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  • 1 darauf

    Adv.
    1. räumlich: (auf) on it ( oder them); (oben darauf) on top of it ( oder them)
    2. Reihenfolge: der darauf folgende Läufer the runner following on behind, the next runner
    3. zeitlich, Reihenfolge: after that, then, thereupon lit.; (als Nächstes) next; bald darauf soon after (that), soon thereafter; gleich darauf immediately afterwards; am Tag oder tags darauf the day after, the next ( oder following) day; zwei Jahre darauf two years later ( oder on); in der darauf folgenden Woche the following ( oder next) week
    4. Richtung, Ziel: darauf aus sein zu (+ Inf.) be aiming to (+ Inf.) darauf hinarbeiten, dass oder zu (+ Inf.) work towards oder on (+ Ger.) darauf losgehen go for s.th., attack s.th.; darauf schießen shoot at s.th.; sich darauf vorbereiten prepare o.s. for s.th.
    5. fig.: darauf beruhen be based on s.th.; darauf bestehen insist on s.th.; sich darauf freuen look forward to s.th.; darauf hoffen hope for s.th.; darauf kommen think (of) that; wie kommst du darauf? what makes you think that?; stolz darauf sein be proud of s.th.; darauf warten, dass etw. geschieht / jemand etw. tut wait for s.th. to happen / for s.o. to do s.th.; mein Wort darauf my word on it
    5. daraufhin
    * * *
    (räumlich) on top of it; thereon; on it;
    (zeitlich) after that; hereupon; next; then; thereupon
    * * *
    da|rauf [da'rauf] (emph) ['daːrauf]
    adv
    1) (räumlich) on it/that/them etc; (in Richtung) toward(s) it/that/them etc; schießen, zielen, losfahren at it/that/them etc; (fig) fußen, basieren, aufbauen on it/that; zurückführen, beziehen to it/that

    da er es nicht wagte herunterzuklettern, musste er daráúf sitzen bleiben — since he didn't dare climb down he just had to sit (up) there

    er hielt den Nagel fest und schlug mit dem Hammer daráúf — he held the nail in place and hit it with the hammer

    seine Behauptungen stützen sich daráúf, dass der Mensch von Natur aus gut ist — his claims are based on the supposition that man is naturally good

    2) (Reihenfolge: zeitlich, örtlich) after that

    die Tage, die daráúf folgten — the days which followed

    daráúf folgte... — that was followed by..., after that came...

    daráúf folgend — after him/it/that etc; Tag etc following; Wagen etc behind pred

    zuerst kam der Wagen des Premiers, daráúf folgten Polizisten — the prime minister's car came first, followed by policemen

    am Tag/Abend/Jahr daráúf — the next day/evening/year, the day/evening/year after (that)

    3) (= infolgedessen) because of that

    er hat gestohlen und wurde daráúf von der Schule verwiesen — he was caught stealing and because of that was expelled

    4) (als Reaktion) sagen, reagieren to that

    daráúf antworten — to answer that

    eine Antwort daráúf — an answer to that

    er hat ein Gedicht daráúf geschrieben — that prompted him to write a poem

    daráúf wurde er ganz beschämt — that made him feel quite ashamed

    daráúf haben sich viele Interessenten gemeldet — a lot of people have shown an interest in it/that

    nimm die Marke, daráúf bekommst du ein Essen in der Kantine — take this token, you'll get a meal in the canteen for or with it

    daráúf steht die Todesstrafe/stehen mindestens fünf Jahre Gefängnis — that carries the death penalty/a minimum sentence of five years' imprisonment

    5) (in Verbindung mit n, adj, vb siehe auch dort) bestehen, verlassen, wetten, Zeit/Mühe verschwenden, Einfluss on that/it; hoffen, warten, sich vorbereiten, gefasst sein, reinfallen for that/it; trinken to that/it; stolz sein of that/it

    ich bin stolz daráúf, dass sie gewonnen hat — I'm proud that she won, I'm proud of her winning

    ich bestehe daráúf, dass du kommst — I insist that you come, I insist on your coming

    wir müssen daráúf Rücksicht nehmen/Rücksicht daráúf nehmen, dass... — we must take that into consideration/take into consideration that...

    ich möchte daráúf hinweisen, dass... — I would like to point out that...

    gib mir die Hand daráúf — shake on it

    daráúf freuen wir uns schon — we're looking forward to it already

    wir kamen auch daráúf zu sprechen — we talked about that too

    wie kommst du daráúf? — what makes you think that?, how do you work that out? (inf)

    daráúf willst du hinaus! — that's what you're getting at!

    er war nur daráúf aus — he was only after that, he was only interested in that

    er war nur daráúf aus, möglichst viel Geld zu verdienen — he was only interested in earning as much money as possible

    * * *
    dar·auf
    [daˈrauf]
    1. (räumlich) on it/that/them etc.
    sie trug ein Kleid mit Blumen \darauf she wore a dress with flowers on it
    \darauf losfahren/schießen/zielen to drive/shoot/aim at it/them
    \darauf zugehen/zuschwimmen to go/swim towards it
    \darauf schlagen to hit it
    2. (zeitlich) after that; (danach) afterwards, after fam
    am Abend/Tag \darauf the next [or following] evening/day
    bald [o kurz] \darauf shortly afterwards [or fam after]
    \darauf folgend following, ensuing form
    erst kam der Premier, \darauf folgten Polizisten the prime minister came first, followed by policemen
    die \darauf folgende Frage the next question
    im Jahr \darauf [in] the following year, a year later
    3. (infolgedessen) because of that, consequently, whereupon form
    er hatte gestohlen und wurde \darauf von der Schule verwiesen he was caught stealing, whereupon he was expelled from the school
    4. (auf diese Sache, Angelegenheit)
    \darauf steht die Todesstrafe that is punishable by death
    \darauf wollen wir trinken! let's drink to it/that!
    wir kamen \darauf zu sprechen we talked about it
    wie kommst du nur \darauf? how did you get that idea?
    \darauf antworten/reagieren to reply/react to it
    \darauf beruhen, dass to be based on the assumption that
    sich akk \darauf beziehen to refer to it/that/this
    etw \darauf sagen to say sth to it/this/that
    5. in Verbindung mit subst, adj, vb siehe auch dort
    Hand \darauf! let's shake on it
    Sie haben mein Wort \darauf! you have my word [on it]
    \darauf wolltest du hinaus! [so] that's what you were getting at!
    ein merkwürdiges Thema, wie kamen wir \darauf? a strange subject, how did we arrive at it?
    ich weiß noch nicht, aber ich komme schon \darauf! I don't know yet, but I'll soon find out
    einen Anspruch \darauf erheben to claim it
    nur \darauf aus sein, etw zu tun to be only interested in doing sth
    \darauf bestehen to insist [on it]
    sich akk \darauf freuen to look forward to it
    \darauf hoffen/wetten, dass... to hope/bet [that]...
    ein Recht \darauf haben to have a right to it
    \darauf reinfallen to fall for it
    \darauf Rücksicht nehmen, dass... to take into consideration that...
    stolz \darauf sein to be proud of it/that
    sich akk \darauf verlassen to rely on her/him/you etc.
    sich akk \darauf vorbereiten to prepare for it
    * * *
    1) on it/them; (oben darauf) on top of it/them
    2)

    er hat darauf geschossen — he shot at it/them

    er ist ganz versessen daraufhe is mad [keen] on it (coll.)

    also darauf willst du hinausso 'that's what you're getting at

    3)
    4) (danach) after that

    ein Jahr darauf / kurz darauf starb er — he died a year later/shortly afterwards

    zuerst kamen die Kinder, darauf folgten die Festwagen — first came the children, then followed or followed by the floats

    am darauf folgenden Tag — the following day; [the] next day

    5) (infolgedessen, daraufhin) because of that; as a result
    * * *
    darauf adv
    1. räumlich: (auf) on it ( oder them); (oben darauf) on top of it ( oder them)
    der darauf folgende Läufer the runner following on behind, the next runner
    3. zeitlich, Reihenfolge: after that, then, thereupon liter; (als Nächstes) next;
    bald darauf soon after (that), soon thereafter;
    gleich darauf immediately afterwards;
    tags darauf the day after, the next ( oder following) day;
    zwei Jahre darauf two years later ( oder on);
    in der darauf folgenden Woche the following ( oder next) week
    4. Richtung, Ziel:
    darauf aus sein zu (+inf) be aiming to (+inf)
    darauf hinarbeiten, dass oder
    zu (+inf) work towards oder on (+ger)
    darauf losgehen go for sth, attack sth;
    darauf schießen shoot at sth;
    sich darauf vorbereiten prepare o.s. for sth
    5. fig:
    darauf beruhen be based on sth;
    darauf bestehen insist on sth;
    sich darauf freuen look forward to sth;
    darauf hoffen hope for sth;
    darauf kommen think (of) that;
    wie kommst du darauf? what makes you think that?;
    stolz darauf sein be proud of sth;
    darauf warten, dass etwas geschieht/jemand etwas tut wait for sth to happen/for sb to do sth;
    mein Wort darauf my word on it
    5. daraufhin
    * * *
    1) on it/them; (oben darauf) on top of it/them
    2)

    er hat darauf geschossen — he shot at it/them

    er ist ganz versessen darauf — he is mad [keen] on it (coll.)

    3)
    4) (danach) after that

    ein Jahr darauf / kurz darauf starb er — he died a year later/shortly afterwards

    zuerst kamen die Kinder, darauf folgten die Festwagen — first came the children, then followed or followed by the floats

    am darauf folgenden Tag — the following day; [the] next day

    5) (infolgedessen, daraufhin) because of that; as a result
    * * *
    adv.
    hereon adv.
    hereupon adv.
    thereon adv.
    thereupon adv. präp.
    upon prep.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > darauf

  • 2 Sonntagsfrage

    Sọnn|tags|fra|ge
    f (inf)
    question about voting intentions
    * * *
    Sonn·tags·fra·ge
    f POL Sunday poll

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Sonntagsfrage

  • 3 Tag

    Tag I m GEN day den ganzen Tag dauernd GEN (AE) around-the-clock, (BE) round-the-clock einen Tag Sonderurlaub nehmen PERS take an extra day off pro Tag GEN per diem, per day Tag und Nacht geöffnet GEN open all hours von Tag zu Tag GEN day by day Tag II n COMP, KOMM tag (Etikett)
    * * *
    m < Geschäft> day ■ den ganzen Tag dauernd < Geschäft> around-the-clock (AE), round-the-clock (BE) ■ einen Tag Sonderurlaub nehmen < Person> take an extra day off ■ pro Tag < Geschäft> per diem, per day ■ Tag und Nacht geöffnet < Geschäft> open all hours ■ von Tag zu Tag < Geschäft> day by day
    * * *
    Tag
    day, date;
    am festgesetzten Tag on the set day;
    an dem betreffenden Tage on the day in question;
    bis auf den (zum) heutigen Tag to date;
    den ganzen Tag über around-the-clock;
    heute in acht Tagen a week from today;
    pro Tag per diem (lat.);
    über Tage (Bergbau) above-ground;
    unter Tage (Bergbau) below ground, down the pit, underground;
    während des Tags in the daytime;
    zahlbar 30 Tage nach Sicht payable thirty days’ sight;
    Tag und Nacht geöffnet open day and night;
    arbeitsfreier Tag playday (Br.);
    arbeitsfreie Tage ferial days;
    arbeitsreicher Tag very busy day;
    ausgebuchter Tag full day;
    bestimmter Tag fixed day;
    dienstfreier Tag blank day, day off;
    eingeschalteter Tag intercalary day;
    terminlich festgelegter Tag scheduled day;
    freier Tag free (open, leave) day, day off, holiday (US);
    gerichtsfreier (geschäftsfreier) Tag dies non (lat.);
    laufende Tage current days;
    sitzungsfreier Tag (Gericht) non-judicial day;
    drei volle Tage (Kündigung) three clear days;
    Tage nach Akzept days after acceptance (DA);
    Tag der Arbeit labor day (US);
    Tag des In-Kraft-Tretens rule-day;
    Tag der Postaufgabe date of mailing;
    Tag der Rechnungsausstellung date of invoice;
    Tage nach Sicht days after sight;
    Tag der offenen Tür open-door invitation, open house (US);
    letzter Tag der Zinsperiode interest payment date;
    Tag der offenen Tür abhalten to hold open houses for the public;
    über Tage arbeiten to do pithead work, to surface (US);
    unter Tage arbeiten to work underground;
    Tag und Nacht arbeiten to work day and night (round the clock);
    Verhandlung für drei Tage aussetzen to adjourn a case for three days;
    sich für einen anderen Tag bescheiden to appoint a day to meet again;
    Tag bestimmen to agree upon a day;
    lustlosen Tag hinter sich bringen (Börse) to meander through a listless day;
    jem. einen Tag freigeben to give s. o. a day off (a holiday, US);
    sich einen Tag freinehmen to arrange to take a day off, to take a holiday (US);
    arbeitsfreien Tag nehmen to take a day off;
    ganzen Tag geöffnet sein to be open all day long;
    Tag und Nacht verkehren (Züge) to run day and night;
    pro Tag verlangen to charge a day;
    Tagarbeit daytime work;
    Tag- und Nachtarbeit double shift;
    durchgehender Tag- und Nachtbetrieb continuous operations;
    Tag- und Nachtdienst 24-hour service.
    freibekommen, Tag
    to get a day off.

    Business german-english dictionary > Tag

  • 4 andere

    ạn|de|re(r, s) ['andərə]
    1. indef pron (adjektivisch)
    1) different; (= weiterer) other

    ein anderer Mann/anderes Auto — a different man/car

    jede andere Frau hätte... — any other woman would have...

    ich habe eine andere Auffassung als sie — my view is different from hers, I take a different view from her

    andere Länder, andere Sitten (prov)different countries have different customs

    2) (= folgend) next, following

    am anderen Tag, anderen Tags (liter)(on) the next or following day

    2. indef pron (substantivisch)
    1)

    (= Ding) ein anderer — a different one

    etwas anderessomething or (jedes, in Fragen) anything else

    ja, das ist etwas anderes — yes, that's a different matter

    nichts anderes als... — nothing but...

    es blieb mir nichts anderes übrig, als selbst hinzugehen — I had no alternative but to go myself

    alles andere als zufrieden — anything but pleased, far from pleased

    bist du müde? – nein, alles andere als das — are you tired? – no, far from it or anything but

    ... man kann doch eines tun, ohne das andere zu lassen —... but you can have the best of both worlds

    2)

    (= Person) ein anderer/eine andere — a different person

    er/sie und andere — he/she and others

    jeder andere/kein anderer — anyone/no-one else

    es war kein anderer als... — it was none other than...

    alle anderen — all the others, everyone else

    anderersomebody or (jeder, in Fragen) anybody else

    wir/ihr anderen — the rest of us/you

    es gibt immer den einen oder den anderen, der faulenzt — there is always someone who is lazy

    der eine..., der andere... — this person..., that person...

    der eine kommt, der andere geht — as one person comes another goes

    * * *
    (besides; other than that already mentioned: What else can I do? Can we go anywhere else?; He took someone else's pencil.) else
    * * *
    an·de·re(r, s)
    [ˈandərə, -rɐ, -rəs]
    an·dre(r, s)
    [ˈandrə, -drɐ, -drəs]
    1. adjektivisch (abweichend) different, other
    das ist eine \andere Frage that's another [or a different] question
    bei einer \anderen Gelegenheit another time
    das \andere Geschlecht the opposite sex
    ein \anderes Mal another time
    eine \andere Meinung haben, einer \anderen Meinung sein to have [or be of] a different opinion
    eine ganz \andere Sache an entirely different matter
    2. adjektivisch (weitere) other
    er besitzt außer dem Mercedes noch drei \andere Autos apart from the Mercedes, he's got three more cars
    haben Sie noch \andere Fragen? have you got any more [or further] questions?
    3.
    andere substantivisch (sonstige) more, others
    es gibt noch \andere, die warten! there are others waiting!
    ich habe nicht nur diese Brille, sondern noch \andere I've got more than just this one pair of glasses
    das/der/die \andere the other
    ein \anderer/eine \andere/ein \anderes [an]other, a different one
    eines ist schöner als das \andere! each one is more beautiful than the last!
    4.
    andere substantivisch (sonstige Menschen) others
    der/die \andere the other [one]
    ein \anderer/eine \andere someone else
    die \anderen the others
    alle \anderen all the others
    wir \anderen the rest of us
    jede/jeder \andere anybody else
    keine \andere/kein \anderer als... nobody [or no one else] but...
    weder den einen/die eine noch den \anderen/die \andere neither one of them
    einer nach dem \anderen, eine nach der \anderen one after the other
    der eine oder \andere one or two people
    falls dem einen oder \anderen etwas einfällt if any of you have an idea
    ich will weder den einen noch den \anderen einladen I don't want to invite either one
    auf \andere hören to listen to others
    2 Kinder haben sie schon, sie wollen aber noch \andere they've already got 2 children but they want more
    gab es noch \andere [Frauen] in deinem Leben? were there other women in your life?
    hast du eine \andere? is there someone else?, have you got another woman?
    auch \andere als ich denken so other people think the same as I do
    da muss ein \anderer kommen (fig) it will take more than him/you etc.
    5.
    anderes substantivisch (Abweichendes) other things pl
    das T-Shirt ist schmutzig — hast du noch ein \anderes that t-shirt is dirty — have you got another one?
    etwas/nichts \anderes [o A\anderes] something/anything else
    hattest du an etwas \anderes gedacht/ etwas \anderes erwartet? what did you expect?
    ich hatte nichts \anderes erwartet I didn't expect anything else
    das ist natürlich etwas \anderes! that's a different matter altogether
    das ist etwas ganz \anderes! that's something quite different
    es bleibt uns nichts \anderes übrig there's nothing else we can do
    lass uns von etwas \anderem sprechen let's talk about something else, let's change the subject
    dem hätte ich was \anderes erzählt! (fam) I would have given him a piece of my mind
    nichts \anderes [o A\anderes] [mehr] tun wollen, als... to not want to do anything else than...
    nichts \anderes [o A\anderes] als nothing but
    das bedeutet doch nichts \anderes als die totale Pleite it means only one thing and that is total ruin
    alles \andere everything else
    alles \andere als... anything but...
    ein[e]s nach dem \anderen first things first
    so kam eins zum \anderen one thing led to another
    weder das eine noch das \andere neither [one]; (tun wollen) not either
    und \anderes mehr and much more besides
    unter \anderem...... amongst other things, including...
    * * *
    pron.
    others pron.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > andere

  • 5 darauf

    dar·auf [daʼrauf] adv
    1) ( räumlich) on it/that/them etc.;
    \darauf folgend following;
    der \darauf folgende Wagen the car behind;
    etw \darauf legen to lay [or put] sth on top;
    \darauf schlagen to hit it;
    \darauf losfahren/ schießen/ zielen to drive/shoot/aim at it/them;
    \darauf losschwimmen to swim towards it;
    sich \darauf beziehen/\darauf zurückführen to refer/lead back to it/that/this
    2) ( zeitlich) after that;
    zuerst kam der Wagen des Premiers, \darauf folgten Polizisten the prime minister's car came first, followed by policemen;
    die Tage, die \darauf folgten the days which followed;
    ( danach) afterwards, after ( fam)
    bald [o kurz] \darauf shortly afterwards [or ( fam) after];
    am Abend \darauf the next evening;
    im Jahr \darauf [in] the following year, a year later;
    tags [o am Tag] \darauf the next [or following] day;
    \darauf folgend following, ensuing ( form)
    die \darauf folgende Frage the next question;
    der \darauf folgende Tag the following [or next] day
    3) ( infolgedessen) because of that, consequently, whereupon ( form)
    er hat gestohlen und wurde \darauf von der Schule verwiesen he was caught stealing, whereupon he was expelled from the school
    4) ( auf das)
    \darauf antworten/ reagieren to reply/react to it;
    etw \darauf sagen to say sth to it/this/that;
    ein Gedicht \darauf schreiben to write a poem about it;
    \darauf steht die Todesstrafe that is punishable by death;
    \darauf wollen wir trinken! let's drink to it/that!
    5) in Verbindung mit subst, adj, vb siehe auch dort
    einen Anspruch \darauf erheben to claim it;
    Hand \darauf! let's shake on it;
    ein Recht \darauf a right to it;
    wir müssen \darauf Rücksicht nehmen/\darauf Rücksicht nehmen, dass... we must take that into consideration/take into consideration that...;
    Sie haben mein Wort \darauf! you have my word [on it];
    \darauf bestehen to insist [on it];
    \darauf bestehen/ hoffen/wetten, dass... to insist/hope/bet [that]...;
    sich \darauf freuen to look forward to it;
    \darauf reinfallen to fall for it;
    stolz \darauf sein to be proud of it/that;
    sich \darauf verlassen to rely on her/him/you etc.;
    sich \darauf vorbereiten to prepare for it;
    sagen Sie es, ich warte \darauf! say it, I'm waiting!;
    nur \darauf aus sein, etw zu tun to be only interested in doing sth;
    \darauf wolltest du hinaus! [so] that's what you were getting at!;
    wir kamen auch \darauf zu sprechen we talked about that too;
    ein merkwürdiges Thema, wie kamen wir \darauf? a strange subject, how did we arrive at it?;
    ich weiß noch nicht, aber ich komme schon \darauf! I don't know yet, but I'll soon find out

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > darauf

  • 6 Memory

       To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)
       [Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)
       The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)
       4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of Psychology
       If a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)
       We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)
       The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)
       7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat Discouraging
       The results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)
       A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)
       Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....
       Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)
       When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....
       However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)
       Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)
       Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)
       The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory

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