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61 soil acidification
закисление почвы
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
soil acidification
A naturally occurring process in humid climates that has long been the subject of research, whose findings suggest acid precipitation effects. The generally accepted impact of soil acidification on the productivity of terrestrial plants is summarised as follows: as soil becomes more acidic the basic cations (Ca, Mg) on the soil exchange are replaced by hydrogen ions or solubilized metals. The basic cation, now in solution, can be leached through the soil. As time progresses the soil becomes less fertile and more acidic. Resultant decreases in soil pH cause reduced, less-active population of soil microorganisms, which in turn slow decomposition of plant residues and cycling of essential plant nutrients. (Source: PARCOR)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
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FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > soil acidification
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62 accept
1. III1) accept smth. accept smb.'s gift (money, a box of chocolates, an expensive necklace, an engagement ring, etc.) привить чей-л. подарок и т. д.2) accept smth. accept an apology (smb.'s congratulations, an invitation to dinner, smb.'s thanks, etc.) принимать извинения и т. д., I accept your kind offer я принимаю ваше любезное предложение3) accept smth. accept a post /an office/ (an appointment, the position of headmaster, etc.) дать согласие занять /на/ эту должность и т. д.; accept a challenge (a battle) принять вызов (бой); accept smb.'s plan (an amendment, smb.'s statement, etc.) принять /одобрить/ чей-л. план и т.д.; accept a proposal принять предложение; accept the responsibility взять /принять/ на себя ответственность; they accepted my suggestion они согласились с моим предложением; they will have to accept my theory им придется признать мою теорию; if they accept this policy... если они примут /одобрят/ такую политику /линию поведения/...; accept the facts (the truth, smb.'s word, the correctness of the statement, the argument, etc.) признавать факты и т. д.; accept the inevitable мириться с неизбежностью; he couldn't accept the situation он не мог примириться с таким положением; he accepts everything she says он принимает на веру все, что она ни скажет4) accept smb. accept him (his brother, etc.) a) взять его и т. д. на работу; he applied for the job and they accepted him он подал заявление, и его приняли /взяли/ на работу; б) принять его предложение /согласиться стать его женой/ и т. д.; he asked her to marry him and she acceptd him он сделал ей предложение, и она дала согласие /согласилась/ стать его женой5) accept smth. accept a check (dollars, pounds, etc.) принимать (к оплате или в уплату) чек и т. д.; accept a bill акцептировать вексель2. IVaccept smth., smb. in some manner accept smth. eagerly (willingly, quickly, reluctantly, etc.) охотно и т. д. принимать /признавать/ что-л.; he gladly accepted her story он рад был поверить ее словам; she accepted his present unwillingly она с неохотой приняла от него подарок; they readily accepted him они охотно приняли его [в свою компанию]3. XI1) he applied for the job and was accepted он подал заявление на эту должность, и его приняли2) be accepted in some manner be generally /universally/ accepted быть /считаться/ общепризнанным /общепринятым/4. XXI1accept smth. for smth. he won't accept payment for his advice он не соглашается принимать денежное вознаграждение /плату/ за свои консультации; accept smth. for a fact принимать что-л. за истину; accept smth. from smb. I can't accept help (presents, etc.) from you я не могу принять от вас /согласиться на вашу/ помощь и т. д.5. XXIV1accept smb. as smb. accept smb. as a friend (as a companion, as an authority, etc.) считать кого-л. другом и т. д., относиться к кому-л. как к другу и т. д.; I can't accept him as a colleague я не могу признать /считать/ его своим коллегой; I accept him as the greatest expert in this field я признаю, что он крупнейший специалист в этой области6. XXVaccept on condition that... I accept on condition that he will assist я соглашаюсь /даю свое согласие/ при условии, что он будет помогать -
63 Psychology
We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)"Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)The subject matter of psychology is as old as reflection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology
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64 accept
[ək'sept]гл.1) принимать, брать; соглашатьсяto accept a proposal / a suggestion / an offer — принять предложение
to accept the responsibility — взять, принять на себя ответственность
She accepted his present unwillingly. — Она с неохотой приняла от него подарок.
I accept your kind offer. — Я принимаю ваше любезное предложение.
Eventually Stella persuaded her to accept an offer of marriage. — В конце концов Стелла уговорила её принять предложение о замужестве.
All those invited to next week's peace conference have accepted. — Все, кто был приглашён на конференцию по вопросам мирного урегулирования, которая состоится на следующей неделе, приняли приглашение.
I accept on condition that he will assist. — Я даю своё согласие при условии, что он будет помогать.
- accept a post- accept an apology
- accept a challenge
- accept in deposit
- accept bribes
- accept equipment2) допускать, признавать; принимать, миритьсяI accept him as the greatest expert in this field. — Я признаю, что он крупнейший специалист в этой области.
I accept the correctness of your statement. — Признаю правильность вашего утверждения.
I accept that the proposal may be defeated. — Я допускаю, что это предложение может быть отклонено.
- accept for a fact- accept the inevitable
- accept the situationSyn:acknowledge 1)3) принимать ( в определённый круг); относиться благосклонно; считать приемлемым, подходящим (кого-л.)Many men still have difficulty accepting a woman as a business partner. — Многие мужчины до сих пор не слишком благосклонно относятся к женщинам - деловым партнерам.
to accept a check — принимать к оплате или в уплату чек
5) биол. не вызывать отторженияdrugs which will fool the body into accepting transplants — лекарства, позволяющие обмануть защитные силы организма с тем, чтобы не вызывать отторжения пересаживаемых органов
••to be generally / universally accepted — быть общепринятым, считаться общепризнанным
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65 Johansson, Carl Edvard
[br]b. 15 March 1864 Orebro, Swedend. 30 September 1943 Eskilstuna, Sweden[br]Swedish metrologist and inventor of measuring-gauge blocks.[br]Carl Edvard Johansson was first apprenticed to a shoemaker, but he soon abandoned that career. In 1882 he went to America to join his brother Arvid working at a sawmill in the summer; in winter the brothers obtained further general education at the Gustavus Adolphus College at St Peter, Minnesota. They returned to Sweden in November 1884 and in the following year Carl obtained employment with a small engineering firm which rented a workshop in the government small-arms factory at Eskilstuna. In his spare time he attended the Eskilstuna Technical College and in 1888 he was accepted as an apprentice armourer inspector. After completion of his apprenticeship he was appointed an armourer inspector, and it was in his work of inspection that he realized that the large number of gauges then required could be reduced if several accurate gauges could be used in combination. This was in 1896, and the first set of gauges was made for use in the rifle factory. With these, any dimension between 1 mm and 201 mm could be made up to the nearest 0.01 mm, the gauges having flat polished surfaces that would adhere together by "wringing". Johansson obtained patents for the system from 1901, but it was not until c.1907 that the sets of gauges were marketed generally. Gauges were made in inch units for Britain and America—slightly different as the standards were not then identical. Johansson formed his own company to manufacture the gauges in 1910, but he did not give up his post in the rifle factory until 1914. By the 1920s Johansson gauges were established as the engineering dimensional standards for the whole world; the company also made other precision measuring instruments such as micrometers and extensometers. A new company, C.E.Johansson Inc., was set up in America for manufacture and sales, and the gauges were extensively used in the American automobile industry. Henry Ford took a special interest and Johansson spent several years in a post with the Ford Motor Company in Detroit, Michigan, until he returned to Sweden in 1936.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary Doctorates, Gustavus Adolphus College, St Peter and Wayne University, Detroit. Swedish Engineering Society John Ericsson Gold Medal. American Society of Mechanical Engineers Gold Medal.Further ReadingK.J.Hume, 1980, A History of Engineering Metrology, London, pp. 54–66 (a short biography).RTS -
66 commonly
tr['kɒmənlɪ]1 (usually) comúnmente, vulgarmente2 pejorative (vulgarly) de manera ordinariacommonly ['kɑmənli] adv1) frequently: comúnmente, frecuentemente2) usually: normalmenteadv.• normalmente adv.'kɑːmənli, 'kɒmənliadverb comúnmentea commonly held belief — una creencia muy generalizada or extendida
['kɒmǝnlɪ]ADV1) (=usually, frequently) [called] comúnmente; [prescribed] frecuentementemore commonly known as... — más comúnmente conocido como...
anorexia is more commonly found among women — la anorexia es más común or corriente entre las mujeres
an orchid which is not commonly found in this country — una orquídea que no es corriente encontrar or que no se encuentra frecuentemente en este país
it is commonly the case that... — es corriente que..., frecuentemente se da el caso de que...
2) (=generally)the commonly held view — la opinión extendida or generalizada
it is commonly believed that... — es una creencia extendida or generalizada que...
the disease is commonly thought to be caused by a virus — es una creencia extendida or generalizada que esta enfermedad está causada por un virus
3) (=vulgarly) [behave, speak, dress] ordinariamente, vulgarmente* * *['kɑːmənli, 'kɒmənli]adverb comúnmentea commonly held belief — una creencia muy generalizada or extendida
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67 Donisthorpe, George Edmond
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. c.1842 England[br]English inventor of a wool-combing machine.[br]Edmund Cartwright's combing machine needed a great deal of improvement before it could be used to tackle the finer qualities of wool. Various people carried out experiments over the next thirty years, including G.E.Donisthorpe of Leicester. Together with Henry Rawson, Donisthorpe obtained his first patent for improvements to wool combing in 1835, but his important ones were obtained in 1842 and 1843. These attracted the attention of S.C. Lister, who had become interested in developing a machine to comb wool after seeing the grim working conditions of the hand-combers supplying his mill at Manningham. Lister was quick to perceive that Donisthorpe's invention carried sufficient promise to replace the hand-comber, so in 1842 he made Donisthorpe an offer, which was accepted, of £2,000 for half the patent rights. In the following year Lister purchased the other half of the patent for £10,000, whereby Donisthorpe ceased to have any pecuniary interest in it. Lister took Donisthorpe into partnership and they worked together over the ensuing years with patience and diligence until they eventually succeeded in bringing out a combing machine that was generally acceptable. They were combing fine botany wool for the first time by machine in 1843. Further patents were taken out in their joint names in 1849 and 1850: these included the "nip" mechanism, the priority of which was disputed by Heilmann. Donisthorpe also took out patents for wool combing with John Whitehead in 1849 and John Crofts in 1853.[br]Bibliography1835, British patent no. 6,808 (improvements to wool combing). 1842. British patent no. 9,404.1843. British patent no. 9,966.1843, British patent no. 9,780.1849, with S.C.Lister, British patent no. 12,712.1849, with S.C.Lister, British patent no. 13,009. 1849, with S.C.Lister, British patent no. 13,532. 1849, with John Whitehead, British patent no. 12,603. 1853, with John Crofts, British patent no. 216.Further ReadingJ.Hogg (ed.), c.1888, Fortunes Made in Business, London (provides an account of the association between Donisthorpe and Lister).W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (explains the technical details of combing machines).C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press (includes a good section on combing machines).RLHBiographical history of technology > Donisthorpe, George Edmond
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68 Counting Glass
A small instrument used for counting the number of threads to the inch in a fabric. The Manchester Testing House method is as follows: - The glass is placed in such a position that the extreme edge of the first thread can only just be seen; this is counted as the first thread. If the actual number of threads per inch is required, there is no better method than to measure off six inches, and count all the threads from end to end. This can be done under a glass, marking each tenth thread as a check upon the result; the ink marks should be at equal distances apart if the counting is correct, and in other ways this method facilitates correctness. At the, Manchester Testing House ten counts of reed or pick are generally made from different parts of the cloth, and the average of these is accepted. -
69 time deposit
Fina U.S. savings account or a certificate of deposit, issued by a financial institution. While the savings account is for a fixed term, deposits are accepted with the understanding that withdrawals may be made subject to a period of notice. Banks are authorized to require at least 30 days’ notice. While a certificate of deposit is equivalent to a term account, passbook accounts are generally regarded as funds readily available to the account holder.
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