Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

со всех языков на все языки

material+sciences

  • 61 mhs

    4) Метеорология: Microwave Humidity Sensor
    5) Юридический термин: Message Handling Switch
    6) Ветеринария: Meat Hygiene Service
    7) Телекоммуникации: Message Handling System (X. 400)
    8) Сокращение: MASINT Hyperspectral Study, Militarhogskolan (Sweden), Mail Handling System (ISO)
    10) Школьное выражение: Mandarin High School, Mesquite High School, Miami High School
    11) Вычислительная техника: Message Handling System (GOSIP, X. 400, Novell, SPX, IPX), message handling system, система обработки сообщений
    12) Иммунология: major histocompatibility system
    13) Стоматология: (Master of Health Science) магистр валеологии
    14) Фирменный знак: M Handling Systems, Maine Hosting Solutions
    15) Деловая лексика: Must Have Software
    16) Образование: Modern High School
    17) Сетевые технологии: Message Handling Service, база дан-, база управляющей информации, система обработки сообщений МIВ база данных информации об объекте управления, служба обработки сообщений, управляющая база данных
    18) Автоматика: material handling system
    19) Химическое оружие: Military Health System, Mine handling system
    20) Яхтенный спорт: Measurement Handicap System
    21) Общественная организация: Maine Historical Society, Michigan Humane Society, Musical Heritage Society
    22) Должность: Master in Health Sciences
    23) Аэропорты: Mount Shasta, California

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > mhs

  • 62 exact

    iɡ'zækt
    1. adjective
    1) (absolutely accurate or correct in every detail; the same in every detail; precise: What are the exact measurements of the room?; For this recipe the quantities must be absolutely exact; an exact copy; What is the exact time?; He walked in at that exact moment.) exacto
    2) ((of a person, his mind etc) capable of being accurate over small details: Accountants have to be very exact.) preciso, riguroso

    2. verb
    (to force the payment of or giving of: We should exact fines from everyone who drops litter on the streets.) exigir
    - exactly
    - exactness
    exact adj exacto
    tr[ɪg'zækt]
    1 (precise) exacto,-a
    2 (meticulous) meticuloso,-a
    3 (accurate) preciso,-a
    4 (specific, particular) justo
    ■ this is the exact spot where... fue en este mismo lugar donde..., fue justo en este lugar donde...
    1 (demand, insist on) exigir ( from, a)
    ■ they exacted a sum of £1000 exigieron una cantidad de £1000
    2 (require) exigir, requerir
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be exact para ser preciso, para ser exacto, concretamente
    exact [ɪg'zækt, ɛ-] vt
    : exigir, imponer, arrancar
    exact adj
    : exacto, preciso
    ♦ exactly adv
    adj.
    • ajustado, -a adj.
    • cabal adj.
    • clavado, -a adj.
    • escrupuloso, -a adj.
    • exacto, -a adj.
    • fiel adj.
    • justo, -a adj.
    • preciso, -a adj.
    • puntual adj.
    v.
    • exigir v.

    I ɪg'zækt
    a) ( precise) <number/size/time/date> exacto

    23, to be exact — 23, para ser exactos

    b) ( accurate) <description/definition> preciso

    II
    transitive verb \<\<promise\>\> arrancar*
    [ɪɡ'zækt]
    1. ADJ
    1) (=precise) [number, copy, translation] exacto; [meaning, instructions, time, amount, date, location] exacto, preciso; [cause, nature] preciso

    his exact words were... — lo que dijo, textualmente, era...

    • to be exact, there were three of us — para ser exactos, éramos tres, en concreto, éramos tres

    can you be more exact? — precise, por favor

    • to be an exact likeness of sth/sb — ser exactamente igual a algo/algn

    • until this exact moment — hasta este preciso momento

    • to be the exact opposite (of) — ser exactamente or justo lo contrario (de)

    • the exact same place/house — (US) exactamente el mismo sitio/la misma casa

    2) (=meticulous) [description, analysis, scientist, work, study] preciso, meticuloso; [instrument] preciso
    2.
    VT [+ money, payment, obedience, allegiance] (=demand) exigir; (=obtain) obtener ( from de); [+ promise] conseguir, arrancar; [+ taxes] recaudar
    3.
    CPD

    exact science N — ciencia f exacta

    * * *

    I [ɪg'zækt]
    a) ( precise) <number/size/time/date> exacto

    23, to be exact — 23, para ser exactos

    b) ( accurate) <description/definition> preciso

    II
    transitive verb \<\<promise\>\> arrancar*

    English-spanish dictionary > exact

  • 63 bibliotecario1

    1 = librarian, male librarian, practising librarian, professional librarian.
    Ex. In particular we are concerned with those techniques which are of interest to librarians and information workers.
    Ex. To the general public 'the female librarian is still angular, elderly, acidulous and terrifying', to use Geoffrey Langley's words, 'and a male librarian is impossible under any hypothesis'.
    Ex. He asked for a discussion of the practical problems which face practicing librarians and media specialists and urged me to state my opinion on all matters.
    Ex. The author discusses the practical personnel problems facing junior and middle grade professional librarians = El autor analiza los problemas prácticos de personal a los que se enfrentan los bibliotecarios de grado medio y básico.
    ----
    * actuar en defensa de los intereses de las bibliotecas y bibl = library advocacy.
    * AIBDA (Asociación Interamericana de Bibliotecarios y Documentalistas de Agri = AIBDA (Inter-American Association of Agricultural Librarians and Information Specialists).
    * ALA (Asociación Americana de Bibliotecarios) = ALA (American Library Association).
    * Asociación Australiana de Bibliotecarios y Documentalistas (ALIA) = Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA).
    * asociación de bibliotecarios = library association.
    * Asociación de Bibliotecarios de Medicina = Medical Library Association (MLA).
    * Asociación de Bibliotecarios Suizos = Vereinigung Schweizerischer Bibliothekare.
    * Asociación de Bibliotecarios y Documentalistas de Suráfrica (LIASA) = Library and Information Association of South Africa (LIASA).
    * biblioteca con un solo bibliotecario = one person library.
    * bibliotecario académico = academic librarian.
    * bibliotecario cibernético = cyberlibrarian, cybrarian.
    * bibliotecario colegiado = chartered librarian.
    * bibliotecario con conocimientos de medicina = informationist.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de derecho = law librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de agricultura = agricultural librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de arte = art librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de barrio = district librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de hospital = hospital librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca especializada = special librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca móvil = mobile librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca pública = public librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca sucursal = branch librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biomedicina = health-care librarian.
    * bibliotecario de ciencias de la salud = health librarian.
    * bibliotecario de conservación = preservation librarian.
    * bibliotecario de empresa = industrial librarian.
    * bibliotecario de hemeroteca = serials librarian.
    * bibliotecario de las ciencias de la salud = health sciences librarian.
    * bibliotecario de medicina = medical librarian.
    * bibliotecario de medios audiovisuales = library media specialist.
    * bibliotecario de préstamo = lending librarian.
    * bibliotecario de préstamos = borrowing librarian.
    * bibliotecario de prisiones = prison librarian.
    * bibliotecario de referencia = reference librarian, research librarian.
    * bibliotecario de servicios técnicos = technical services librarian.
    * bibliotecario de sistemas = systems librarian.
    * bibliotecario de universidad = academic librarian, university librarian.
    * bibliotecario digital = digitarian, digital librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de colecciones especializadas = special collections librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la sección juvenil = young adult librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la automatización = systems librarian, library systems analyst.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la colección de mapas = map librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de las cuestiones digitales = digital librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de las adquisiciones = acquisitions librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de las diapositivas = slide librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la sección infantil = children's librarian, children's librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado del desarrollo de la colección = collections librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de libros raros = rare book libarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de los servicios dirigidos a la comunidad = community services librarian.
    * bibliotecario en servicios mínimos = duty librarian.
    * bibliotecario en solitario = solo librarian.
    * bibliotecario escolar = school librarian.
    * bibliotecario especializado en material audiovisual = audiovisual librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la formación de usuarios = instruction librarian.
    * bibliotecario integrado = embedded librarian.
    * bibliotecario itinerante = circuit librarian, circuit rider librarian, circuit rider.
    * bibliotecario municipal = city librarian.
    * bibliotecario que no se dedica a la catalogación = non-cataloguer.
    * bibliotecario recién diplomado = newly graduated librarian.
    * bibliotecario referencista = reference librarian.
    * bibliotecario universitario = university librarian.
    * comunidad de bibliotecarios y documentalistas, la = library and information community, the.
    * defensa de los intereses de las bibliotecas y bibliotecarios = library advocacy.
    * IFLA (Federación Internacional de Asociaciones de Bibliotecarios y Bibliotec = IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions).
    * LA (Asociación de Bibliotecarios del Reino Unido) = LA (Library Association).
    * profesión de bibliotecario = library profession.
    * profesión de bibliotecario y de documentalista, la = library and information services profession, the.
    * profesión del bibliotecario y documentalista, la = library and information profession, the.
    * profesiones de bibliotecario y de documentalista, las = information professions, the.
    * profesor-bibliotecario = teacher-librarian.
    * puesto de bibliotecario = library staff post.
    * trayectoria profesional como bibliotecario = library career.

    Spanish-English dictionary > bibliotecario1

  • 64 bibliotecario

    adj.
    library.
    m.
    librarian.
    * * *
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 librarian
    * * *
    (f. - bibliotecaria)
    noun
    * * *
    bibliotecario, -a
    1.
    ADJ library antes de s
    2.
    SM / F librarian
    * * *
    - ria masculino, femenino librarian
    * * *
    - ria masculino, femenino librarian
    * * *
    bibliotecario1
    1 = librarian, male librarian, practising librarian, professional librarian.

    Ex: In particular we are concerned with those techniques which are of interest to librarians and information workers.

    Ex: To the general public 'the female librarian is still angular, elderly, acidulous and terrifying', to use Geoffrey Langley's words, 'and a male librarian is impossible under any hypothesis'.
    Ex: He asked for a discussion of the practical problems which face practicing librarians and media specialists and urged me to state my opinion on all matters.
    Ex: The author discusses the practical personnel problems facing junior and middle grade professional librarians = El autor analiza los problemas prácticos de personal a los que se enfrentan los bibliotecarios de grado medio y básico.
    * actuar en defensa de los intereses de las bibliotecas y bibl = library advocacy.
    * AIBDA (Asociación Interamericana de Bibliotecarios y Documentalistas de Agri = AIBDA (Inter-American Association of Agricultural Librarians and Information Specialists).
    * ALA (Asociación Americana de Bibliotecarios) = ALA (American Library Association).
    * Asociación Australiana de Bibliotecarios y Documentalistas (ALIA) = Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA).
    * asociación de bibliotecarios = library association.
    * Asociación de Bibliotecarios de Medicina = Medical Library Association (MLA).
    * Asociación de Bibliotecarios Suizos = Vereinigung Schweizerischer Bibliothekare.
    * Asociación de Bibliotecarios y Documentalistas de Suráfrica (LIASA) = Library and Information Association of South Africa (LIASA).
    * biblioteca con un solo bibliotecario = one person library.
    * bibliotecario académico = academic librarian.
    * bibliotecario cibernético = cyberlibrarian, cybrarian.
    * bibliotecario colegiado = chartered librarian.
    * bibliotecario con conocimientos de medicina = informationist.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de derecho = law librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de agricultura = agricultural librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de arte = art librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de barrio = district librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca de hospital = hospital librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca especializada = special librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca móvil = mobile librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca pública = public librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biblioteca sucursal = branch librarian.
    * bibliotecario de biomedicina = health-care librarian.
    * bibliotecario de ciencias de la salud = health librarian.
    * bibliotecario de conservación = preservation librarian.
    * bibliotecario de empresa = industrial librarian.
    * bibliotecario de hemeroteca = serials librarian.
    * bibliotecario de las ciencias de la salud = health sciences librarian.
    * bibliotecario de medicina = medical librarian.
    * bibliotecario de medios audiovisuales = library media specialist.
    * bibliotecario de préstamo = lending librarian.
    * bibliotecario de préstamos = borrowing librarian.
    * bibliotecario de prisiones = prison librarian.
    * bibliotecario de referencia = reference librarian, research librarian.
    * bibliotecario de servicios técnicos = technical services librarian.
    * bibliotecario de sistemas = systems librarian.
    * bibliotecario de universidad = academic librarian, university librarian.
    * bibliotecario digital = digitarian, digital librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de colecciones especializadas = special collections librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la sección juvenil = young adult librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la automatización = systems librarian, library systems analyst.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la colección de mapas = map librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de las cuestiones digitales = digital librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de las adquisiciones = acquisitions librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de las diapositivas = slide librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la sección infantil = children's librarian, children's librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado del desarrollo de la colección = collections librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de libros raros = rare book libarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de los servicios dirigidos a la comunidad = community services librarian.
    * bibliotecario en servicios mínimos = duty librarian.
    * bibliotecario en solitario = solo librarian.
    * bibliotecario escolar = school librarian.
    * bibliotecario especializado en material audiovisual = audiovisual librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la formación de usuarios = instruction librarian.
    * bibliotecario integrado = embedded librarian.
    * bibliotecario itinerante = circuit librarian, circuit rider librarian, circuit rider.
    * bibliotecario municipal = city librarian.
    * bibliotecario que no se dedica a la catalogación = non-cataloguer.
    * bibliotecario recién diplomado = newly graduated librarian.
    * bibliotecario referencista = reference librarian.
    * bibliotecario universitario = university librarian.
    * comunidad de bibliotecarios y documentalistas, la = library and information community, the.
    * defensa de los intereses de las bibliotecas y bibliotecarios = library advocacy.
    * IFLA (Federación Internacional de Asociaciones de Bibliotecarios y Bibliotec = IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions).
    * LA (Asociación de Bibliotecarios del Reino Unido) = LA (Library Association).
    * profesión de bibliotecario = library profession.
    * profesión de bibliotecario y de documentalista, la = library and information services profession, the.
    * profesión del bibliotecario y documentalista, la = library and information profession, the.
    * profesiones de bibliotecario y de documentalista, las = information professions, the.
    * profesor-bibliotecario = teacher-librarian.
    * puesto de bibliotecario = library staff post.
    * trayectoria profesional como bibliotecario = library career.

    bibliotecario2

    Ex: That is a kind of, I would submit, bibliothecal arrogance on our part, a kind of intellectual elitism, if you will.

    * complejo bibliotecario = library complex.
    * comunidad bibliotecaria, la = library community, the, librarianship community, the.
    * cooperativa bibliotecaria en Escocia = SCOLCAP.
    * educación bibliotecaria = library education.
    * enseñanza bibliotecaria = library education.
    * extensión bibliotecaria = library outreach.
    * mercado bibliotecario, el = library market, the.
    * no bibliotecario = non-librarian.
    * personal de apoyo bibliotecario = library support staff.
    * prensa bibliotecaria, la = library press, the.
    * sector bibliotecario = library sector.
    * servicio bibliotecario mediante pago = fee-based library service.
    * servicio de extensión bibliotecaria = reach out.
    * servicios bibliotecarios para jóvenes = youth services.
    * servicios bibliotecarios para los sordos = library services for the deaf.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de un sólo tipo = single-type library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de varios tipos = multitype library system.

    * * *
    masculine, feminine
    librarian
    * * *

    bibliotecario
    ◊ - ria sustantivo masculino, femenino

    librarian
    bibliotecario,-a sustantivo masculino y femenino librarian

    ' bibliotecario' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bibliotecaria
    English:
    librarian
    * * *
    bibliotecario, -a nm,f
    librarian
    * * *
    m, bibliotecaria f librarian
    * * *
    : librarian
    * * *
    bibliotecario n librarian

    Spanish-English dictionary > bibliotecario

  • 65 natural

    1. adjective
    1) natürlich; Natur[zustand, -begabung, -talent, -seide, -schwamm, -faser, -erscheinung]

    the natural world — die Natur[welt]

    it is natural for dogs to fight — es ist natürlich, dass Hunde kämpfen

    die of or from natural causes — eines natürlichen Todes sterben

    have a natural tendency to... — naturgemäß dazu neigen,... zu...

    2) (unaffected) natürlich [Art, Lächeln, Stil]
    3) leiblich [Eltern, Kind usw.]; natürlich (Rechtsspr. veralt.) [Kind]
    2. noun
    (person) Naturtalent, das
    * * *
    ['næ ərəl] 1. adjective
    1) (of or produced by nature, not made by men: Coal, oil etc are natural resources; Wild animals are happier in their natural state than in a zoo.) natürlich
    2) (born in a person: natural beauty; He had a natural ability for music.) angeboren
    4) (normal; as one would expect: It's quite natural for a boy of his age to be interested in girls.) natürlich
    5) (of a musical note, not sharp or flat: G natural is lower in pitch than G sharp.) ohne Vorzeichen
    2. noun
    1) (a person who is naturally good at something.) das Naturtalent
    2) (in music (a sign () indicating) a note which is not to be played sharp or flat.) das Auflösungszeichen
    •
    - academic.ru/49165/naturalist">naturalist
    - naturally
    - natural gas
    - natural history
    - natural resources
    * * *
    natu·ral
    [ˈnætʃərəl, AM -ɚəl]
    I. adj
    1. (not artificial) flavour, ingredients, mineral water natürlich; colour, curls, dye, fertilizer Natur-; SCI natürlich
    \natural abundance NUCL natürliche Isotopenhäufigkeit
    \natural oscillation Eigenschwingung f
    \natural sciences pl Naturwissenschaften pl
    to be a \natural blonde naturblondes Haar haben
    \natural fibre [or AM fiber] Naturfaser f
    \natural material Naturprodukt m
    \natural pearls echte Perlen
    \natural phenomenon Naturphänomen nt
    2. (as in nature) harbour, reservoir, camouflage natürlich; fabric, wood naturbelassen; MATH nicht logarithmisch
    \natural state Naturzustand m
    it's not \natural for a woman to be so thin es ist gegen die weibliche Natur, so dünn zu sein
    3. (caused by nature) natürlich
    \natural causes natürliche Ursachen
    to die from \natural causes eines natürlichen Todes sterben
    \natural disaster Naturkatastrophe f
    4. (inborn) angeboren
    he has a \natural talent for sports er hat eine natürliche Begabung für Sport
    to be a \natural leader ein geborener Führer/eine geborene Führerin sein
    5. BIOL, SOCIOL
    \natural father/mother/parents leiblicher Vater/leibliche Mutter/Eltern
    6. (normal) natürlich, normal
    I'm sure there's a \natural explanation for it ich bin sicher, es gibt dafür eine ganz normale Erklärung
    it's quite \natural... es ist ganz natürlich,...
    \natural inclination Neigung f
    \natural wastage ECON natürliche Fluktuation
    7. after n MUS ohne Vorzeichen nach n
    8. MATH number natürlich
    II. n
    1. ( approv fam) Naturtalent nt
    to be a \natural for sth ein Naturtalent für etw akk sein
    she is a \natural for the role of Ophelia sie ist die Idealbesetzung für die Rolle der Ophelia
    he is a \natural for that type of work Arbeit dieser Art liegt ihm
    as a teacher, he's a \natural er ist der ideale Lehrer
    2. MUS Auflösungszeichen nt
    * * *
    ['ntSrəl]
    1. adj
    1) natürlich, Natur-; rights naturgegeben; (= understandable) mistake verständlich

    it is ( only) natural for you/him to think... — es ist nur natürlich, dass Sie denken/er denkt...

    in its natural state — im Naturzustand

    2) (= chemical-free) food, hair colour natürlich

    she is a natural blonde — sie ist von Natur aus blond, blond ist ihre natürliche Haarfarbe

    3) (= inborn) gift, ability, quality angeboren

    he is a natural artist/comedian —

    4) (= unaffected) manner natürlich, ungekünstelt; person, charm natürlich
    5) (MATH) number natürlich
    6) parents leiblich; (old) child natürlich
    2. n
    1) (MUS) (= symbol) Auflösungszeichen nt; (= note) Note f ohne Vorzeichen; (= note with a natural symbol) Note f mit Auflösungszeichen

    B natural — H, h

    D natural — D, d

    See:
    → also major, minor
    2) (inf: person) Naturtalent nt
    3) (inf: life) Leben nt

    I've never heard the like in all my natural — ich habe so was mein Lebtag noch nicht gehört (inf)

    4) (old: idiot) Einfaltspinsel m
    * * *
    natural [ˈnætʃrəl]
    A adj (adv → naturally)
    1. natürlich, Natur…:
    a natural blonde eine echte Blondine;
    die a natural death eines natürlichen Todes sterben;
    natural disaster Naturkatastrophe f;
    there is a natural explanation for it es gibt eine natürliche Erklärung dafür;
    natural ice Natureis n;
    natural law Naturgesetz n;
    natural wonder Naturwunder n; → person 1, representative A 1
    2. naturgemäß, der menschlichen Natur entsprechend
    3. naturbedingt, den Naturgesetzen entsprechend oder folgend
    4. angeboren, eigen ( beide:
    to dat):
    natural talent natürliche Begabung
    5. geboren (Führungsperson etc)
    6. real, wirklich, physisch
    7. selbstverständlich, natürlich:
    it comes quite natural to him es fällt ihm leicht
    8. natürlich, ungezwungen, ungekünstelt (Benehmen etc)
    9. üblich, normal, natürlich:
    it is natural for him to get drunk es ist ganz normal, dass er sich betrinkt; → wastage 1
    10. naturgetreu, natürlich wirkend (Nachahmung, Bild etc)
    11. unbearbeitet, Natur…, Roh…:
    natural food naturbelassene Lebensmittel pl
    12. naturhaft, urwüchsig:
    natural landscape Naturlandschaft f
    13. a) unehelich
    b) leiblich (Eltern etc)
    14. BOT in der Natur oder wild wachsend
    15. MATH natürlich (Logarithmus, Zahl)
    16. MUS
    a) ohne Vorzeichen
    b) mit einem Auflösungszeichen (versehen) (Note)
    c) Vokal…:
    B s
    1. obs Idiot(in), Schwachsinnige(r) m/f(m)
    2. umg
    a) Naturtalent n (Person):
    be a natural for (wie) geboren oder geschaffen sein für
    b) (sicherer) Erfolg (auch Person), (eine) klare Sache‘ ( for sb für jemanden)
    3. MUS
    a) Auflösungszeichen n
    b) aufgelöste Note
    c) Stammton m
    d) weiße Taste (einer Klaviatur)
    nat. abk
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) natürlich; Natur[zustand, -begabung, -talent, -seide, -schwamm, -faser, -erscheinung]

    the natural world — die Natur[welt]

    it is natural for dogs to fight — es ist natürlich, dass Hunde kämpfen

    die of or from natural causes — eines natürlichen Todes sterben

    have a natural tendency to... — naturgemäß dazu neigen,... zu...

    2) (unaffected) natürlich [Art, Lächeln, Stil]
    3) leiblich [Eltern, Kind usw.]; natürlich (Rechtsspr. veralt.) [Kind]
    2. noun
    (person) Naturtalent, das
    * * *
    adj.
    naturgemäß adj.
    natürlich adj. n.
    natürliche Zahl (Mathematik) f.

    English-german dictionary > natural

  • 66 subject

    1 noun ['sʌbdʒɪkt]
    (a) (topic) sujet m;
    ∎ on the subject of au sujet de, à propos de;
    ∎ this will be the subject of my next lecture ma prochaine conférence portera sur ce sujet;
    ∎ to wander from the subject s'écarter du sujet, faire une digression;
    ∎ let's come or get back to the subject revenons à nos moutons;
    ∎ don't try and change the subject n'essaie pas de changer de sujet ou de détourner la conversation;
    ∎ let's drop the subject parlons d'autre chose;
    ∎ while we're on the subject à (ce) propos;
    ∎ while we're on the subject of holidays puisque nous parlons de vacances;
    ∎ that's a touchy subject c'est un sujet délicat
    (b) (of legal case, contract) objet m;
    ∎ (in letters and memos) subject: recruitment of new staff objet: recrutement de personnel
    ∎ the subject of her film/novel le sujet de son film/roman;
    ∎ he always photographs his subjects in natural light il photographie toujours ses sujets en lumière naturelle
    (d) Grammar & Philosophy sujet m
    (e) School & University matière f, discipline f; (field) domaine m;
    ∎ she's taking exams in four subjects elle passe des examens dans quatre matières;
    ∎ I was always better at science subjects j'ai toujours été plus fort en sciences;
    ∎ it's not really my subject ce n'est pas vraiment mon domaine;
    ∎ that would be a good subject for a PhD thesis ce serait un bon sujet pour une thèse de doctorat
    (f) Politics (of monarch) sujet(ette) m,f;
    ∎ she is a British subject c'est une ressortissante britannique;
    ∎ foreign subjects ressortissants mpl étrangers
    ∎ she'd be a good subject for the new treatment elle serait un bon sujet pour le nouveau traitement;
    ∎ subjects were tested for their reactions on a testé la réaction des sujets
    (h) (cause) objet m;
    ∎ he was the subject of much comment il a été l'objet de nombreux commentaires
    2 adjective ['sʌbdʒɪkt]
    (a) (subordinate → people, country) assujetti, soumis;
    ∎ they are subject to my authority ils sont placés sous mon autorité, ils dépendent de moi;
    ∎ we are all subject to the rule of law nous sommes tous soumis à la loi;
    ∎ subject states États mpl dépendants
    (b) (liable, prone)
    ∎ subject to sujet à;
    ∎ he is subject to frequent lung infections il est sujet à de fréquentes infections pulmonaires;
    ∎ subject to attack exposé à l'attaque;
    ∎ to be subject to violent changes of mood/fits of jealousy être sujet à de brusques sautes d'humeur/des crises de jalousie;
    ∎ the terms are subject to alteration without notice les termes peuvent être modifiés sans préavis;
    ∎ subject to tax imposable, assujetti à l'impôt;
    ∎ the price is subject to a handling charge les frais de manutention sont en sus;
    ∎ all trains will be subject to delay des retards sont à prévoir sur toutes les lignes
    3 transitive verb [sʌb'dʒekt]
    (a) (country, people) soumettre, assujettir
    ∎ to subject to soumettre à;
    ∎ to subject sb/sth to an examination faire subir un examen à qn/qch, soumettre qn/qch à un examen;
    ∎ the material was subjected to intense heat le matériau a été soumis ou exposé à une température très élevée;
    ∎ I refuse to subject anyone to such indignities je refuse de faire subir de tels affronts à qui que ce soit;
    ∎ their plans were subjected to much criticism leurs projets ont fait l'objet de nombreuses critiques
    ['sʌbdʒɪkt] (save for) sous réserve de, sauf; (conditional upon) à condition de;
    ∎ these are the rules, subject to revision voici le règlement, sous réserve de modification;
    ∎ subject to your passing the exam à condition de réussir ou à condition que vous réussissiez l'examen;
    ∎ it's all subject to her approval tout est subordonné à son approbation
    ►► subject catalogue fichier m par matières;
    subject index index m des matières;
    subject matter (topic) sujet m, thème m; (substance) substance f, contenu m

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > subject

  • 67 Carothers, Wallace Hume

    [br]
    b. 27 April 1896 Burlington, Iowa, USA
    d. 29 April 1937 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
    [br]
    American chemist, inventor of nylon.
    [br]
    After graduating in chemistry, Carothers embarked on academic research at several universities, finally at Harvard University. His earliest published papers, from 1923, heralded the brilliance and originality of his later work. In 1928, Du Pont de Nemours persuaded him to forsake the academic world to lead their new organic-chemistry group in a programme of fundamental research at their central laboratories at Wilmington, Delaware. The next nine years were extraordinarily productive, yielding important contributions to theoretical organic chemistry and the foundation of two branches of chemical industry, namely the production of synthetic rubber and of wholly synthetic fibres.
    Carothers began work on high molecular weight substances yielding fibres and introduced polymerization by condensation: polymerization by addition was already known. He developed a clear understanding of the relation between the repeating structural units in a large molecule and its physical chemical properties. In 1931, Carothers found that chloroprene could be polymerized much faster than isoprene, the monomer in natural rubber. This process yielded polychloroprene or neoprene, a synthetic rubber with improved properties. Manufacture began the following year, and the material has continued to be used for speciality rubbers.
    There followed many publications announcing new condensations polymers. On 2 January 1935, he obtained a patent for the formation of new polyamides, including one from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamene. After four years of development work, which cost Du Pont some $27 million, this new polyamide, or nylon, reached the stage of commercial production, beginning on 23 October 1938. Nylon stockings appeared the following year and 64 million were sold during the first twelve months. However, Carothers saw none of this spectacular success: he had died by his own hand in 1937, after a long history of gradually intensifying depression.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Elected to the National Academy of Science 1936 (he was the first industrial organic chemist to be so honoured).
    Bibliography
    H.M.Whitby and G.S.Whitby, 1940, Collected Papers of Wallace H.Carothers on Polymerisation, New York.
    Further Reading
    R.Adams, 1939, memoir, Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 20:293–309 (includes a complete list of Carothers's sixty-two scientific papers and most of his sixty-nine US patents).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Carothers, Wallace Hume

  • 68 Krylov, Alexei Nicolaevitch

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 15 August 1863 Visyoger, Siberia
    d. 26 October 1945 Leningrad (now St Petersburg), Russia
    [br]
    Russian academician and naval architect) exponent of a rigorous mathematical approach to the study of ship motions.
    [br]
    After schooling in France and Germany, Krylov returned to St Petersburg (as it then was) and in 1878 entered the Naval College. Upon graduating, he started work with the Naval Hydrographic Department; the combination of his genius and breadth of interest became apparent, and from 1888 until 1890 he undertook simultaneously a two-year university course in mathematics and a naval architecture course at his old college. On completion of his formal studies, Krylov commenced fifty years of service to the academic bodies of St Petersburg, including eight years as Superintendent of the Russian Admiralty Ship Model Experiment Tank. For many years he was Professor of Naval Architecture in the city, reorganizing the methods of teaching of his profession in Russia. It was during this period that he laid the foundations of his remarkable research and published the first of his many books destined to become internationally accepted in the fields of waves, rolling, ship motion and vibration. Practical work was not overlooked: he was responsible for the design of many vessels for the Imperial Russian Navy, including the battleships Sevastopol and Petropavlovsk, and went on, as Director of Naval Construction, to test anti-rolling tanks aboard military vessels in the North Atlantic in 1913. Following the Revolution, Krylov was employed by the Soviet Union to re-establish scientific links with other European countries, and on several occasions he acted as Superintendent in the procurement of important technical material from overseas. In 1919 he was appointed Head of the Marine Academy, and from then on participated in many scientific conferences and commissions, mainly in the shipbuilding field, and served on the Editorial Board of the well-respected Russian periodical Sudostroenie (Shipbuilding). The breadth of his personal research was demonstrated by the notable contributions he made to the Russian development of the gyro compass.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member, Russian Academy of Science 1814. Royal Institution of Naval Architects Gold Medal 1898. State Prize of the Soviet Union (first degree). Stalin Premium for work on compass deviation.
    Bibliography
    Krylov published more than 500 books, papers and articles; these have been collected and published in twelve volumes by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1942, My Memories (autobiography).
    AK / FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Krylov, Alexei Nicolaevitch

  • 69 Leblanc, Nicolas

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 6 December 1742 Ivey-le-Pré, France
    d. 16 January 1806 Paris, France
    [br]
    French chemist, inventor of the Leblanc process for the manufacture of soda.
    [br]
    Orphaned at an early age, Leblanc was sent by his guardian, a doctor, to study medicine at the Ecole de Chirurgie in Paris. Around 1780 he entered the service of the Duke of Orléans as Surgeon. There he was able to pursue his interest in chemistry by carrying out research, particularly into crystallization; this bore fruit in a paper to the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1786, published in 1812 as a separate work entitled Crystallotechnie. At that time there was much concern that supplies of natural soda were becoming insufficient to meet the increasing demands of various industries, textile above all. In 1775 the Academy offered a prize of 2,400 livres for a means of manufacturing soda from sea salt. Several chemists studied the problem, but the prize was never awarded. However, in 1789 Leblanc reported in the Journal de physique for 1789 that he had devised a process, and he applied to his patron for support. The Duke had the process subjected to tests, and when these proved favourable he, with Leblanc and the referee, formed a company in February 1790 to exploit it. A patent was granted in 1791 and, with the manufacture of a vital substance at low cost based on a raw material, salt in unlimited supply, a bright prospect seemed to open out for Leblanc. The salt was treated with sulphuric acid to form salt-cake (sodium sulphate), which was then rotated with coal and limestone to form a substance from which the soda was extracted with water followed by evaporation. Hydrochloric acid was a valuable by-product, from which could be made calcium chloride, widely used in the textile and paper industries. The factory worked until 1793, but did not achieve regular production, and then disaster struck: Leblanc's principal patron, the Duke of Orléans, perished under the guillotine in the reign of terror; the factory was sequestered by the Revolutionary government and the agreement was revoked. Leblanc laboured in vain to secure adequate compensation. Eventually a grant was made towards the cost of restoring the factory, but it was quite inadequate, and in despair, Leblanc shot himself. However, his process proved to be one of the greatest inventions in the chemical industry, and was taken up in other countries and remained the leading process for the production of soda for a century. In 1855 his family tried again to vindicate his name and achieve compensation, this time with success.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.A.Leblanc, 1884, Nicolas Leblanc, sa vie, ses travaux et l'histoire de la soude artificielle, Paris (the standard biography, by his grandson).
    For more critical studies, see: C.C.Gillispie, 1957, "The discovery of the Leblanc process", Isis 48:152–70; J.G.Smith, 1970, "Studies in certain chemical industries in revolutionary and Napoleonic France", unpublished PhD thesis, Leeds University.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Leblanc, Nicolas

  • 70 Nervi, Pier Luigi

    [br]
    b. 21 June 1891 Sondrio, Italy
    d. 9 January 1979 (?), Italy
    [br]
    Italian engineer who played a vital role in the use and adaptation of reinforced concrete as a structural material from the 1930s to the 1970s.
    [br]
    Nervi early established a reputation in the use of reinforced concrete with his stadium in Florence (1930–2). This elegant concrete structure combines graceful curves with functional solidity and is capable of seating some 35,000 spectators. The stadium was followed by the aircraft hangars built for the Italian Air Force at Orvieto and Ortebello, in which he spanned the vast roofs of the hangars with thin-shelled vaults supported by precast concrete beams and steel-reinforced ribs. The structural strength and subtle curves of these ribbed roofs set the pattern for Nervi's techniques, which he subsequently varied and elaborated on to solve problems that arose in further commissions.
    Immediately after the Second World War Italy was short of supplies of steel for structural purposes so, in contrast to the USA, Britain and Germany, did not for some years construct any quantity of steel-framed rectangular buildinngs used for offices, housing or industrial use. It was Nervi who led the way to a ferroconcrete approach, using a new type of structure based on these materials in the form of a fine steel mesh sprayed with cement mortar and used to roof all kinds of structures. It was a method that resulted in expressionist curves instead of rectangular blocks, and the first of his great exhibition halls at Turin (1949), with a vault span of 240 ft (73 m), was an early example of this technique. Nervi continued to create original and beautiful ferroconcrete structures of infinite variety: for example, the hall at the Lido di Roma, Ostia; the terme at Chianciano; and the three buildings that he designed for the Rome Olympics in 1960. The Palazzetto dello Sport is probably the most famous of these, for which he co-operated with the architect Annibale Vitellozzi to construct a small sports palace seating 5,000 spectators under a concrete "big top" of 194 ft (59 m) diameter, its enclosing walls supported by thirtysix guy ropes of concrete; inside, the elegant roof displays a floral quality. In 1960 Nervi returned to Turin to build his imaginative Palace of Labour for the centenary celebrations of Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel in the city. This vast hall, like the Crystal Palace in England a century earlier (see Paxton), had to be built quickly and be suitable for later adaptation. It was therefore constructed partly in steel, and the metal supporting columns rose to palm-leaf capitals reminiscent of those in ancient Nile palaces.
    Nervi's aim was always to create functional buildings that simultaneously act by their aesthetic qualities as an effective educational influence. Functionalism for Nervi never became "brutalism". In consequence, his work is admired by the lay public as well as by architects. He collaborated with many of the outstanding architects of the day: with Gio Ponti on the Pirelli Building in Milan (1955–9); with Zehrfuss and Breuer on the Y-plan UNESCO Building in Paris (1953–7); and with Marcello Piacentini on the 16,000-seat Palazzo dello Sport in Rome. Nervi found time to write a number of books on building construction and design, lectured in the Universities of Rio de Janiero and Buenos Aires, and was for many years Professor of Technology and Technique of Construction in the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Rome. He continued to design new structures until well into the 1970s.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    RIBA Royal Gold Medal 1960. Royal Institute of Structural Engineers Gold Medal 1968. Honorary Degree Edinburgh University, Warsaw University, Munich University, London University, Harvard University. Member International Institute of Arts and Letters, Zurich; American Academy of Arts and Sciences; Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Stockholm.
    Bibliography
    1956, Structures, New York: Dodge.
    1945, Scienza o Arte del Costruire?, Rome: Bussola.
    Further Reading
    P.Desideri et al., 1979, Pier Luigi Nervi, Bologna: Zanichelli.
    A.L.Huxtable, 1960, Masters of World Architecture; Pier Luigi Nervi, New York: Braziller.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Nervi, Pier Luigi

  • 71 Planté, Raimond Louis Gaston

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity
    [br]
    b. 22 April 1834 Orthez, France
    d. 21 May 1889 Paris, France
    [br]
    French physicist and inventor of a secondary electric cell from which was developed the widely used lead-acid storage battery.
    [br]
    After a scientific training at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, Planté obtained an appointment as a Laboratory Assistant to Becquerel. Later, when he was employed as a chemist in the Parisian electroplating firm of Christofle et Cie, he carried out investigations into polarization in electrical cells, which led to his discovery of the lead-acid accumulator in 1859. This cell, with lead plates in an electrolyte of dilute sulphuric acid, had the characteristics of a storage device for electrical energy. Its performance was improved considerably if it was repeatedly charged and discharged, the active material being formed electrochemically from the lead of the plate itself. At the time of its discovery the Planté cell had little practical application and it was not until satisfactory dynamos were introduced that its commercial exploitation was possible. The cell was improved by Faure and later by Swan and others. The lead-acid cell became considerably important in the early days of electricity supply and later for electric traction and automobile use. The results of Planté's researches were communicated to the Academy of Sciences and published in various scientific periodicals. He devoted the last few years of his life to the study of atmospheric electricity.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1881. Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale Médaille d'Ampère.
    Bibliography
    1860, "Nouvelle Pile secondaire d'une grande puissance", Comptes rendus 50:640–2. See Recherches sur l'électricité, Paris, 1879.
    Further Reading
    G.Wood Vinal, 1955, Storage Batteries, 4th edn, London (describes developments subsequent to Planté's work).
    E.W.Wade, 1902, Secondary Batteries, London.
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Planté, Raimond Louis Gaston

  • 72 Creativity

       Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)
       Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)
       There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)
       he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)
       he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)
       From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)
       Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)
       The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)
       In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)
       he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)
        11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder
       Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)
       New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)
       [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....
       Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)
       A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....
       Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity

  • 73 Views

       I am not really a man of science, not an observer, not an experimenter, and not a thinker. I am nothing but by temperament a conquistador-an adventurer,... with the curiosity, the boldness, and the tenacity that belong to that type of being. (Freud, quoted in E. Jones, 1961, p. 227)
       We must start by recognizing that there are two very different points of view which we can take toward human behavior, that neither of these points of view can be rejected, and that an adequate conceptualization of human behavior must have room for both. One point of view is that of theoretical sciences like physics. Whatever else we may want to say of persons, they surely are material organizations, and as such, the laws of physics, chemistry, etc. must apply to them.... So actions can... be viewed as physical phenomena whose explanation must be found in other physical phenomena in the brain and nervous system....
       A very different, but equally indispensable, point of view is that of the agent who is faced with choices, deliberates, makes decisions, and tries to act accordingly.... [H]uman beings can have a conception of what it is they want and what they should do in order to get what they want, and... their conceptions-the meaning which situations and behaviors have for them in virtue of the way they construe them-can make a difference to their actions....
       We cannot eliminate the notion that we are agents because it is central to our conception of what is to be a person who can engage in practical life. But I can also look at myself from a purely external point of view, as an object in nature, and that my behavior must then be seen as caused by other events in nature is central to our conception of physical science. (Mischel, 1976, pp. 145-146)
       There are things about the world and life and ourselves that cannot be adequately understood from a maximally objective standpoint, however much it may extend our understanding beyond the point from which we started. A great deal is essentially connected to a particular point of view, or type of point of view, and the attempt to give a complete account of the world in objective terms detached from these perspectives inevitably leads to false reductions or to outright denial that certain patently real phenomena exist at all. (T. Nagel, 1986, p. 7)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Views

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

  • State Research Center for Optics and Material Sciences (OPTIMAS) — The State Research Center for Optics and Material Sciences (OPTIMAS) connects two areas of research for which the University of Kaiserslautern has a national and international reputation, founded upon relevant contributions to the development of… …   Wikipedia

  • Material physics — is the use of physics to describe materials in many different ways such as force, heat, light and mechanics. It is a synthesis of physical sciences such as chemistry, solid mechanics and solid state physics. References See also material science.… …   Wikipedia

  • Material culture — In the social sciences, material culture is a term that refers to the relationship between artifacts and social relations. Studying a culture s relationship to materiality is a lens through which social and cultural attitudes can be discussed. It …   Wikipedia

  • Material hiperelástico — Un material hiperelástico o material elástico de Green[1] es un tipo de material elástico para el cual la ecuación constitutiva que relaciona tensiones y deformaciones puede obtenerse a partir de una potencial elástico o energía elástica de… …   Wikipedia Español

  • Material properties of diamond — This article addresses the material properties of diamond. For a broader discussion of diamonds, see diamond. For other uses of the word diamond, see diamond (disambiguation). Diamond An octahedral diamond crystal in matrix Gener …   Wikipedia

  • Material safety data sheet — An example MSDS in a US format provides guidance for handling a hazardous substance and information on its composition and properties. MSDS redirects here. For the video game, see MapleStory DS. A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) (also known as… …   Wikipedia

  • Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences — (CIMS) Established 1935 Type Private Academic staff 82 …   Wikipedia

  • Earth Sciences — ▪ 2009 Introduction Geology and Geochemistry       The theme of the 33rd International Geological Congress, which was held in Norway in August 2008, was “Earth System Science: Foundation for Sustainable Development.” It was attended by nearly… …   Universalium

  • Mathematics and Physical Sciences — ▪ 2003 Introduction Mathematics       Mathematics in 2002 was marked by two discoveries in number theory. The first may have practical implications; the second satisfied a 150 year old curiosity.       Computer scientist Manindra Agrawal of the… …   Universalium

  • Life Sciences — ▪ 2009 Introduction Zoology       In 2008 several zoological studies provided new insights into how species life history traits (such as the timing of reproduction or the length of life of adult individuals) are derived in part as responses to… …   Universalium

  • Earth and Space Sciences — ▪ 1996 Introduction GEOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY       In 1995 significant developments took place in the realm of geologic mapping, which provides the foundation for the presentation and comparison of data in the Earth sciences. The most important… …   Universalium

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»