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61 Lawrence, Richard Smith
SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour[br]b. 22 November 1817 Chester, Vermont, USAd. 10 March 1892 Hartford, Connecticut, USA[br]American gunsmith and inventor.[br]Richard S.Lawrence received only an elementary education and as a young man worked on local farms and later in a woodworking shop. His work there included making carpenters' and joiners' tools and he spent some of his spare time in a local gunsmith's shop. After a brief period of service in the Army, he obtained employment in 1838 with N.Kendall \& Co. of Windsor, Vermont, making guns at the Windsor prison. Within six months he was put in charge of the work, continuing in this position until 1842 when the gun-making ceased; he remained at the prison for a time in charge of the carriage shop. In 1843 he opened a gun shop in Windsor in partnership with Kendall, and the next year S.E. Robbins, a businessman, helped them obtain a contract from the Federal Government for 10,000 rifles. A new company, Robbins, Kendall \& Lawrence, was formed and a factory was built at Windsor. Three years later Kendall's share of the business was purchased by his partners and the firm became Robbins \& Lawrence. Lawrence supervised the design and production and, to improve methods of manufacture, developed new machine tools with the aid of F.W. Howe. In 1850 Lawrence introduced the lubrication of bullets, which practice ensured the success of the breech-loading rifle. Also in 1850, the company undertook to manufacture railway cars, but this involved them in a considerable financial loss. The company took to the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London, England, a set of rifles built on the interchangeable system. The interest this created resulted in a visit of some members of the British Royal Small Arms Commission to America and subsequently an order for 150 machine tools, jigs and fixtures from Robbins \& Lawrence, to be installed at the small-arms factory at Enfield. In 1852 the company contracted to manufacture Sharps rifles and carbines at a new factory to be built at Hartford, Connecticut. Lawrence moved to Hartford in 1853 to superintend the building and equipment of the plant. Shortly afterwards, however, a promised order for a large number of rifles failed to materialize and, following its earlier financial difficulties, Robbins \& Lawrence was forced into bankruptcy. The Hartford plant was acquired by the Sharps Rifle Company in 1856 and Lawrence remained there as Superintendent until 1872. From then he was for many years Superintendent of Streets in the city of Hartford and he also served on the Water Board, the Board of Aldermen and as Chairman of the Fire Board.[br]Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; repub. 1926, New York; and 1987, Bradley, Ill. (provides biographical information and includes in an Appendix (pp. 281–94) autobiographical notes written by Richard S.Lawrence in 1890).Merritt Roe Smith, 1974, "The American Precision Museum", Technology and Culture 15 (3): 413–37 (for information on Robbins \& Lawrence and products).RTSBiographical history of technology > Lawrence, Richard Smith
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62 Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Clement, JosephDu ShiDu YuGongshu PanLi BingMa JunMurdock, WilliamSomerset, EdwardBiographical history of technology > Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering
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63 Pratt, Francis Ashbury
[br]b. 15 February 1827 Woodstock, Vermont, USAd. 10 February 1902 Hartford, Connecticut, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and machine-tool manufacturer.[br]Francis A.Pratt served an apprenticeship as a machinist with Warren Aldrich, and on completing it in 1848 he entered the Gloucester Machine Works as a journeyman machinist. From 1852 to 1854 he worked at the Colt Armory in Hartford, Connecticut, where he met his future partner, Amos Whitney. He then became Superintendent of the Phoenix Iron Works, also at Hartford and run by George S.Lincoln \& Company. While there he designed the well-known "Lincoln" miller, which was first produced in 1855. This was a development of the milling machine built by Robbins \& Lawrence and designed by F.W. Howe, and incorporated a screw drive for the table instead of the rack and pinion used in the earlier machine.Whitney also moved to the Phoenix Iron Works, and in 1860 the two men started in a small way doing machine work on their own account. In 1862 they took a third partner, Monroe Stannard, and enlarged their workshop. The business continued to expand, but Pratt and Whitney remained at the Phoenix Iron Works until 1864 and in the following year they built their first new factory. The Pratt \& Whitney Company was incorporated in 1869 with a capital of $350,000, F.A.Pratt being elected President. The firm specialized in making machine tools and tools particularly for the armament industry. In the 1870s Pratt made no less than ten trips to Europe gaining orders for equipping armouries in many different countries. Pratt \& Whitney was one of the leading firms developing the system of interchangeable manufacture which led to the need to establish national standards of measurement. The Rogers-Bond Comparator, developed with the backing of Pratt \& Whitney, played an important part in the establishment of these standards, which formed the basis of the gauges of many various types made by the firm. Pratt remained President of the company until 1898, after which he served as their Consulting Engineer for a short time before retiring from professional life. He was granted a number of patents relating to machine tools. He was a founder member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1880 and was elected a vice-president in 1881. He was an alderman of the city of Hartford.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsVice-President, American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1881.Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; reprinted 1926, New York, and 1987, Bradley, 111. (describes the origin and development of the Pratt \& Whitney Company).RTS -
64 Singer, Isaac Merritt
[br]b. 27 October 1811 Pittstown, New York, USAd. 23 July 1875 Torquay, Devonshire, England[br]American inventor of a sewing machine, and pioneer of mass production.[br]The son of a millwright, Singer was employed as an unskilled labourer at the age of 12, but later gained wide experience as a travelling machinist. He also found employment as an actor. On 16 May 1839, while living at Lockport, Illinois, he obtained his first patent for a rock-drilling machine, but he soon squandered the money he made. Then in 1849, while at Pittsburgh, he secured a patent for a wood-and metal-carving machine that he had begun five years previously; however, a boiler explosion in the factory destroyed his machine and left him penniless.Near the end of 1850 Singer was engaged to redesign the Lerow \& Blodgett sewing machine at the Boston shop of Orson C.Phelps, where the machine was being repaired. He built an improved version in eleven days that was sufficiently different for him to patent on 12 August 1851. He formed a partnership with Phelps and G.B. Zieber and they began to market the invention. Singer soon purchased Phelps's interest, although Phelps continued to manufacture the machines. Then Edward Clark acquired a one-third interest and with Singer bought out Zieber. These two, with dark's flair for promotion and marketing, began to create a company which eventually would become the largest manufacturer of sewing machines exported worldwide, with subsidiary factories in England.However, first Singer had to defend his patent, which was challenged by an earlier Boston inventor, Elias Howe. Although after a long lawsuit Singer had to pay royalties, it was the Singer machine which eventually captured the market because it could do continuous stitching. In 1856 the Great Sewing Machine Combination, the first important pooling arrangement in American history, was formed to share the various patents so that machines could be built without infringements and manufacture could be expanded without fear of litigation. Singer contributed his monopoly on the needle-bar cam with his 1851 patent. He secured twenty additional patents, so that his original straight-needle vertical design for lock-stitching eventually included such refinements as a continuous wheel-feed, yielding presser-foot, and improved cam for moving the needle-bar. A new model, introduced in 1856, was the first to be intended solely for use in the home.Initially Phelps made all the machines for Singer. Then a works was established in New York where the parts were assembled by skilled workers through filing and fitting. Each machine was therefore a "one-off" but Singer machines were always advertised as the best on the market and sold at correspondingly high prices. Gradually, more specialized machine tools were acquired, but it was not until long after Singer had retired to Europe in 1863 that Clark made the change to mass production. Sales of machines numbered 810 in 1853 and 21,000 ten years later.[br]Bibliography12 August 1851, US patent no. 8,294 (sewing machine)Further ReadingBiographies and obituaries have appeared in Appleton's Cyclopedia of America, Vol. V; Dictionary of American Biography, Vol XVII; New York Times 25 July 1875; Scientific American (1875) 33; and National Cyclopaedia of American Biography.D.A.Hounshell, 1984, From the American System to Mass Production 1800–1932. TheDevelopment of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore (provides a thorough account of the development of the Singer sewing machine, the competition it faced from other manufacturers and production methods).RLH -
65 Textiles
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Dore, Samuel GriswoldHeilmann, JosuéLevers, JohnLister, Samuel CunliffeMa JunSong Yingxing -
66 Weapons and armour
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Armstrong, Sir William GeorgeCtesibius of AlexandriaZeng Gonglian -
67 стропильная ферма
Русско-английский новый политехнический словарь > стропильная ферма
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68 структура фермы
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > структура фермы
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69 10634
1. LAT Aplonis fusca ( Gould)2. RUS норфолкский аплонис m3. ENG Lord Howe Island starling, Norfolk Island starling4. DEU Norfolk-Star m5. FRA —DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES — BIRDS > 10634
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70 1620
1. LAT Tricholimnas ( Snarpe)2. RUS лесной пастушок m3. ENG Lord Howe (Island) wood rail, woodhen4. DEU Waldralle f5. FRA râle m sylvestre -
71 1621
1. LAT Tricholimnas sylvestris ( Sclater) [Gallinallus sylvestris ( Sclater), Sylvestrornis sylvestris (Sclater)]2. RUS лесной пастушок m3. ENG Lord Howe (Island) wood rail, woodhen4. DEU Waldralle f5. FRA râle m sylvestre -
72 7953
1. LAT Gerygone insularis ( Ramsay)2. RUS островная геригона f3. ENG Lord Howe gerygone warbler4. DEU Norfolk-Gerygone n5. FRA — -
73 Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae subflavescens
ENG Lord Howe Island parakeetAnimal Names Latin to English > Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae subflavescens
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74 Gerygone insularis
ENG Lord Howe Island gerygone -
75 Ninox novaeseelandiae albaria
ENG Lord Howe Island boobookAnimal Names Latin to English > Ninox novaeseelandiae albaria
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76 Porphyrio albus
ENG Lord Howe Island swamphen -
77 Zosterops tephropleurus
ENG Lord Howe Island white-eye -
78 краудсорсинг
краудсорсинг
Краудсорсинг (англ. crowdsourcing, crowd - "толпа" и sourcing - "подбор ресурсов") - термин, впервые введенный писателем Джеффом Хауи (Jeff Howe) и редактором журнала Wired Марком Робинсоном (Mark Robinson). Привлечение добровольцев для решения каких-либо задач. Так, в интернет-проектах на основе краудсорсинга пользователи создают контент, проводят исследования, участвуют в разработке. Примеры: "ХабраХабр", "Википедия". [журнал "Мир ПК"].
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Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > краудсорсинг
См. также в других словарях:
Howe — bezeichnet: eine Grabform der Jungsteinzeit, siehe Cairn (Steingrab) Lord Howe Insel, Hauptinsel der Lord Howe Inselgruppe in der Tasmanischen See, Australien Île Howe, Insel der Kerguelen, Frankreich Howe Island, Insel im Lorenzstrom, Ontario,… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Howe — may refer to:*a tumulus (barrow), in particular a Bowl barrowplaces in the UK: *Howe, North Yorkshire *Howe, Norfolkplaces in the US: *Howe, Indiana *Howe, Minneapolis, a neighborhood in the city of Minneapolis, Minnesota *Howe, Oklahoma *Howe,… … Wikipedia
Howe & Co — Solicitors is a firm of human rights solicitors based in Ealing, London, England. The firm has in excess of 100 staff, and specialises in human rights cases, employment law, defamation, civil litigation, public law and personal injury litigation… … Wikipedia
Howe — Howe, OK U.S. town in Oklahoma Population (2000): 697 Housing Units (2000): 287 Land area (2000): 1.552445 sq. miles (4.020813 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 1.552445 sq. miles (4.020813 sq. km) … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Howe — [haʊ], 1) Elias, amerikanischer Mechaniker, * Spencer (Massachusetts) 9. 7. 1819, ✝ Brooklyn (N. Y.) 3. 10. 1867; baute 1845 die erste brauchbare Nähmaschine. 2) Geoffrey, Baron (seit 1992) Howe of Aberavon, britischer Politiker, * Port… … Universal-Lexikon
Howe, OK — U.S. town in Oklahoma Population (2000): 697 Housing Units (2000): 287 Land area (2000): 1.552445 sq. miles (4.020813 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 1.552445 sq. miles (4.020813 sq. km) FIPS… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Howe, TX — U.S. town in Texas Population (2000): 2478 Housing Units (2000): 997 Land area (2000): 3.864670 sq. miles (10.009449 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 3.864670 sq. miles (10.009449 sq. km) FIPS… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Howe — howe, howé houe; howate : petite houe Moselle … Glossaire des noms topographiques en France
Howé — howe, howé houe; howate : petite houe Moselle … Glossaire des noms topographiques en France
Howe — [hou] 1. Elias 1819 67; U.S. inventor of a sewing machine 2. Julia Ward 1819 1910; U.S. social reformer & poet 3. Sir William 5th Viscount Howe 1729 1814; commander in chief of Brit. forces in American Revolution (1775 78) … English World dictionary
Howe [1] — Howe (spr. Hau), 1) Richard, Graf H., geb. 1722, trat 1736 in britische Seedienste, wurde 1746 Capitän, war 1751 unter Lord Hawke bei Eroberung der Insel Air u. zerstörte den Hafen von Cherbourg; 1770 Contreadmiral, leistete er während des… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon