‚die Freiheitsstrafe in der modernen Gesellschaft‘ zu ihrem Thema gewählt\subject of debate [or discussion] Diskussionsthema ntthe plan has been the \subject of debate recently über den Plan wurde vor Kurzem diskutiertto change the \subject das Thema wechselnto wander off the \subject vom Thema abschweifen3. (field) Fach nt; (at school) [Schul]fach nt; (specific research area) Spezialgebiet nt, Fachgebiet nthe's better at arts \subjects than science in den künstlerischen Fächern ist er besser als in den naturwissenschaftlichenher \subject is low-temperature physics sie hat sich auf Kältephysik spezialisiertII. adj[ˈsʌbʤɪkt]these flights are \subject to delay bei diesen Flügen muss mit Verspätung gerechnet werdenthe goods are \subject to a 20% discount die Waren sind um 20 % herabgesetztto be \subject to colds sich akk leicht erkältento be \subject to many dangers vielen Gefahren ausgesetzt seinto be \subject to depression zu Depressionen neigento be \subject to a high rate of tax einer hohen Steuer unterliegen3. (contingent on)to be \subject to approval genehmigungspflichtig sein\subject to payment vorbehaltlich einer Zahlung, unter dem Vorbehalt einer ZahlungIII. adv[ˈsʌbʤɪkt]▪ \subject to wennwe plan to go on Wednesday \subject to your approval wir haben vor, am Mittwoch zu gehen, wenn du nichts dagegen hast\subject to your consent vorbehaltlich Ihrer ZustimmungIV. vt[səbˈʤekt]1. (subjugate)▪ to be \subjected to sb/sth jdm/etw ausgesetzt [o unterworfen] seineveryone interviewed had been \subjected to unfair treatment alle Interviewten waren unfair behandelt wordento \subject sb/sth to criticism jdn/etw kritisierento \subject sb to a lie-detector test jdn einem Lügendetektortest unterziehento \subject sb to torture jdn foltern* * *['sʌbdZɪkt]1. nthe subject of the picture is... — das Thema or Sujet (geh)
he paints urban subjects — er malt städtische Motive
on the subject of... — zum Thema (+gen)...
while we're on the subject — da wir gerade beim Thema sind
while we're on the subject of mushrooms — wo wir gerade von Pilzen reden, apropos Pilze
that's off the subject — das gehört nicht zum Thema
6) (= object) Gegenstand m (of +gen in experiment, = person) Versuchsperson f, Versuchsobjekt nt; (= animal) Versuchstier nt, Versuchsobjekt nt; (ESP MED, for treatment) Typ mhe is the subject of much criticism — er wird stark kritisiert, er ist Gegenstand häufiger Kritik
he's a good subject for treatment by hypnosis — er lässt sich gut hypnotisch behandeln
2. adj1) (= conquered) unterworfen2)provinces subject to foreign rule — Provinzen pl unter Fremdherrschaft
to be subject to sth (to law, constant change, sb's will) — einer Sache (dat) unterworfen sein; to illness für etw anfällig sein; to consent, approval von etw abhängig sein
northbound trains are subject to delays — bei Zügen in Richtung Norden muss mit Verspätung gerechnet werden
prices/opening times are subject to change or alteration without notice — Preisänderungen/Änderungen der Öffnungszeiten sind vorbehalten
all these plans are subject to last minute changes — all diese Pläne können in letzter Minute noch geändert werden
all offers are subject to availability — alle Angebote nur so weit verfügbar
subject to confirmation in writing — vorausgesetzt, es wird schriftlich bestätigt
3. vt[səb'dZekt]1) (= subjugate) unterwerfen; terrorists, guerrillas zerschlagen2)to subject sb to sth (to questioning, analysis, treatment) — jdn einer Sache (dat) unterziehen; to test also jdn einer Sache (dat) unterwerfen; to torture, suffering, heat, ridicule, criticism jdn einer Sache (dat) aussetzen
to subject sb to criticism — jdn unter Kritik nehmen, jdn kritisieren
4. vr[səb'dZekt]to subject oneself to sth (to insults, suffering) — etw hinnehmen; (to criticism, ridicule) sich einer Sache (dat) aussetzen; (to examination, test, questioning) sich einer Sache (dat) unterziehen
* * *subject [ˈsʌbdʒıkt]A s1. (Gesprächs- etc) Gegenstand m, Thema n, Stoff m:a subject for debate ein Diskussionsthema;change the subject das Thema wechseln, von etwas anderem reden;don’t change the subject lenk nicht ab!;a) über (akk), bezüglich (gen),2. SCHULE, UNIV (Lehr-, Schul-, Studien)Fach n, Fachgebiet n:cooking has never been her subject Kochen war noch nie ihr Fachfor complaint zur Beschwerde)4. Gegenstand m, Objekt n:the subject of ridicule der Gegenstand des Spottes5. MUS Thema n (einer Fuge)6. KUNST Vorwurf m, Thema n, Sujet n7. a) Untertan(in)b) Staatsbürger(in), -angehörige(r) m/f(m):he is a British subject er hat oder besitzt die britische Staatsangehörigkeit8. LING Subjekt n, Satzgegenstand m9. MED etca) (Versuchs)Objekt nb) Versuchsperson f oder -tier nc) Leichnam m (für Sektionszwecke)d) Patient(in)12. PHILa) Substanz fb) Subjekt n, Ich n:subject and object Subjekt und Objekt, Ich und Nicht-IchB adj1. untertan, untergeben ( beide:to dat)2. abhängig (to von) (Staat etc)3. ausgesetzt (to dat):be subject to the approval of (erst noch) genehmigt werden müssen von;“subject to change” „Änderungen vorbehalten“;“subject to change without notice” WIRTSCH „freibleibend“;subject to consent vorbehaltlich Ihrer Zustimmung;subject to duty zollpflichtig;subject to the laws of nature den Naturgesetzen unterworfen;“subject to prior sale” WIRTSCH „Zwischenverkauf vorbehalten“5. anfällig (to für):he’s subject to headaches er neigt zu KopfschmerzenC v/t [səbˈdʒekt]to dat):subject sb to a test jemanden einer Prüfung unterziehen;subject o.s. to ridicule sich dem Gespött aussetzen* * *1. noun1) (citizen) Staatsbürger, der/-bürgerin, die; (in relation to monarch) Untertan, der/Untertanin, die2) (topic) Thema, das; (department of study) Fach, das; (area of knowledge) Fach[gebiet], das; (Art) Motiv, das; (Mus.) Thema, dason the subject of money — über das Thema Geld [reden usw.]; beim Thema Geld [sein, bleiben]
3)be a subject for something — (cause something) zu etwas Anlass geben
4) (Ling., Logic, Philos.) Subjekt, das2. adjective1) (conditional)be subject to something — von etwas abhängig sein od. abhängen
2) (prone)be subject to — anfällig sein für [Krankheit]; neigen zu [Melancholie]
3) (dependent) abhängig3. adverb 4. transitive verbsubject to — (dependent on) untertan (+ Dat.) [König usw.]; unterworfen (+ Dat.) [Verfassung, Gesetz, Krone]; untergeben (+ Dat.) [Dienstherrn]
1) (subjugate, make submissive) unterwerfen (to Dat.)2) (expose)subject somebody/something to something — jemanden/etwas einer Sache (Dat.) aussetzen
* * *(grammar) n.Satzgegenstand f. (one who is submitted to a higher authority) n.Untertan -en m. (school) n.Schulfach n. n.Fach ¨-er n.Fragenkomplex m.Gegenstand m.Lehrfach -¨er n.Subjekt -e n.Thema Themen n. v.unterwerfen v. -
36 unknown
unknown [‚ʌn'nəʊn](a) (not known) inconnu;∎ for reasons unknown to us pour des raisons que nous ignorons ou qui nous sont inconnues;∎ these drugs are unknown to most family doctors ces médicaments sont inconnus de la plupart des généralistes;∎ Law verdict against person or persons unknown verdict m contre inconnu2 noun(b) (place, situation) inconnu m;∎ the great unknown le grand inconnu, l'inconnu m;∎ the explorers set off into the unknown les explorateurs se lancèrent vers l'inconnu3 adverb∎ unknown to his son, he sold the house à l'insu de son fils ou sans que son fils le sache, il a vendu la maison;∎ unknown to us, the bus had already gone nous ne le savions pas, mais le bus était déjà parti►► Mathematics & figurative unknown quantity inconnue f;∎ the new minister is a bit of an unknown quantity le nouveau ministre est un personnage dont on ne sait pas grand-chose;∎ the new drug is an unknown quantity on ne sait pas grand-chose des effets de ce nouveau médicament;the Unknown Soldier, the Unknown Warrior le Soldat inconnu -
37 символическая логика
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > символическая логика
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38 weak
wi:k прил. слабый (в самом широком смысле - реализует, в зависимости от объекта, различные виды "неполноценности") а) о проявлении физической или интеллектуальной неполноценности, нерешительности, безволии, недостаточной эффективности действия и т.п. - обычно с негативной оценкой Outsiders often clamour loudly, and a weak judge is liable to be influenced. ≈ Аутсайдеры часто шумно протестуют, и это может повлиять на слабого (нерешительного) судью. He was weak with loss of blood ≈ Он ослабел от потери крови. Не was too weak to walk ≈ Он был слишком слаб, чтобы идти. He's weak in mathematics. ≈ Он слаб в математике. to prove weak under temptation ≈ не устоять перед искушением weak constitution ≈ хрупкое сложение weak character ≈ слабый характер weak sister ≈ слабый, ненадежный человек (любого пола) weak in the head ≈ умственно отсталый Syn: feeble, faint, frail II, debilitated, exhausted, wasted, б) о малом значении или интенсивности - без оценки He gave us a weak smile ≈ Он слабо улыбнулся нам. weak coffee ≈ слабый (некрепкий) кофе weak sunlight ≈ слабый (неяркий) солнечный свет weak equivalence ≈ мат. слабая эквивалентность weak electrical current ≈ слабый ток weak vowel ≈ фон. неударный/редуцированный гласный Syn: delicate, puny в) о непрочности, хрупкости The walls are too weak to hold up the roof. ≈ Стены слишком слабы, чтобы держать крышу Syn: unsubstantial, unsteady, fragile, breakable г) о недостаточности, неубедительности аргументов, доказательств и т.п. weak excuse ≈ слабое оправдание weak argument ≈ неубедительный довод weak refusal ≈ нерешительный отказ ∙ Ant: strong, energetic, hardy, healthy, husky, resolute, stout, sturdy, tough the weaker sex ≈ слабый пол( о женщинах) weak verb ≈ слабый глагол с регулярным словоизменением weak link ≈ слабое звено weak turn ≈ обморок in a weak moment ≈ застигнутый врасплох weak point, weak spot ≈ слабое место weak position ≈ невыгодное положение, слабая позиция слабый (физически) ;
бессильный;
хилый, хрупкий - * muscles слабые мускулы - * constitution хрупкое сложение - * sight слабое /плохое/ зрение - * coal (горное) хрупкий уголь - * in intellect /in the head/ умственно неполноценный;
придурковатый - * with loss of blood ослабевший от потери крови - too * to walk от слабости не может ходить безвольный, нерешительный;
неустойчивый - * will слабоволие, безволие - * man безвольный /нерешительный/ человек - * character слабохарактерность - * refusal нерешительный отказ - in a * moment в минуту слабости - * in faith неустойчивый /(библ) немощный/ в вере - * in spirit слабый духом - *er brethren( библеизм) немощные братья;
неустойчивые /непоследовательные/ сторонники (учения и т. п.) неубедительный, неосновательный, шаткий - * excuse плохое оправдание, неубедительная отговорка - * argument слабый /неубедительный/ довод - * logic слабая логика, нелогичное рассуждение жидкий, водянистый;
некрепкий - * tea слабый чай - * decoction жидкий отвар - * wine легкое /некрепкое/ вино( специальное) бедный( о горючей смеси) неэффективный, неавторитетный, несильный - * government слабое правительство неспособный - * students слабые учащиеся невыразительный, бедный (о языке) (экономика) понижающийся (о ценах, курсах) ;
вялый, бездеятельный, со снижающимися ценами( о рынке) - the market is * настроение рынка вялое - * demand for goods вялый спрос на товары (грамматика) слабый - * verb слабый глагол (фонетика) ослабленный, редуцированный ( фонетика) слабый, второстепенный( об ударении) (техническое) непрочный, низкой прочности;
неустойчивый (фотографическое) бледный - * picture бледный снимок > * knees бесхребетность;
малодушие > the *er sex слабый пол (о женщинах) > * hand (карточное) слабая рука, плохие карты > * as a cat слабосильный;
слабее котенка > * as water слабенький, хилый;
слабохарактерный;
малодушный ~ слабый;
in a weak moment застигнутый врасплох;
weak point( или spot) слабое место;
he is weak in English он отстает, слаб в английском языке ~ слабый;
in a weak moment застигнутый врасплох;
weak point (или spot) слабое место;
he is weak in English он отстает, слаб в английском языке weak нерешительный;
слабовольный;
weak refusal нерешительный отказ ~ неубедительный ~ фон. неударный, редуцированный;
the weaker sex слабый пол (о женщинах) ~ грам. слабый ~ слабый, водянистый (о чае и т. п.) ~ слабый;
in a weak moment застигнутый врасплох;
weak point (или spot) слабое место;
he is weak in English он отстает, слаб в английском языке ~ слабый ~ in the head умственно отсталый ~ слабый;
in a weak moment застигнутый врасплох;
weak point (или spot) слабое место;
he is weak in English он отстает, слаб в английском языке weak нерешительный;
слабовольный;
weak refusal нерешительный отказ -
39 proposition
[propə'ziʃən] 1. noun1) (a proposal or suggestion.) ponudba2) (a thing or situation that must be done or dealt with: a difficult proposition.) zadeva2. verb(to propose to someone to have sex together: He was propositioned by a prostitute.) predlagati komu seks* * *I [prɔpəzíšən]nounpredlog, ponudba; (predložen) načrt, nameraeconomy ponudba; logic podmena, trditev; colloquially zadeva, problem; naloga; colloquially trgovina, kupčija; mathematics problem, teorem; colloquially paying proposition — donosna kupčijagrammar principal proposition — glavni staveka tough proposition — trd oreh, težek primerII [prɔpəzíšən]transitive verbAmerican slang predlagati (zlasti dekletu kaj nespodobnega) -
40 power
1. noun1) (ability) Kraft, diedo all in one's power to help somebody — alles in seiner Macht od. seinen Kräften Stehende tun, um jemandem zu helfen
3) (vigour, intensity) (of sun's rays) Kraft, die; (of sermon, performance) Eindringlichkeit, die; (solidity, physical strength) Kraft, die; (of a blow) Wucht, dieshe was in his power — sie war in seiner Gewalt
5) (personal ascendancy)[exercise/get] power — Einfluss [ausüben/gewinnen] ( over auf + Akk.)
6) (political or social ascendancy) Macht, diehold power — an der Macht sein
come into power — an die Macht kommen
balance of power — Kräftegleichgewicht, das
hold the balance of power — das Zünglein an der Waage sein
7) (authorization) Vollmacht, diebe the power behind the throne — (Polit.) die graue Eminenz sein
the powers that be — die maßgeblichen Stellen; die da oben (ugs.)
9) (State) Macht, die11) (Math.) Potenz, die12) (mechanical, electrical) Kraft, die; (electric current) Strom, der; (of loudspeaker, engine, etc.) Leistung, die13) (deity) Macht, die2. transitive verb[Treibstoff, Dampf, Strom, Gas:] antreiben; [Batterie:] mit Energie versehen od. versorgen* * *1) ((an) ability: A witch has magic power; A cat has the power of seeing in the dark; He no longer has the power to walk.) die Kraft2) (strength, force or energy: muscle power; water-power; ( also adjective) a power tool (=a tool operated by electricity etc. not by hand).) die Kraft; mit Elektrizität betrieben3) (authority or control: political groups fighting for power; How much power does the Queen have?; I have him in my power at last) die Macht4) (a right belonging to eg a person in authority: The police have the power of arrest.) die Befugnis5) (a person with great authority or influence: He is quite a power in the town.) einflußreiche Persönlichkeit6) (a strong and influential country: the Western powers.) die Macht7) (the result obtained by multiplying a number by itself a given number of times: 2 × 2 × 2 or 23 is the third power of 2, or 2 to the power of 3.) die Potenz•- academic.ru/117970/powered">powered- powerful
- powerfully
- powerfulness
- powerless
- powerlessness
- power cut
- failure
- power-driven
- power point
- power station
- be in power* * *pow·er[ˈpaʊəʳ, AM -ɚ]I. ngay/black \power movement Schwulenbewegung f/schwarze Bürgerrechtsbewegungto be in sb's \power völlig unter jds Einfluss stehento have sb in one's \power jdn in seiner Gewalt habento have \power over sb/sth (control) Macht über jdn/etw haben; (influence) Einfluss auf jdn/etw habenhe has a mysterious \power over her sie ist ihm auf eine rätselhafte Art verfallenabsolute \power absolute Machtto come to \power an die Macht kommenexecutive/legislative \power die exekutive/legislative Gewaltto fall from \power die Macht abgeben müssento be in/out of \power an der Macht/nicht an der Macht seinto restore sb to \power jdn wieder an die Macht bringento be returned to \power wieder [o erneut] an die Macht kommento seize \power die Macht ergreifen [o übernehmenindustrial/military \power Industriemacht/Militärmacht fnuclear \power Atommacht fthe West's leading \powers die westlichen Führungsmächteworld \power Weltmacht fshe is becoming an increasingly important \power in the company sie wird innerhalb des Unternehmens zunehmend wichtigerMother Teresa was a \power for good Mutter Teresa hat viel Gutes bewirktthe \powers of darkness die Mächte pl der Finsternisit is [with]in my \power to order your arrest ich bin dazu berechtigt, Sie unter Arrest zu stellento have the \power of veto das Vetorecht haben6. (authority)▪ \powers pl Kompetenz[en] f[pl]to act beyond one's \powers seine Kompetenzen überschreitento give sb full \powers to do sth jdn bevollmächtigen, etw zu tunit is beyond my \power to... es steht nicht in meiner Macht,...the doctors will soon have it within their \power to... die Ärzte werden bald in der Lage sein,...\power of absorption Absorptionsvermögen ntto do everything in one's \power alles in seiner Macht Stehende tunto have the [or have it in one's] \power to do sth die Fähigkeit haben, etw zu tun, etw tun könnenthey have the \power to destroy us sie haben die Macht, uns zu zerstören8. (skills)\powers of concentration Konzentrationsfähigkeit f\powers of endurance Durchhaltevermögen ntto be at the height [or peak] of one's \powers auf dem Höhepunkt seiner Leistungsfähigkeit seinintellectual/mental \powers intellektuelle/geistige Fähigkeiten\powers of observation Beobachtungsfähigkeit f\powers of persuasion Überzeugungskraft f9. no pl (strength) Kraft f, Stärke f; (of sea, wind, explosion) Gewalt f; (of nation, political party) Stärke f, Macht feconomic \power Wirtschaftsmacht fexplosive \power Sprengkraft f a. figmilitary \power militärische Stärkea poet of immense \power eine Dichterin von unglaublicher Ausdruckskraftto cut off the \power den Strom abstellento disconnect the \power den Strom abschaltenhydroelectric \power Wasserkraft fnuclear \power Atomenergie fsolar \power Solarenergie f, Sonnenenergie fsource of \power Energiequelle f, Energielieferant mfull \power ahead! volle Kraft voraus!what's the magnification \power of your binoculars? wie stark ist Ihr Fernglas?\power of ten Zehnerpotenz ftwo to the \power [of] four [or to the fourth \power] zwei hoch vierthree raised to the \power of six drei in die sechste Potenz erhoben15.▶ the \powers that be die Mächtigen▶ \power behind the throne graue Eminenz\power failure [or loss] Stromausfall m\power industry Energiewirtschaft f\power output elektrische Leistung, Stromleistung f\power switch [Strom]schalter m\power politics Machtpolitik f\power struggle Machtkampf m\power vacuum Machtvakuum ntIII. vi1. (speed)IV. vt▪ to \power sth etw antreibendiesel-\powered trucks Lkws mit Dieselantrieb* * *['paʊə(r)]1. n1) no pl (= physical strength) Kraft f; (= force of blow, explosion etc) Stärke f, Gewalt f, Wucht f; (fig of argument etc) Überzeugungskraft fthe power of love/logic/tradition — die Macht der Liebe/Logik/Tradition
mental/hypnotic powers — geistige/hypnotische Kräfte pl
3) (= capacity, ability to help etc) Macht fhe did all in his power to help them —
it's beyond my power or not within my power to... — es steht nicht in meiner Macht, zu...
4) (no pl = sphere or strength of influence, authority) Macht f; (JUR, parental) Gewalt f; (usu pl = thing one has authority to do) Befugnis fhe has the power to act — er ist handlungsberechtigt
the power of the police/of the law — die Macht der Polizei/des Gesetzes
to be in sb's power — in jds Gewalt (dat) sein
the party now in power — die Partei, die im Augenblick an der Macht ist
he has been given full power(s) to make all decisions —
"student/worker power" — "Macht den Studenten/Arbeitern"
to be the power behind the scenes/throne — die graue Eminenz sein
the powers that be (inf) — die da oben (inf)
the powers of darkness/evil — die Mächte der Finsternis/des Bösen
6) (= nation) Macht fpower on/off (technical device) —
the ship made port under her own power — das Schiff lief mit eigener Kraft in den Hafen ein
8) (of engine, machine, loudspeakers, transmitter) Leistung f; (of microscope, lens, sun's rays, drug, chemical) Stärke fthe power of suggestion —
to the power (of) 2 — hoch 2, in der 2. Potenz
10) (inf= a lot of)
a power of help — eine wertvolle or große Hilfe2. vt(engine) antreiben; (fuel) betreibenpowered by electricity/by jet engines — mit Elektro-/Düsenantrieb
3. vi(runner, racing car) rasenhe powered away from the rest of the field — er raste dem übrigen Feld davon
the swimmer powered through the water —
* * *power [ˈpaʊə(r)]A s1. Kraft f, Stärke f, Macht f, Vermögen n:more power to your elbow! bes Br umg viel Erfolg!;do all in one’s power alles tun, was in seiner Macht steht;it is beyond my power es übersteigt meine Kraft3. Wucht f, Gewalt f, Kraft f4. meist pla) (hypnotische etc) Kräfte plb) (geistige) Fähigkeiten pl:power to concentrate, power(s) of concentration Konzentrationsvermögen n, -fähigkeit f; → observation A 3, persuasion 2 Talent nover über akk):the power of money die Macht des Geldes;be in power an der Macht oder umg am Ruder sein;be in sb’s power in jemandes Gewalt sein;come into power an die Macht oder umg ans Ruder kommen, zur Macht gelangen;have sb in one’s power jemanden in seiner Gewalt haben;6. JUR (Handlungs-, Vertretungs)Vollmacht f, Befugnis f:8. POL (Macht)Befugnis f, (Amts)Gewalt fthe powers that be die maßgeblichen (Regierungs)Stellen;power behind the throne graue Eminenz11. höhere Macht:13. umg Menge f:it did him a power of good es hat ihm unwahrscheinlich gutgetan14. MATH Potenz f:power series Potenzreihe f;raise to the third power in die dritte Potenz erheben15. ELEK, PHYS Kraft f, Leistung f, Energie f:16. ELEK (Stark)Strom m17. RADIO, TV Sendestärke f18. TECHa) mechanische Kraft, Antriebskraft fa) mit laufendem Motor,b) (mit) Vollgas;power off mit abgestelltem Motor, im Leerlauf;under one’s own power mit eigener Kraft, fig a. unter eigener Regie19. OPT Vergrößerungskraft f, (Brenn)Stärke f (einer Linse)B v/t TECH mit (mechanischer etc) Kraft betreiben, antreiben, (mit Motor) ausrüsten: → rocket-poweredC v/i TECH mit Motorkraft fahrenp. abk1. page S.2. part T.4. past5. Br penny, pence6. per7. post, after8. powerP abk1. parkingpr abk1. pair2. paper3. power* * *1. noun1) (ability) Kraft, diedo all in one's power to help somebody — alles in seiner Macht od. seinen Kräften Stehende tun, um jemandem zu helfen
3) (vigour, intensity) (of sun's rays) Kraft, die; (of sermon, performance) Eindringlichkeit, die; (solidity, physical strength) Kraft, die; (of a blow) Wucht, die[exercise/get] power — Einfluss [ausüben/gewinnen] ( over auf + Akk.)
6) (political or social ascendancy) Macht, diebalance of power — Kräftegleichgewicht, das
7) (authorization) Vollmacht, diebe the power behind the throne — (Polit.) die graue Eminenz sein
the powers that be — die maßgeblichen Stellen; die da oben (ugs.)
9) (State) Macht, die11) (Math.) Potenz, die12) (mechanical, electrical) Kraft, die; (electric current) Strom, der; (of loudspeaker, engine, etc.) Leistung, die13) (deity) Macht, die2. transitive verb[Treibstoff, Dampf, Strom, Gas:] antreiben; [Batterie:] mit Energie versehen od. versorgen* * *(of) n.Potenz (n-te von x)(Mathematik) f. n.Einfluss -¨e m.Energie -n f.Herrschaft f.Kraft ¨-e f.Leistung -en f.Potenz -en f.Strom ¨-e m.Vermögen - n.
См. также в других словарях:
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