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21 Article 71
The jurisdiction of the Russian Federation includes:a) adoption and amending of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, control over their observance;b) federal structure and the territory of the Russian Federation; c) regulation and protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen; citizenship in the Russian Federation, regulation and protection of the rights of national minorities; d) establishment of the system of federal bodies of legislative, executive and judicial authority, the rules of their organization and activities, formation of federal bodies of state authority; e) federal state property and its management; f) establishment of the principles of federal policy and federal programmes in the sphere of state, economic, ecological, social, cultural and national development of the Russian Federation; g) establishment of legal groups for a single market; financial, currency, credit, and customs regulation, money issue, the principles of pricing policy; federal economic services, including federal banks; h) federal budget, federal taxes and dues, federal funds of regional development; i) federal power systems, nuclear power-engineering, fission materials, federal transport, railways, information and communication, outer space activities; j) foreign policy and international relations of the Russian Federation, international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation, issues of war and peace; k) foreign economic relations of the Russian Federation; l) defence and security; military production; determination of rules of selling and purchasing weapons, ammunition, military equipment and other military property; production of poisonous substances, narcotic substances and rules of their use; m) determination of the status and protection of the state border, territorial sea, air space, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of the expenditures; n) judicial system, procurator's office, criminal, criminal procedure and criminal-executive legislation, amnesty and pardoning, civil, civil procedure and arbitration procedure legislation, legal regulation of intellectual property; o) federal law of conflict of laws; p) meteorological service, standards, metric system, horometry accounting, geodesy and cartography, names of geographical units, official statistics and accounting; q) state awards and honourary titles of the Russian Federation; r) federal state service.__________<На русском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (Russian)"]Статья 71[/ref]> <На немецком языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (German)"]Artikel 71[/ref]> <На французском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (French)"]Article 71[/ref]>The Constitution of Russia. English-Russian dictionary > Article 71
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22 Article 76
1. On the issues under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation federal constitutional laws and federal laws shall be adopted and have direct action in the whole territory of the Russian Federation.2. On the issues under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and subjects of the Russian Federation federal laws shall issued and laws and other normative acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation shall be adopted according to them. 3. Federal laws may not contradict the federal constitutional laws. 4. Outside the limits of authority of the Russian Federation, of the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation, the Republics, territories, regions, cities of federal importance, autonomous regions or autonomous areas shall exercise their own legal regulation, including the adoption of laws and other normative acts. 5. The laws and other legislative acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation may not contradict the federal laws adopted according to the first and second parts of this Article. In case of a contradiction between a federal law and an act issued in the Russian Federation the federal law shall be applied. 6. In case of a contradiction between a federal law and a normative act of a subject of the Russian Federation adopted according to the fourth part of this Article, the normative legal act of the subject of the Russian Federation shall be applied. __________ <На русском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (Russian)"]Статья 76[/ref]> <На немецком языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (German)"]Artikel 76[/ref]> <На французском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (French)"]Article 76[/ref]>The Constitution of Russia. English-Russian dictionary > Article 76
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23 ground
B n1 ( surface underfoot) sol m, terre f ; to put/throw sth on the ground poser/jeter qch par terre ; to sit/lie (down) on the ground s'asseoir/s'allonger par terre ; to fall to the ground tomber (par terre) ; to pick sth up off the ground ramasser qch (par terre) ; get up off the ground lève-toi ; to get off the ground [plane] décoller ; fig [idea] prendre fig ; to get sth off the ground faire démarrer [plan, undertaking, campaign] ; to burn to the ground brûler complètement ; above (the) ground en surface ; below (the) ground sous terre ; to prepare the ground lit préparer la terre or le sol ; fig ouvrir la voie (for à) ; to clear the ground lit, fig déblayer le terrain ; on the ground lit, fig sur le terrain ;2 (area, territory) lit, fig terrain m ; a piece of ground un terrain ; built on high/rocky ground construit sur un terrain surélevé/accidenté ; holy/neutral ground terrain consacré/neutre ; to cover a lot of ground lit faire beaucoup de chemin ; fig avancer beaucoup ; to cover the same ground [teachers, speakers] traiter le même sujet ; [articles, lectures] traiter du même sujet ; to go over the same ground se répéter ; to break fresh ou new ground innover (by ou in doing en faisant) ; to break new political/legal ground innover dans le domaine politique/légal ; it breaks no new ground cela n'apporte rien de nouveau ; on neutral ground en terrain neutre ; on my/her own ground sur mon/son propre terrain ; to be on sure ou firm ground être sûr de ce qu'on avance ; to be on shaky ground être dans une position délicate ; to be sure of one's ground être sûr de son fait or de ce qu'on avance ; (to be) on dangerous ground ( in discussion) (être) sur un terrain miné ; ( in dealings) (être) dans une position délicate ; on safe ground sur un terrain familier ; the ground is shifting le climat est en train de changer fig ; familiar/new ground domaine m familier/nouveau ;5 fig (in contest, discussion) to gain ground gagner du terrain (on, over sur) ; to lose ground perdre du terrain (to au profit de) ; to give ou yield ground céder du terrain (to devant ; on, over au niveau de) ; to make up ou regain lost ground regagner du terrain perdu ; to hold ou stand (one's) ground tenir bon ; to change ou shift one's ground fig changer son fusil d'épaule (on au sujet de) ;7 Art fond m ;8 Naut to touch ground racler le fond ;2 ( reasons) on ethical grounds pour des raisons d'éthique ; on compassionate grounds pour raisons personnelles ; grounds for motifs de [divorce, appeal, extradition, arrest, opposition, criticism, hope] ; to have grounds for complaint/for suspicion avoir des motifs de se plaindre/de douter ; to give sb grounds for anxiety être un motif or une source d'angoisse pour qn ; grounds for doing motifs pour faire ; there are reasonable grounds/there are no grounds for supposing that il y a des motifs suffisants/il n'y a aucun motif pour supposer que ; to give sb good grounds for doing donner à qn de bonnes raisons de faire ; to have grounds to do avoir des raisons de faire ; on (the) grounds of en raison de [cost, public interest] ; pour raison de [adultery, negligence, insufficient evidence] ; on (the) grounds of ill-health pour raisons de santé ; to lodge an appeal on the grounds of insanity faire appel en arguant la folie ; on the grounds that en raison du fait que.E vtr3 ( base) to ground sth on ou in fonder qch sur ; to be grounded on être fondé sur [principle, fact, experience] ; to be grounded in être fondé sur [right, truth, understanding] ; well-grounded suspicions des soupçons fondés ; a well-grounded theory une théorie bien fondée ;4 ○ ( punish) priver [qn] de sortie [teenager] ;5 US Elec mettre [qch] à la terre ;to be thick/thin on the ground être/ne pas être légion inv ; to go to ground se terrer ; to run sb/sth to ground dénicher ○ qn/qch ; to run ou drive oneself into the ground s'user or se crever ○ au travail ; to run sth into the ground laisser péricliter [business] ; to run a car into the ground garder une voiture jusqu'à ce qu'elle soit bonne pour la casse ; that suits me down to the ground ça me va parfaitement. -
24 rule
1. n1) правило; устав; норма; право2) власть; владычество; господство; правление; управление•to accept rules — одобрять / признавать правила
to adhere to a rule — придерживаться правила, соблюдать правило
to apply rules to smb / smth — применять правила к кому-л. / чему-л.
to be subject to / to be under foreign rule — находиться под иностранным владычеством
to breach / to break a rule — нарушать правило
to comply with / to conform to a rule — придерживаться правила, соблюдать правило
to emerge from military to civilian rule — переходить от правления военных к гражданскому правительству
to frame rules — вырабатывать / определять / составлять правила
to impose / to introduce smb's rule — вводить чье-л. правление
to maintain rules — поддерживать / соблюдать правила
to note an infringement / a violation of the rules — констатировать нарушение правил
to obey / to observe a rule — придерживаться правила, соблюдать правило
to overthrow / to throw off smb's rule — свергать кого-л.
to put a territory under direct rule from... — ставить территорию под прямое управление из...
to put an end to smb's rule — покончить с чьим-л. господством, положить конец чьему-л. господству
to remain under smb's rule — оставаться под чьим-л. управлением
to revert to smb's rule — возвращаться под чье-л. управление
to stick to a rule — придерживаться правила, соблюдать правило
to submit to the rules — подчиняться правилам, придерживаться правил
- abidance by the rulesto suffer from smb's rule — страдать от чьего-л. гнета
- advent of smb's rule
- against international rules of behavior
- alien rule
- arbitrary rule
- army rules
- authoritarian rule
- autocratic rule
- bending of rules
- British rule
- central government rule
- civil rule
- civilian rule
- closed rule
- common rule
- constitutional rule
- contractual rules
- direct presidential rule
- direct rule of Northern Ireland from London
- direct rule
- domestic rules
- during smb's rule
- economic rule
- emergency rule
- eunuch rule
- executive rule
- existing rules
- financial rules
- foreign rule
- forms of political rule
- fundamental rules
- gag rule
- gavel rule
- general rule
- generally accepted rules
- generally recognized rules
- genocidal rule
- ground rules
- handover to a civilian rule
- hard-and-fast rule
- home rule
- humanitarian rules
- immigration rules
- imposition of Central Government rule
- in accordance with the rules
- in conformity with the rules
- incompatibility with the rules of behavior
- industrial safety rules
- infringement of the rules of procedure
- international rules
- iron hand rule
- job safety rules
- legal rules
- majority rule
- mandate rule
- manipulation of rules
- military rule
- mob rule
- monopoly rule
- multilateral rules
- no-strike rule
- one-party rule
- one-time rule
- open rule
- operating rules
- over-riding of rules
- parliamentary checks on presidential rule
- party rules
- pertinent rules
- police rule
- political rule
- Ponsonby Rule
- popular democratic rule
- presidential rule
- previous question rule
- procedure rules
- provisional rule
- proxy rule
- repressive rule
- restoration of civilian rule
- return of civilian rule
- revised rules
- Rule of the Court - rule of foreign capital
- rule of germaneness
- rule of law
- rule of terror
- rule of the gun
- rule of the military
- rule of unanimity of great powers
- rules and customs of war - rules for international trade
- rules governing smth
- rules inherited from
- rules laid down in smth
- rules of confidentiality
- rules of international law
- rules prescribed by smb
- rules relating to trade
- set rule
- single-party rule
- special rule
- staff rule
- standing rule
- striving for economic rule
- ten minute rule
- terms of the rules of procedure
- totalitarian rule
- trade rules
- transition from military to civilian rule
- treaty rules
- unanimity rule
- under smb's rule
- unit rule
- virtual one-party rule
- voting rules
- white minority rule
- world rule 2. v1) править, управлять; господствовать2) постановлять; устанавливать•to rule with an iron fist / rod — править железной рукой
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25 dispute
di'spju:t 1. verb1) (to argue against or deny: I'm not disputing what you say.) bestride2) (to argue (about): They disputed the ownership of the land for years.) krangle, trette, diskutere, disputere2. noun((an) argument or quarrel: a dispute over wages.) krangel, diskusjon, disputt- disputation Isubst. \/dɪˈspjuːt\/, \/ˈdɪspjuːt\/1) disputt, diskusjon, meningsutveksling2) tvist, sak, kontrovers3) konflikt, stridighetbeyond\/past\/without dispute utvilsomt, ubestrideligin dispute omstridt, diskutertlegal dispute ( jus) rettstvistopen to dispute tvilsomtIIverb \/dɪˈspjuːt\/1) drøfte, diskutere2) trette (om), krangle (om)3) sette spørsmålstegn ved, dra i tvil, bestride4) kjempe om, stride om5) motsette seg, motstå, forsøke å hindredispute about\/on diskutere omdispute against\/with diskutere med -
26 status
'steitəs, ]( American also) 'stæ-1) (the position of a person with regard to his legal rights etc: If she marries a foreigner, will her status as a British citizen be affected?) status, stilling2) (a person's social rank.) sosial status, rang•stand--------status--------tilstandIsubst. \/ˈsteɪtəs\/1) rang (etter anseelse), anerkjent stilling, posisjon, status2) (statsrettslig) stilling, status• give a territory the same political status as...gjøre et område politisk likestilt med...3) status, tilstand, posisjon, stilling, situasjoncivil status sivilstandIIadj. \/ˈsteɪtəs\/status- -
27 concede
погоджуватися, визнавати ( правильність чиїхось думок тощо); поступатися; припускати ( можливість чогось); надавати ( право тощо); визнавати поразку- concede the legal right -
28 enter
проникати; в'їжджати; входити (в т. ч. у тіло; про кулю); вступати ( в угоду), укладати ( угоду тощо); долучати ( до матеріалів судочинства); долучати до справи ( про документи); захоплювати нерухомість із наміром вступити у володіння нею; записувати; заносити до документа (протоколу, списку); реєструвати (в т. ч. авторське право, патент тощо); подавати ( документи тощо); починати ( процес); приєднуватися (до угоди, союзу тощо)enter a judgement in favour of smb. — = enter a judgment in favour of smb., enter a judgment in favor of smb., enter a judgement in favor of smb. виносити рішення на користь когось
enter a judgment in favour of smb. — = enter a judgement in favour of smb.
enter a judgment in favor of smb. — = enter a judgement in favour of smb.
enter a judgement in favor of smb. — = enter a judgement in favour of smb.
enter on the execution of office — = enter on the execution of one's office приступати до виконання ( своїх) обов'язків
- enter a caveatenter on the execution of one's office — = enter on the execution of office
- enter a conspiracy
- enter a country
- enter a guilty plea
- enter a judgement
- enter a judgment
- enter a motion
- enter a negotiated settlement
- enter a question
- enter a protest
- enter a request
- enter a solicitation
- enter a witness box
- enter a writ
- enter an action
- enter an affidavit
- enter an appeal
- enter an appearance
- enter an event
- enter an order
- enter as a dependent
- enter as a refugee
- enter as an immigrant
- enter at Stationer's Hall
- enter illegally
- enter in a list
- enter in the docket
- enter in the minutes
- enter in the records
- enter in the register
- enter in the voters list
- enter in the voters roll
- enter into a bloc
- enter into a bond
- enter into a compact
- enter into a contract
- enter into a dangerous course
- enter into a discussion
- enter into a duty
- enter into a liability
- enter into a marriage
- enter into a new undertaking
- enter into a pact
- enter into a social contract
- enter into a treaty
- enter into an agreement
- enter into an alliance
- enter into an engagement
- enter into an investigation
- enter into commitment
- enter into force
- enter into legal relations
- enter into negotiations
- enter into operation
- enter into possession
- enter into recognizances
- enter into relations
- enter into the marriage freely
- enter judgement
- enter judgment
- enter legally
- enter name
- enter smb.'s name
- enter on the income-tax return
- enter on the journal
- enter on the records
- enter on the reference
- enter one's own recognizance
- enter opposition
- enter plea
- enter protest
- enter satisfaction
- enter the army
- enter the federal court system
- enter the House
- enter the judiciary
- enter the law
- enter the matrimonial state
- enter the war
- enter upon
- enter upon one's duties
- enter upon the record
- enter without restriction -
29 regain
знову набувати (отримувати); відновлювати; повертати, відвойовувати ( територію)- regain liberty
- regain territory -
30 seizure
затримання, захоплення (силою) ( когось); відбирання (захоплення) володіння; вилучення; виїмка (майна, документів тощо); реквізиція, конфіскація; накладання арешту ( на майно)- seizure note
- seizure of aircraft
- seizure of contraband
- seizure of correspondence
- seizure of documents
- seizure of embassy
- seizure of evidence
- seizure of goods
- seizure of land
- seizure of obscene material
- seizure of power
- seizure of property
- seizure of ship
- seizure of territory
- seizure report
- seizure under legal process
- seizure warrant
- seizure witness -
31 dispute **** dis·pute
[dɪs'pjuːt]1. nto be in dispute — (matter) essere in discussione, (territory) essere oggetto di contesa
2. vt1) (question: statement, claim) contestare2) (debate: matter, question) discutere3) (compete for: possession, victory) disputarsi3. vito dispute (about or over) — discutere (su) -
32 seizure
seizure [ˈsi:ʒər]a. [of goods, property] saisie fb. ( = heart attack) attaque f* * *['siːʒə(r)]1) ( taking) (of territory, installation, power) prise f; (of arms, drugs, property) saisie f; ( of person) ( legal) arrestation f; ( illegal) capture f; ( of hostage) prise f2) Medicine, fig attaque f -
33 acquisition
1) приобретение (прав, имущества, территории)2) завладение (имуществом, территорией)acquisition by conquest — 1. завладение территорией путём завоевания 2. завладение имуществом путём захвата
3) шотл. истор. приобретение имущества не по наследству•- acquisition of nationality
- acquisition of nationality by birth
- acquisition of nationality by marriage
- acquisition of nationality by soil
- challenged acquisition
- compulsory acquisition
- derivative acquisition
- initial acquisition
- irregular acquisition
- new acquisition
- regular acquisition
- original acquisition -
34 Article 137
1. Amendments in Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation determining the structure of the Russian Federation shall be introduced on the basis of the federal constitutional law on the admission to the Russian Federation and the creation of new subjects of the Russian Federation within it, on changes in the constitutional-legal status of a subject of the Russian Federation.2. In case changes are made in the name of a Republic, territory, region, city of federal importance, autonomous region or autonomous area, the new name of the subject of the Russian Federation shall be included in Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. __________ <На русском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (Russian)"]Статья 137[/ref]> <На немецком языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (German)"]Artikel 137[/ref]> <На французском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (French)"]Article 137[/ref]>The Constitution of Russia. English-Russian dictionary > Article 137
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35 Section II. Concluding and Transitional Provisions
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation shall come into force from the moment of its official publication according to the results of a nationwide referendum.The day of the nationwide referendum of December 12, 1993 shall be considered to be the day of adopting the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Simultaneously The Constitution of Russia (Fundamental Law) of the Russian Federation – Russia, adopted on April 12, 1978 with all amendments and changes, shall become invalid. In case of non-compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation of the provisions of the Federal treaty – the Treaty on the Division of Subjects of Jurisdiction and Powers Between the Federal Bodies of State Power of the Russian Federation and the Bodies of Authority of the Sovereign Republics within the Russian Federation, the Treaty on the Division of Subjects of Jurisdiction and Powers Between the Federal Bodies of State Power of the Russian Federation and the Bodies of Authority of the Territories, Regions, Cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg of the Russian Federation, the Treaty on the Division of Subjects of Jurisdiction and Powers Between the Federal Bodies of State Power of the Russian Federation and the Bodies of Authority of the Autonomous Region, and Autonomous Areas within the Russian Federation, and also other treaties concluded between the federal bodies of state authority of the Russian Federation and bodies of state authority of the subjects of the Russian Federation, treaties between the bodies of state authority of the subjects of the Russian Federation, the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation shall be applicable. 2. The laws and other legal acts acting in the territory of the Russian Federation before the given Constitution comes into force shall be applied in that part which does not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation. 3. The President of the Russian Federation, elected according to The Constitution of Russia (Fundamental Law) of the Russian Federation – Russia, since the given Constitution comes into force, since carry out the powers fixed in it until the term of office for which he was elected expires. 4. The Council of Ministers (Government) of the Russian Federation from the moment when the given Constitution comes into force shall acquire the rights, obligations and responsibilities of the Government of the Russian Federation fixed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and since then shall be called the Government of the Russian Federation. 5. The courts of the Russian Federation shall administer justice according to their powers fixed by the given Constitution. After the Constitution comes into force, the judges of all the courts of the Russian Federation shall retain their powers until the term they were elected for expires. Vacant positions shall be filled in according to the rules fixed by the given Constitution. 6. Until the adoption and coming into force of the federal law establishing the rules for considering cases by a court of jury, the existing rules of court examination of corresponding cases shall be preserved. Until the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation is brought into conformity with the provisions of the present Constitution, the previous rules for arrest, detention and keeping in custody of people suspected of committing crime shall be preserved. 7. The Council of the Federation of the first convocation and the State Duma of the first convocation shall be elected for a period of two years. 8. The Council of the Federation shall meet in its first sitting on the thirtieth day after its election. The first sitting of the Council of the Federation shall be opened by the President of the Russian Federation. 9. A deputy of the State Duma of the first convocation may be simultaneously a member of the Government of the Russian Federation. The provisions of the present Constitution on the immunity of deputies in that part which concerns the actions (inaction) connected with fulfillment of office duties shall not extend to the deputies of the State Duma, members of the Government of the Russian Federation. The deputies of the Council of the Federation of the first convocation shall exercise their powers on a non-permanent basis. __________ <На русском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (Russian)"]Раздел II. Заключительные и переходные положения[/ref]> <На немецком языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (German)"]Abschnitt II. Die Schluss- und Uebergangsbestimmungen[/ref]> <На французском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (French)"]Titre II. Les Dispositions finales et transitoires[/ref]>The Constitution of Russia. English-Russian dictionary > Section II. Concluding and Transitional Provisions
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36 nation
•• nation, state, nationality
•• Nation a large community of people of mainly common descent, language, history, etc., usually inhabiting a particular territory and under one government.
•• State... 4. an organized community under one government or forming part of a federal republic. 5. civil government (Oxford American Dictionary).
•• Nationality... national status, especially a legal relationship involving allegiance on the part of an individual and usually protection on the part of the state (Webster’s Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary).
•• Концепция национального государства настолько укоренилась в сознании большинства людей Запада, что слово nation они употребляют в основном в значении nation-state, т.е. государство. Это значение было вложено и в названия Лиги Наций и Организации Объединенных Наций. ООН, несомненно, организация государств, а не «национальностей». По-русски же слово нация большинством людей понимается иначе – в национально-этническом смысле, если можно так выразиться. Конечно, в действительности дело обстоит довольно сложно, и в Европе, например, пожалуй, лишь Франция да еще две-три страны полностью отвечают критериям национального (мононационального) государства. Большинство остальных – либо многонациональные унитарные государства (Швеция, Испания, Венгрия, Словакия), либо федерации (Россия, Бельгия, Швейцария, мононациональная, но федеративная Германия). Еще сложнее дело обстоит за пределами Европы. И все же, повторюсь, nation – это страна, государство. Соответственно nationality – государственная, а не национальная, в нашем понимании, принадлежность человека. В паспорте nationality – гражданство. Поэтому жителю, скажем, Украины не стоит писать в этой графе визовой анкеты, что он, допустим, русский или молдаванин: если у него украинское гражданство, то nationality – Ukrainian (или Ukraine).
•• Как же быть в тех случаях, когда переводчик имеет дело с употреблением слов национальный, национальность, нация в более привычном для нас понимании? Как уже сказано выше (см. статью ethnic), можно прибегнуть к словам ethnic, ethnicity. Для иллюстрации приведу забавный пример из статьи о визите президента Клинтона в Китай: In Xian, [Chinese] security officials blocked two White House valets from loading the First Family’s garment bags onto Air Force One for the flight to Beijing. Press secretary Michael McCurry blamed the incident on an “overeager” Chinese official who had concern about their ethnicity.” Both staffers were Asian-American (Time).
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37 nationality
•• nation, state, nationality
•• Nation a large community of people of mainly common descent, language, history, etc., usually inhabiting a particular territory and under one government.
•• State... 4. an organized community under one government or forming part of a federal republic. 5. civil government (Oxford American Dictionary).
•• Nationality... national status, especially a legal relationship involving allegiance on the part of an individual and usually protection on the part of the state (Webster’s Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary).
•• Концепция национального государства настолько укоренилась в сознании большинства людей Запада, что слово nation они употребляют в основном в значении nation-state, т.е. государство. Это значение было вложено и в названия Лиги Наций и Организации Объединенных Наций. ООН, несомненно, организация государств, а не «национальностей». По-русски же слово нация большинством людей понимается иначе – в национально-этническом смысле, если можно так выразиться. Конечно, в действительности дело обстоит довольно сложно, и в Европе, например, пожалуй, лишь Франция да еще две-три страны полностью отвечают критериям национального (мононационального) государства. Большинство остальных – либо многонациональные унитарные государства (Швеция, Испания, Венгрия, Словакия), либо федерации (Россия, Бельгия, Швейцария, мононациональная, но федеративная Германия). Еще сложнее дело обстоит за пределами Европы. И все же, повторюсь, nation – это страна, государство. Соответственно nationality – государственная, а не национальная, в нашем понимании, принадлежность человека. В паспорте nationality – гражданство. Поэтому жителю, скажем, Украины не стоит писать в этой графе визовой анкеты, что он, допустим, русский или молдаванин: если у него украинское гражданство, то nationality – Ukrainian (или Ukraine).
•• Как же быть в тех случаях, когда переводчик имеет дело с употреблением слов национальный, национальность, нация в более привычном для нас понимании? Как уже сказано выше (см. статью ethnic), можно прибегнуть к словам ethnic, ethnicity. Для иллюстрации приведу забавный пример из статьи о визите президента Клинтона в Китай: In Xian, [Chinese] security officials blocked two White House valets from loading the First Family’s garment bags onto Air Force One for the flight to Beijing. Press secretary Michael McCurry blamed the incident on an “overeager” Chinese official who had concern about their ethnicity.” Both staffers were Asian-American (Time).
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38 state
•• nation, state, nationality
•• Nation a large community of people of mainly common descent, language, history, etc., usually inhabiting a particular territory and under one government.
•• State... 4. an organized community under one government or forming part of a federal republic. 5. civil government (Oxford American Dictionary).
•• Nationality... national status, especially a legal relationship involving allegiance on the part of an individual and usually protection on the part of the state (Webster’s Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary).
•• Концепция национального государства настолько укоренилась в сознании большинства людей Запада, что слово nation они употребляют в основном в значении nation-state, т.е. государство. Это значение было вложено и в названия Лиги Наций и Организации Объединенных Наций. ООН, несомненно, организация государств, а не «национальностей». По-русски же слово нация большинством людей понимается иначе – в национально-этническом смысле, если можно так выразиться. Конечно, в действительности дело обстоит довольно сложно, и в Европе, например, пожалуй, лишь Франция да еще две-три страны полностью отвечают критериям национального (мононационального) государства. Большинство остальных – либо многонациональные унитарные государства (Швеция, Испания, Венгрия, Словакия), либо федерации (Россия, Бельгия, Швейцария, мононациональная, но федеративная Германия). Еще сложнее дело обстоит за пределами Европы. И все же, повторюсь, nation – это страна, государство. Соответственно nationality – государственная, а не национальная, в нашем понимании, принадлежность человека. В паспорте nationality – гражданство. Поэтому жителю, скажем, Украины не стоит писать в этой графе визовой анкеты, что он, допустим, русский или молдаванин: если у него украинское гражданство, то nationality – Ukrainian (или Ukraine).
•• Как же быть в тех случаях, когда переводчик имеет дело с употреблением слов национальный, национальность, нация в более привычном для нас понимании? Как уже сказано выше (см. статью ethnic), можно прибегнуть к словам ethnic, ethnicity. Для иллюстрации приведу забавный пример из статьи о визите президента Клинтона в Китай: In Xian, [Chinese] security officials blocked two White House valets from loading the First Family’s garment bags onto Air Force One for the flight to Beijing. Press secretary Michael McCurry blamed the incident on an “overeager” Chinese official who had concern about their ethnicity.” Both staffers were Asian-American (Time).
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39 acquisition
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40 application
n1) заявление; обращение2) применение, приложение, использование3) юр. ходатайство суду или судье; заявление•
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