-
61 port work
-
62 river training work
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > river training work
-
63 water work
-
64 Leonardo da Vinci
[br]b. 15 April 1452 Vinci, near Florence, Italy,d. 2 May 1519 St Cloux, near Amboise, France.[br]Italian scientist, engineer, inventor and artist.[br]Leonardo was the illegitimate son of a Florentine lawyer. His first sixteen years were spent with the lawyer's family in the rural surroundings of Vinci, which aroused in him a lifelong love of nature and an insatiable curiosity in it. He received little formal education but extended his knowledge through private reading. That gave him only a smattering of Latin, a deficiency that was to be a hindrance throughout his active life. At sixteen he was apprenticed in the studio of Andrea del Verrochio in Florence, where he received a training not only in art but in a wide variety of crafts and technical arts.In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan, where he sought and obtained employment with Ludovico Sforza, later Duke of Milan, partly to sculpt a massive equestrian statue of Ludovico but the work never progressed beyond the full-scale model stage. He did, however, complete the painting which became known as the Virgin of the Rocks and in 1497 his greatest artistic achievement, The Last Supper, commissioned jointly by Ludovico and the friars of Santa Maria della Grazie and painted on the wall of the monastery's refectory. Leonardo was responsible for the court pageants and also devised a system of irrigation to supply water to the plains of Lombardy. In 1499 the French army entered Milan and deposed Leonardo's employer. Leonardo departed and, after a brief visit to Mantua, returned to Florence, where for a time he was employed as architect and engineer to Cesare Borgia, Duke of Romagna. Around 1504 he completed another celebrated work, the Mona Lisa.In 1506 Leonardo began his second sojourn in Milan, this time in the service of King Louis XII of France, who appointed him "painter and engineer". In 1513 Leonardo left for Rome in the company of his pupil Francesco Melzi, but his time there was unproductive and he found himself out of touch with the younger artists active there, Michelangelo above all. In 1516 he accepted with relief an invitation from King François I of France to reside at the small château of St Cloux in the royal domain of Amboise. With the pension granted by François, Leonardo lived out his remaining years in tranquility at St Cloux.Leonardo's career can hardly be regarded as a success or worthy of such a towering genius. For centuries he was known only for the handful of artistic works that he managed to complete and have survived more or less intact. His main activity remained hidden until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, during which the contents of his notebooks were gradually revealed. It became evident that Leonardo was one of the greatest scientific investigators and inventors in the history of civilization. Throughout his working life he extended a searching curiosity over an extraordinarily wide range of subjects. The notes show careful investigation of questions of mechanical and civil engineering, such as power transmission by means of pulleys and also a form of chain belting. The notebooks record many devices, such as machines for grinding and polishing lenses, a lathe operated by treadle-crank, a rolling mill with conical rollers and a spinning machine with pinion and yard divider. Leonardo made an exhaustive study of the flight of birds, with a view to designing a flying machine, which obsessed him for many years.Leonardo recorded his observations and conclusions, together with many ingenious inventions, on thousands of pages of manuscript notes, sketches and drawings. There are occasional indications that he had in mind the publication of portions of the notes in a coherent form, but he never diverted his energy into putting them in order; instead, he went on making notes. As a result, Leonardo's impact on the development of science and technology was virtually nil. Even if his notebooks had been copied and circulated, there were daunting impediments to their understanding. Leonardo was left-handed and wrote in mirror-writing: that is, in reverse from right to left. He also used his own abbreviations and no punctuation.At his death Leonardo bequeathed his entire output of notes to his friend and companion Francesco Melzi, who kept them safe until his own death in 1570. Melzi left the collection in turn to his son Orazio, whose lack of interest in the arts and sciences resulted in a sad period of dispersal which endangered their survival, but in 1636 the bulk of them, in thirteen volumes, were assembled and donated to the Ambrosian Library in Milan. These include a large volume of notes and drawings compiled from the various portions of the notebooks and is now known as the Codex Atlanticus. There they stayed, forgotten and ignored, until 1796, when Napoleon's marauding army overran Italy and art and literary works, including the thirteen volumes of Leonardo's notebooks, were pillaged and taken to Paris. After the war in 1815, the French government agreed to return them but only the Codex Atlanticus found its way back to Milan; the rest remained in Paris. The appendix to one notebook, dealing with the flight of birds, was later regarded as of sufficient importance to stand on its own. Four small collections reached Britain at various times during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; of these, the volume in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle is notable for its magnificent series of anatomical drawings. Other collections include the Codex Leicester and Codex Arundel in the British Museum in London, and the Madrid Codices in Spain.Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Leonardo's true stature as scientist, engineer and inventor began to emerge, particularly with the publication of transcriptions and translations of his notebooks. The volumes in Paris appeared in 1881–97 and the Codex Atlanticus was published in Milan between 1894 and 1904.[br]Principal Honours and Distinctions"Premier peintre, architecte et mécanicien du Roi" to King François I of France, 1516.Further ReadingE.MacCurdy, 1939, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, 2 vols, London; 2nd edn, 1956, London (the most extensive selection of the notes, with an English translation).G.Vasari (trans. G.Bull), 1965, Lives of the Artists, London: Penguin, pp. 255–271.C.Gibbs-Smith, 1978, The Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci, Oxford: Phaidon. L.H.Heydenreich, Dibner and L. Reti, 1981, Leonardo the Inventor, London: Hutchinson.I.B.Hart, 1961, The World of Leonardo da Vinci, London: Macdonald.LRD / IMcN -
65 Song Yingxing (Sung Ying-Hsing)
[br]b. 1600 Chinad. c. 1650[br]Chinese writer on technology and industry.[br]Song was an outstanding encyclopedist in the field of technology and industrial processes. He produced the Tian Gong Kai Wu (The Exploitation of the Works of Nature) of 1637, China's greatest technological classic, which dealt with agriculture and industry rather than engineering. It covered a wide range of subjects, including hydraulic devices and irrigation, silk and other textiles, salt and sugar technology, ceramics, pearls and jade, papermaking and ink, metallurgy of iron, bronze, silver, tin and lead, and transport. The work incorporated the finest Chinese illustrations on these subjects. Strangely, it fell into obscurity and it was a copy preserved in Japan that became the basis for later editions.[br]Bibliography1637, Tian Gong Kai Wu.Further ReadingJ.Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965–86, Vols IV.2, pp. 171–2, 559; IV.3, many scattered references for it is an essential source of information about Chinese technology.LRDBiographical history of technology > Song Yingxing (Sung Ying-Hsing)
-
66 hydrometeorology
гидрометеорология
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
hydrometeorology
That part of meteorology of direct concern to hydrologic problems, particularly to flood control, hydroelectric power, irrigation, and similar fields of engineering and water resource. (Source: ZINZAN)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > hydrometeorology
См. также в других словарях:
Irrigation in Australia — is a widespread practice to supplement low rainfall levels in Australia with water from other sources to assist in the production of crops or pasture. As the driest inhabited continent, irrigation is required in many areas for production of crops … Wikipedia
Irrigation — For its use in viticulture, see Irrigation in viticulture. For its use in medicine, see Therapeutic irrigation. LEPA redirects here. For the airport serving Palma de Mallorca, Spain, assigned the ICAO code LEPA, see Palma de Mallorca Airport.… … Wikipedia
Engineering Projects — ▪ 1995 Introduction BRIDGES Notable Engineering Projects(For Notable Engineering Projects in work, see Table (Notable Engineering Projects).) As the decade of the 1990s reached its midpoint, the limits to bridge design were being… … Universalium
irrigation and drainage — ▪ agriculture Introduction artificial application of water to land and artificial removal of excess water from land, respectively. Some land requires irrigation or drainage before it is possible to use it for any agricultural production; other… … Universalium
engineering — (Roget s IV) n. 1. [The act of turning material to use] Syn. construction, manufacturing, organization, organizing, building, arranging, constructing, implementing, authorizing, systematizing, systematization, handling; see also sense 2 . 2. [The … English dictionary for students
College of Engineering, Guindy — College of Engineering Guindy கிண்டி பொறியியல் கல்லூரி CEG Main Building Motto Labor omnia vincit Established 1794 … Wikipedia
Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University — [http://www.alexeng.edu.eg] ( ar. كليةالهندسة جامعة الإسكندرية) Studying years *Number of studying years: 5 History *In 1941 The Faculty of Engineering – Cairo University established its branch in Alexandria. *1942 The emanation of law ordinance … Wikipedia
Landscape engineering — Landscaping is the application of mathematics and science to create useful land and waterscapes. It can also be described as green engineering, but the design professionals best known for landscape engineering are landscape architects. Landscape… … Wikipedia
Dujiangyan Irrigation System — For the adjacent city, see Dujiangyan City. Mount Qingcheng and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System * UNESCO World Heritage Site … Wikipedia
College of Technology & Engineering, Udaipur — The College of Technology and Engineering (CTAE) of Udaipur, Rajasthan, India, is a constituent college of the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology. Contents 1 Overview: Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology … Wikipedia
Notable Civil Engineering Projects — ▪ 2001 Notable Civil Engineering Projects (in work or completed, 2000) Name Location Year of completion Notes Airports Terminal area (sq m) Inchon International Inchon, South Korea (near Seoul) 369,000 2001 Landfill between islands; may be… … Universalium