-
21 division
дивизия; отдел; управление; мор. дивизия ( крупных кораблей), дивизион ( малых кораблей) ; дивизион ( как боевое подразделение на корабле) ; факультет; кафедра ( в вузе)C3 and Computer Systems division — отдел систем руководства, управления, связи и ЭВМ (МП)
division of Military Application, Department of Energy — отдел министерства энергетики по вопросам военного применения ядерной энергии
division of Naval Reactors, Department of Energy — отдел министерства энергетики по вопросам ЯЭУ для ВМС
Junior division, ROTC — младшее [начальное] отделение корпуса вневойсковой подготовки офицеров резерва (из числа школьников)
Plans, Policy and Operations division — оперативно-плановое управление (НАТО)
Senior division, ROTC — старшее отделение корпуса вневойсковой подготовки офицеров резерва (из числа студентов)
US Army Engineer division, Europe — военно-инженерный округ СВ США в Европейской зоне
— transport air division -
22 national
1. прил.1) общ. национальный, общенациональный, народный (относящийся к данной стране, народу в целом; в отличие от местного, регионального, международного)national law — национальное [внутригосударственное\] право
Syn:See:international, transnational, supranational, domestic, national accordance, national account, national accounts, national affairs, national administration 2), national advertising, national agreement, national assent, National Automated Accounting Research System, national bank 2), national bolshevism, national brand, national campaign, national central bank, National Change of Address, national character, national communism, national communist, National Competition Policy, national competitive bidding, national consent, national consumption, National Counterintelligence Executive, national currency, National Development Bond, National Disability Development Initiative, national distribution, national distributor, national economic accounting, national economics, National Exchange Market System, national firm, National Flood Insurance Program, national government, national harmony, national idea, national identity, national income, National Institutional Delivery System, National Insurance, national interest, national launch, national legitimacy, national market, national marketer, national marketing, national minimum wage, national nominating convention, national non-domestic rate, national numbering agency, national origins system, national origins quota system, national ownership 2), national patent, national patent law, national policy, national policy, national politics, national product, national promotion, National Public Accountant, national question, national reconciliation, national retailer, national sales force, national sales manager, national savings, National Secretary's Day, national security, national self-consciousness, national self-determination, national service, National Socialism, national sovereignty, national tax policy, national taxes, national trademark, national treatment, National Vocation Qualification, national wealth, national wholesaler, National Westminster Bank Ltd. v. Holesowen Presswork and Assemblies Ltd., National Association of Securities Dealers Rules of Fair Practice, National Bank Act, National Banking Act, National Exchange Market System Act, National Flood Insurance Act, National Health Service Reorganization Act 1973, National Housing Act, National Income and Product Accounts, National Labor Relations Act, National Minimum Wage Act 1998, National Trade Estimate Report, National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers, National Advertising Benevolent Society, National Advertising Division, National Advertising Division of the Council of Better Business Bureaus, National Advertising Review Board, National Advertising Review Council, National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Policies, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Agricultural Statistics Service, National Alliance for Insurance Education & Research, National Alliance for Insurance Education and Research, National Alliance Research Academy, National and Local Government Officers' Association, National Assembly, National Association for Variable Annuities, National Association of Accountants, National Association of Colleges and Employers, National Association of Corporation Schools, National Association of Corporation Training, National Association of Cost Accountants, National Association of Employment Managers, National Association of Export Companies, National Association of Federal Credit Unions, National Association of Health Underwriters, National Association of Independent Insurance Adjusters, National Association of Independent Insurers, National Association of Insurance and Financial Advisors, National Association of Insurance Brokers, National Association of Insurance Commissioners, National Association of Insurance Women, National Association of Investment Clubs, National Association of Investment Companies, National Association of Investors Corporation, National Association of Life Underwriters, National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies, National Association of Pension Funds, National Association of Personal Financial Advisors, National Association of Professional Insurance Agents, National Association of Professional Surplus Lines Offices, National Association of Public Insurance Adjusters, National Association of Purchasing Managers, National Association of Recording Merchandisers, National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners, National Association of Schoolmasters and Union of Women Teachers, National Association of Securities Dealers, National Association of Securities Dealers and Investment Managers, National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers2) общ. государственный (финансируемый и/или контролируемый государством; в отличие от частного)national library — государственная [национальная\] библиотека
See:national administration 1), national bank 1), national curriculum, national debt, national ownership 1), national property, national treasury, National Archives and Records Administration, National Cemetery Administration2. сущ.общ. подданный, гражданин (какого-л. государства)fellow nationals, one's own nationals — сограждане, соотечественники
See:specially designated national, Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, resident 2. 2)
* * *
1) национальный, относящийся к данному государству, народу; 2) внутренний, в отличие от международного. -
23 Ausschuss
Ausschuss m 1. GEN commission, comm., committee, comm., panel; 2. IND bad work (fehlerhafte Arbeit); rejects, defective units, lost units, wastage, spoilage (Produktion) • einem Ausschuss einen Antrag vorlegen GEN lay a proposal before a committee* * *m 1. < Geschäft> commission (comm.), committee (comm.), panel; 2. < Ind> fehlerhafte Arbeit bad work; Produktion rejects, defective units, lost units, wastage, spoilage ■ einem Ausschuss einen Antrag vorlegen < Geschäft> lay a proposal before a committee* * *Ausschuss
commission, committee, board, panel, (Produktion) waste, wastage, scrap, refuse, reject[s], junk, rummage, (Waren) substandard goods, cull, rejection;
• an einen Ausschuss verwiesen committed;
• auswärtiger Ausschuss foreign-relations committee;
• beratender Ausschuss advisory council (panel, board, committee), (EU) advisory committee;
• engerer Ausschuss select (Br.) (small) committee;
• erweiterter Ausschuss enlarged committee (US);
• gemeinsamer Ausschuss joint committee;
• gemischter Ausschuss joint commission (committee, Br.), hybrid committee;
• geschäftsführender Ausschuss executive (managing, management) committee, board of management;
• informeller Ausschuss informal commission;
• Institutioneller Ausschuss (Europaparlament) Institutional Affairs Committee;
• interministerieller Ausschuss interagency group (committee), interdepartmental committee;
• nachgeordneter Ausschuss subordinate committee;
• paritätischer Ausschuss joint committee;
• politischer beratender Ausschuss Political Advisory (Consultative) Committee;
• städtischer Ausschuss city commission;
• ständiger Ausschuss standing (permanent) committee;
• nicht ständiger Ausschuss temporary committee;
• vorbereitender Ausschuss preparatory committee;
• wissenschaftlicher Ausschuss scientific committee;
• Ausschuss für Abwässerbeseitigung sewerage committee;
• Ausschuss für auswärtige Angelegenheiten, Sicherheit und Verteidigungspolitik (Europaparlament) Committee on Foreign Affairs, Security and Defence Policy;
• Wissenschaftlicher Ausschuss ''Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte'' (EU) Scientific Committee on Medicinal Products and Medical Devices;
• Ausschuss zur Bekämpfung des unlauteren Wettbewerbs Federal Trade Commission (US);
• Ausschuss für wirtschaftliche Entwicklungsfragen economic development committee (Br.);
• wissenschaftlicher Ausschuss unabhängiger Experten a special scientific committee of independent scientific experts;
• Ausschuss zur Festlegung der Geschäftspolitik policy committee;
• Ausschuss für Fragen des Industrieschutzes safety committee;
• Ausschuss für Fragen des Umweltschutzes council on environmental quality;
• Wissenschaftlicher Ausschuss ''Futtermittel'' (EU) Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition;
• Ausschuss für Haushaltskontrolle Committe on Budgetary Control;
• Wissenschaftlicher Ausschuss ''Lebensmittel'' (EU) Scientific Committee on Food;
• Wissenschaftlicher Ausschuss Veterinärmedizinischer Maßnahmen im Zusammenhang mit der öffentlichen Gesundheit (EU) Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures relating to Public Health;
• Wissenschaftlicher Ausschuss ''Kosmetische Mittel und für den Verbraucher bestimmte Non-Food-Erzeugnisse'' (EU) Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products intended for Consumers;
• Wissenschaftlicher Ausschuss ''Pflanzen'' (EU) Scientific Committee on Plants;
• Ausschuss der Präsidenten (EU) Presidential Committee;
• Ausschuss der Regionen (EU) Committee of the Regions;
• örtlicher Ausschuss für Schankkonzessionen excise commission (US);
• Wissenschaftlicher Ausschuss ''Tiergesundheit und artgerechte Tierhaltung'' (EU) Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare;
• Wissenschaftlicher Ausschuss ''Toxizität, Ökotoxizität und Umwelt'' (EU) Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment;
• Ausschuss für Umweltfragen, Volksgesundheit und Verbraucherschutz (Europaparlament) Committe on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer Protection;
• Ausschuss der ständigen Vertreter der Mitgliedsstaaten (AStV) Committee of Permanent Representatives of the member states (Coreper);
• Ausschuss der Ständigen Vertreter der nationalen Regierungen bei der EG (AStV) (Europaparlament) Permanent Representatives Committee (Coreper);
• Ausschuss zur Wahrung von Arbeitnehmerrechten employee rights committee;
• Ausschuss für Wirtschaft und Finanzen (UNO) Economic and Financial Committee;
• Ausschuss der gewerblichen Wirtschaft trade[s] council;
• Ausschuss für Wirtschaft, Währung und Industriepolitik (Europaparlament) Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs and Industrial Policy;
• internationaler Ausschuss für Wirtschaftsprüferrichtlinien International Accounting Standards Committee;
• einem Ausschuss angehören to be (serve, sit) on a committee, to form part of a commission;
• Ausschuss auflösen to put a committee out of business, to disband a committee;
• aus einem Ausschuss ausscheiden to cease to form part of a commission;
• aus einem Ausschuss ausschließen to throw off a committee;
• in einen Ausschuss berufen to appoint to a committee;
• Ausschuss bilden to constitute (resolve itself into) a committee;
• Ausschuss einsetzen to constitute a committee, to appoint a commission;
• sich zu einem Ausschuss konstituieren (parl.) to form themselves into a committee;
• in einem Ausschuss sitzen to serve on a committee;
• einem Ausschuss zur Verfügung stehen to attend upon a committee;
• an einen Ausschuss überweisen to refer to a committee, (Gesetzesvorlage) to commit a bill;
• seinen Fall einem Ausschuss vorlegen to lay one’s case before a commission;
• dem Ausschuss vorliegen to be in the committee stage;
• mit geheimen Ausschussabstimmungen aufräumen to sweep away secrecy from committee votes;
• Ausschussakten committee files;
• durchschnittlicher Ausschussanteil beim Produktionsprozess process average fraction defective;
• tolerierte Ausschussanzahl tolerance number of defectives;
• Ausschussarbeit leisten to serve on a commission;
• Ausschussberater committee council;
• Ausschussberatungen committee discussions (consultations);
• Ausschussberatungen beschleunigen to expedite the business of a committee;
• Ausschussbericht committee (panel) report;
• Ausschussbesetzung committee assignment;
• Ausschussbogen (drucktechn.) waste sheet;
• Ausschussdokument (EU) committee document;
• Ausschusseinsetzung setting up a committee;
• Ausschussempfehlungen committee’s recommendations (proposals);
• Ausschussernennung committee appointment;
• Ausschussfunktion function of a committee;
• Ausschussfunktionen wahrnehmen to serve on a panel;
• Ausschusslager junk pile;
• Ausschussmehrheit majority of a committee;
• Ausschussmeldung scrap report;
• Ausschussmitglied member of the board, committee (commission, board, panel) member;
• Ausschusspapier waste paper, broke;
• Ausschussprotokoll committee record;
• Ausschussprotokoll veröffentlichen to publish the commission’s proceedings;
• Ausschussquote percentage of rejects;
• Ausschusssitz seat on a committee;
• Ausschusssitzung conference of a committee, committee meeting;
• an einer Ausschusssitzung teilnehmen to attend a committee meeting;
• Ausschussstadium committee stage;
• noch nicht im Ausschussstadium (Gesetz) uncommitted;
• unbesetzte Ausschussstelle commission vacancy;
• Ausschussstück waste[r];
• Ausschusssystem (EU) committee system;
• Ausschussverfahren comitology procedure;
• übliches Ausschussverfahren usual procedure at committee meetings;
• Ausschussvollmachten powers of a committee;
• Ausschussvorschlag committee’s proposal;
• Ausschussvorsitz committee chairmanship;
• Ausschussvorsitzender chairman of a committee;
• Ausschussware job (damaged, rummage, substandard) goods, trumpery wares, junk, [manufacturing] rejects, as-is merchandise;
• Ausschusszimmer committee room;
• Ausschusszugehörigkeit committeeship. -
24 external
adjective1) äußer...; Außen[fläche, -druck, -winkel, -abmessungen]purely external — nur od. rein äußerlich
2) (applied to outside) äußerlich [Heilmittel]3) (of foreign affairs) Außen[minister, -handel, -politik]* * *[ik'stə:nl](of, for, from, or on, the outside: Chemists often label skin creams `For external use only'.) äußerlich- academic.ru/25936/externally">externally* * *ex·ter·nal[ɪkˈstɜ:nəl, ekˈ-, AM -ˈstɜ:r-]adj inv\external appearance Aussehen nt\external calm/similarity äußerliche Ruhe/Ähnlichkeit\external growth externes Wachstum4. (on body surface) äußerlich\external injury äußer[lich]e Verletzungfor \external use only PHARM nur zur äußerlichen Anwendung5. (foreign) ausländisch, auswärtig, Außen-\external affairs auswärtige Angelegenheiten, Außenpolitik f\external relations auswärtige Beziehungen, Auslandsbeziehungen pl\external degree Abschluss m eines Fernstudiums7. ECON\external auditing außerbetriebliche Revision8. COMPUT extern, außerhalb\external disk drive externes Plattenlaufwerk\external memory Speicher m\external modem externes Modem\external storage [or store] Zubringerspeicher m* * *[ek'stɜːnl]1. adj1) (= outer) layer, covering, similarity etc äußere(r, s); dimensions, angle, diameter Außen-; injury äußerlich; gills außen liegendthe external walls of the house — die Außenwände des Hauses
2) (fig: from outside) influence, factor, event, reality äußere(r, s), extern (geh)reasons both internal and external to the company — Ursachen, die sowohl innerhalb als auch außerhalb des Unternehmens zu finden sind
3) (= foreign) affairs, relations, policy auswärtigthe European commissioner for external affairs —
MI6, the external security service — MI6, der militärische Abschirmdienst
4) (= independent) examiner, auditor, assessor, evaluator extern2. n externals3. pl (form)Äußerlichkeiten pl* * *1. äußer(er, e, es), äußerlich, Außen…:external ballistics pl (meist als sg konstruiert) äußere Ballistik;external ear ANAT äußeres Ohr;external evidence JUR Beweis, der nicht aus der Urkunde selbst hervorgeht;external remedy äußerliches (Heil)Mittel;for external use MED zum äußerlichen Gebrauch, äußerlich;external to außerhalb (gen)2. von außen (ein)wirkend oder kommend3. a) (äußerlich) wahrnehmbar, sichtbarb) PHIL Erscheinungs…:4. (rein) äußerlich, (nur) oberflächlich5. WIRTSCH, POL ausländisch, Außen…:external affairs POL auswärtige Angelegenheiten;external debt auswärtige Schuld;external loan Auslandskredit m;external trade Außenhandel mB s1. meist pl (das) Äußere2. pl Äußerlichkeiten plext. abk1. extension2. external (externally)3. extinct4. extra5. extract* * *adjective1) äußer...; Außen[fläche, -druck, -winkel, -abmessungen]purely external — nur od. rein äußerlich
2) (applied to outside) äußerlich [Heilmittel]3) (of foreign affairs) Außen[minister, -handel, -politik]* * *adj.Außen- präfix.außen adj.extern adj.äußerlich adj. -
25 Media
The purpose of the media during the Estado Novo (1926-74) was to communicate official government policy. Therefore, the government strictly censored newspapers, magazines, and books. Radio and television broadcasting was in the hands of two state-owned companies: Radiodifusão Portuguesa (RDP) and Radiotelevisão Portuguesa (RTP). The first TV broadcasts aired in March 1957, and the official state visit of Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain to Portugal was featured. The only independent broadcasting company during the Estado Novo was the Catholic Church's Radio Renascença. Writers and journalists who violated the regime's guidelines were severely sanctioned. Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, censorship was relaxed somewhat, and writers were allowed to publish critical and controversial works without fear of punishment. Caetano attempted to "speak to the people" through television. Daily program content consisted of little more than government-controlled (and censored) news programs and dull documentaries.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, censorship was abolished. As the revolution veered leftward, some sectors of the media were seized by opponents of the views they expressed. The most famous case was the seizure of Radio Renascença by those who sought to bring it into line with the drift leftward. State ownership of the media was increased after 25 April 1974, when banks were nationalized because most banks owned at least one newspaper. As the Revolution moderated and as banking was privatized during the 1980s and 1990s, newspapers were also privatized.The history of two major Lisbon dailies illustrates recent cycles of Portuguese politics and pressures. O Século, a major Lisbon daily paper was founded in 1881 and was influenced by Republican, even Masonic ideas. When the first Republic began in 1910, the editorials of O Século defended the new system, but the economic and social turmoil disillusioned the paper's directors. In 1924, O Século, under publisher João Pereira da Rosa, called for political reform and opposed the Democratic Party, which monopolized elections and power in the Republic. This paper was one of the two most important daily papers, and it backed the military coup of 28 May 1926 and the emergent military dictatorship. Over the history of the Estado Novo, this paper remained somewhat to the left of the other major daily paper in Lisbon, Diário de Notícias, but in 1972 the paper suffered a severe financial crisis and was bought by a Lisbon banker. During the more chaotic times after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, O Século experienced its own time of turmoil, in which there was a split between workers and editors, firings, resignations, and financial trouble. After a series of financial problems and controversy over procommunist staff, the paper was suspended and then ceased publication in February 1977. In the 1990s, there was a brief but unsuccessful attempt to revive O Século.Today, the daily paper with the largest circulation is Diário de Notícias of Lisbon, which was established in 1883. It became the major daily paper of record, but after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, like O Século, the paper suffered difficulties, both political and financial. One of its editors in the "hot" summer of 1975 was José Saramago, future Nobel Prize winner in literature, and there was an internal battle in the editorial rooms between factions. The paper was, like O Século, nationalized in 1976, but in 1991, Diário de Notícias was reprivatized and today it continues to be the daily paper of record, leading daily circulation.Currently, about 20 daily newspapers are published in Portugal, in Lisbon, the capital, as well as in the principal cities of Oporto, Coimbra, and Évora. The major Lisbon newspapers are Diário de Notícias (daily and newspaper of record), Publico (daily), Correia da Manha (daily), Jornal de Noticias (daily), Expresso (weekly), The Portugal News (English language weekly), The Resident (English language weekly), and Get Real Weekly (English language).These papers range from the excellent, such as Público and the Diário de Notícias, to the sensationalistic, such as Correio da Manhã. Portugal's premier weekly newspaper is Expresso, founded by Francisco Balsemão during the last years of Marcello Caetano's governance, whose modern format, spirit, and muted criticism of the regime helped prepare public opinion for regime change in 1974. Another weekly is O Independente, founded in 1988, which specializes in political satire. In addition to these newspapers, Portugal has a large number of newspapers and magazines published for a specific readership: sports fans, gardeners, farmers, boating enthusiasts, etc. In addition to the two state-owned TV channels, Portugal has two independent channels, one of which is operated by the Catholic Church. TV programming is now diverse and sophisticated, with a great variety of programs of both domestic and foreign content. The most popular TV programs have been soap operas and serialized novels ( telenovelas) imported from Brazil. In the 1990s, Portugal attempted to produce its own telenovelas and soap operas, but these have not been as popular as the more exotic Brazilian imports.
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