-
121 сигнал звуковой
acoustic signalсм. также биакустикавизг - squek, squelглухой звук - muffled sound, muted soundмеханический сигнал звуковой, производимый клювом - snap of the billмеханический сигнал звуковой, производимый крыльями - snap produced with the wingsпоследовательность посылок разной акустической структуры - heterotypic sequenceпронзительный крик - bray call, penetrating call, shrill call, yell callрезкий крик - harsh cry, sharp cryсигнал звуковой опасности - danger signal, sematic signal«обманный» сигнал звуковой - deceptive signalотпугивающий сигнал звуковой - frighten, startle signalРусско-английский словарь по этологии (поведению животных) > сигнал звуковой
-
122 Marey, Etienne-Jules
[br]b. 5 March 1830 Beaune, Franced. 15 May 1904 Paris, France[br]French physiologist and pioneer of chronophotography.[br]At the age of 19 Marey went to Paris to study medicine, becoming particularly interested in the problems of the circulation of the blood. In an early communication to the Académie des Sciences he described a much improved device for recording the pulse, the sphygmograph, in which the beats were recorded on a smoked plate. Most of his subsequent work was concerned with methods of recording movement: to study the movement of the horse, he used pneumatic sensors on each hoof to record traces on a smoked drum; this device became known as the Marey recording tambour. His attempts to study the wing movements of a bird in flight in the same way met with limited success since the recording system interfered with free movement. Reading in 1878 of Muybridge's work in America using sequence photography to study animal movement, Marey considered the use of photography himself. In 1882 he developed an idea first used by the astronomer Janssen: a camera in which a series of exposures could be made on a circular photographic plate. Marey's "photographic gun" was rifle shaped and could expose twelve pictures in approximately one second on a circular plate. With this device he was able to study wing movements of birds in free flight. The camera was limited in that it could record only a small number of images, and in the summer of 1882 he developed a new camera, when the French government gave him a grant to set up a physiological research station on land provided by the Parisian authorities near the Porte d'Auteuil. The new design used a fixed plate, on which a series of images were recorded through a rotating shutter. Looking rather like the results provided by a modern stroboscope flash device, the images were partially superimposed if the subject was slow moving, or separated if it was fast. His human subjects were dressed all in white and moved against a black background. An alternative was to dress the subject in black, with highly reflective strips and points along limbs and at joints, to produce a graphic record of the relationships of the parts of the body during action. A one-second-sweep timing clock was included in the scene to enable the precise interval between exposures to be assessed. The fixed-plate cameras were used with considerable success, but the number of individual records on each plate was still limited. With the appearance of Eastman's Kodak roll-film camera in France in September 1888, Marey designed a new camera to use the long rolls of paper film. He described the new apparatus to the Académie des Sciences on 8 October 1888, and three weeks later showed a band of images taken with it at the rate of 20 per second. This camera and its subsequent improvements were the first true cinematographic cameras. The arrival of Eastman's celluloid film late in 1889 made Marey's camera even more practical, and for over a decade the Physiological Research Station made hundreds of sequence studies of animals and humans in motion, at rates of up to 100 pictures per second. Marey pioneered the scientific study of movement using film cameras, introducing techniques of time-lapse, frame-by-frame and slow-motion analysis, macro-and micro-cinematography, superimposed timing clocks, studies of airflow using smoke streams, and other methods still in use in the 1990s. Appointed Professor of Natural History at the Collège de France in 1870, he headed the Institut Marey founded in 1898 to continue these studies. After Marey's death in 1904, the research continued under the direction of his associate Lucien Bull, who developed many new techniques, notably ultra-high-speed cinematography.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsForeign member of the Royal Society 1898. President, Académie des Sciences 1895.Bibliography1860–1904, Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris.1873, La Machine animale, Paris 1874, Animal Mechanism, London.1893, Die Chronophotographie, Berlin. 1894, Le Mouvement, Paris.1895, Movement, London.1899, La Chronophotographie, Paris.Further Reading1905, Travaux de l'Association de l'Institut Marey, Paris. Brian Coe, 1981, History of Movie Photography, London.——1992, Muybridge and the Chronophotographers, London. Jacques Deslandes, 1966, Histoire comparée du cinéma, Vol. I, Paris.See also: Demenÿ, GeorgesBC / MG
См. также в других словарях:
pulse high-repetition rate operating mode — impulsinė didelio dažnio veiksena statusas T sritis radioelektronika atitikmenys: angl. pulse high repetition rate operating mode vok. Hochimpulsfolgefrequenzbetrieb, m rus. режим работы с высокой частотой повторения импульсов, m pranc. mode de… … Radioelektronikos terminų žodynas
Pulse-width modulation — (PWM) of a signal or power source involves the modulation of its duty cycle, to either convey information over a communications channel or control the amount of power sent to a load. PrinciplePulse width modulation uses a square wave whose pulse… … Wikipedia
Pulse pressure — is the change in blood pressure seen during a contraction of the heart. CalculationFormally it is the systolic pressure minus the diastolic pressure. [http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why is mean arterial pressure not equal to systolic pressure minus… … Wikipedia
High frequency ventilation — is a type of mechanical ventilation that employs very high respiratory rates (>60 breaths per minute) and very small tidal volumes (usually below anatomical dead space).cite journal |author=Krishnan JA, Brower RG |title=High frequency ventilation … Wikipedia
Pulse — For other uses, see Pulse (disambiguation). Pulse evaluation at the radial artery. In medicine, one s pulse represents the tactile arterial palpation of the heartbeat by trained fingertips. The pulse may be palpated in any place that allows an… … Wikipedia
rate — I n. amount in relation to something else 1) to fix, set a rate 2) a fast; flat; high; low; moderate; slow; steady rate 3) bargain; reasonable; reduced; regular rates 4) an accident; birth; crime; death; divorce; fertility; growth; marriage;… … Combinatory dictionary
Pulse shaping — In digital telecommunication, pulse shaping is the process of changing the waveform of transmitted pulses. Its purpose is to make the transmitted signal suit better to the communication channel by limiting the effective bandwidth of the… … Wikipedia
Pulse~Link — Infobox Company type = Privately held company name = Pulse LINK, Inc. company foundation = 2000 location = key people = Waddah Al Mousa, Chairman; John Santhoff, CEO CTO; Bruce Watkins, President num employees = 75 industry = Fabless… … Wikipedia
rate — 1. A record of the measurement of an event or process in terms of its relation to some fixed standard; measurement is expressed as the ratio of one quantity to another ( e.g., velocity, distance per unit … Medical dictionary
rate — {{Roman}}I.{{/Roman}} noun 1 speed/frequency ADJECTIVE ▪ constant, expected, regular, steady, unchanged ▪ slow ▪ the slow rate of change … Collocations dictionary
Pulse generator — Pulse generators can either be internal circuits or pieces of electronic test equipment used to generate pulses. Features Simple pulse generators usually allow control of the pulse repetition rate (frequency), pulse width, delay with respect to… … Wikipedia