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great+war

  • 61 Great Trading and War Path

    ист
    Дорога, которой пользовались индейцы и торговцы, первоначально проложена стадами бизонов [ buffalo]. Шла через долину р. Шенандоа [ Shenandoah River] к долинам рек Нью [New River] и Холстон [Holston River] и индейским поселениям в долине р. Теннесси [ Tennessee River], далее к р. Куса [ Coosa River], где соединялась с военной тропой индейцев крик [ Creek]. Одно из ответвлений шло через Камберлендский перевал [ Cumberland Gap], другое - через Аллеганы [ Allegheny Mountains]. В колониальные времена использовалась ирокезами [ Iroquois] и шауни [ Shawnee] в войнах с племенем чероки [ Cherokee]. Начиная с 1770, переселенцы из Мэриленда, Вирджинии и Пенсильвании шли по ней на юго-запад страны
    тж Great Path

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Great Trading and War Path

  • 62 Great Society

    ист
    "Великое общество"
    Политическая программа президента Л. Б. Джонсона [ Johnson, Lyndon Baines (LBJ)]. Включала в себя "войну с бедностью" [ War on Poverty], развитие социального законодательства, программу "Медикэр" [ Medicare], федеральную помощь образованию [ federal aid to education] и культуре, создание Министерства жилищного строительства и городского развития [ Department of Housing and Urban Development, U.S.]. В условиях продолжавшейся войны во Вьетнаме [ Vietnam War] ее удалось осуществить лишь частично.

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Great Society

  • 63 Great Meadows, Battle of

    Первое военное столкновение в ходе Войны с французами и индейцами [ French and Indian War], произошедшее в мае 1754 на Камберлендской дороге [ Cumberland Road] в штате Пенсильвания. 150 человек под командованием подполковника Дж. Вашингтона [ Washington, George] атаковали отряд французов, которые потеряли 10 человек убитыми и 20 пленными. На месте столкновения было решено построить форт Несессити [ Fort Necessity]. Это событие стало боевым крещением молодого Дж. Вашингтона

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Great Meadows, Battle of

  • 64 Great Patriotic War

    Великая Отечественная война

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > Great Patriotic War

  • 65 Great Northern War (1700-1721)

    Общая лексика: Великая Северная Война

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Great Northern War (1700-1721)

  • 66 war novels had a great vogue a few years ago

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > war novels had a great vogue a few years ago

  • 67 Great Patriotic War

    Великая Отечественная война

    Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь > Great Patriotic War

  • 68 Great Northern War

    Общая лексика: (1700-1721) Великая Северная Война

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Great Northern War

  • 69 Great Patriotic War

    История: (the) Великая Отечественная война

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Great Patriotic War

  • 70 great patriotic war

    Новый англо-русский словарь > great patriotic war

  • 71 Great Patriotic War

    Англо-русский современный словарь > Great Patriotic War

  • 72 Great Patriotic War

    English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > Great Patriotic War

  • 73 Great-civil war

    உள் நாட்டுப் பெரும்போர்

    English-Tamil dictionary > Great-civil war

  • 74 World War I

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > World War I

  • 75 He kept us out of war

    ист
    "Он удержал нас от войны"
    Лозунг избирательной кампании президента В. Вильсона [ Wilson, (Thomas) Woodrow] 1916, подчеркивающий нейтральную позицию США по отношению к мировой войне [Great War], которая шла в Европе. В марте 1917 Вильсон повторно занял кабинет в Белом доме [ White House], а месяц спустя США объявили войну Германии

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > He kept us out of war

  • 76 World War I

    сущ.; ист.
    Syn:

    Англо-русский современный словарь > World War I

  • 77 World War II

    (1939-1945)
       In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.
       In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.
       To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.
       The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.
       Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.
       Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.
       Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.
       Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.
       The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.
       The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.
       Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.
       In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.
       Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II

  • 78 Peter the Great (Pyotr Alekseyevich Romanov)

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 10 June 1672 (30 May 1672 Old Style) Moscow, Russia
    d. 8 February 1725 (28 January 1725 Old Style) St Petersburg, Russia
    [br]
    Russian Tsar (1682–1725), Emperor of all the Russias (1722–5), founder of the Russian Navy, shipbuilder and scientist; as a shipbuilder he was known by the pseudonym Petr Mikhailov.
    [br]
    Peter the Great was a man with a single-minded approach to problems and with passionate and lifelong interests in matters scientific, military and above all maritime. The unusual and dominating rule of his vast lands brought about the age of Russian enlightenment, and ensured that his country became one of the most powerful states in Europe.
    Peter's interest in ships and shipbuilding started in his childhood; c. 1687 he had an old English-built day sailing boat repaired and launched, and on it he learned the rudiments of sailing and navigation. This craft (still preserved in St Petersburg) became known as the "Grandfather of the Russian Navy". In the years 1688 to 1693 he established a shipyard on Lake Plestsheev and then began his lifelong study of shipbuilding by visiting and giving encouragement to the industry at Archangelsk on the White Sea and Voronezh in the Sea of Azov. In October 1696, Peter took Azov from the Turks, and the Russian Fleet ever since has regarded that date as their birthday. Setting an example to the young aristocracy, Peter travelled to Western Europe to widen his experience and contacts and also to learn the trade of shipbuilding. He worked in the shipyards of Amsterdam and then at the Naval Base of Deptford on the Thames.
    The war with Sweden concentrated his attention on the Baltic and, to establish a base for trading and for the Navy, the City of St Petersburg was constructed on marshland. The Admiralty was built in the city and many new shipyards in the surrounding countryside, one being the Olonez yard which in 1703 built the frigate Standart, the first for the Baltic Fleet, which Peter himself commanded on its first voyage. The military defence of St Petersburg was effected by the construction of Kronstadt, seawards of the city.
    Throughout his life Peter was involved in ship design and it is estimated that one thousand ships were built during his reign. He introduced the building of standard ship types and also, centuries ahead of its time, the concept of prefabrication, unit assembly and the building of part hulls in different places. Officially he was the designer of the ninety-gun ship Lesnoe of 1718, and this may have influenced him in instituting Rules for Shipbuilders and for Seamen. In 1716 he commanded the joint fleets of the four naval powers: Denmark, Britain, Holland and Russia.
    He established the Marine Academy, organized and encouraged exploration and scientific research, and on his edict the St Petersburg Academy of Science was opened. He was not averse to the recruitment of foreigners to key posts in the nation's service. Peter the Great was a remarkable man, with the unusual quality of being a theorist and an innovator, in addition to the endowments of practicality and common sense.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Robert K.Massie, 1981, Peter the Great: His Life and Work, London: Gollancz.
    Henri Troyat, 1979, Pierre le Grand; pub. in English 1988 as Peter the Great, London: Hamish Hamilton (a good all-round biography).
    AK / FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Peter the Great (Pyotr Alekseyevich Romanov)

  • 79 (the) Great Patriotic war

    the Great Patriotic war (1941-1945) Великая Отечественная война (1941-1945 г. г.)

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > (the) Great Patriotic war

  • 80 Patuleia, Revolt and Civil War of

    (1846-1847)
       An important 19th-century civil war that featured political forces centered at Oporto pitted against the Lisbon government of Queen Maria II's constitutional monarchy. It began with a military revolt in Oporto on 6 October 1846. A provisional junta, led by the Sep-tembrist José da Silva Passos (1800-63), proclaimed goals including the ousting of the Lisbon government of the day and the restoration of the 1822 Constitution. Foreign intervention was sparked when the Oporto Septembrist Junta was joined by Miguelist rebels. On the pretext of preventing a restoration of a Miguelist absolutist government, Great Britain, France, and Spain intervened and dispatched armies and fleets to Portugal. Queen Maria II requested foreign assistance, too, and worked to safeguard her throne and political system.
       While a British fleet blocked Portugal's coast, Spain dispatched armies that crossed the Portuguese frontier in both south-central and northern Portugal. A siege of junta forces that lasted almost eight months followed. On 12 June 1847, the foreign powers presented an ultimatum to the Oporto junta, which, although it tried to continue resistance, decided to negotiate and then to capitulate to the foreign forces and the Lisbon government. With the signing of the controversial Convention of Gramido (1847), the Patuleia civil war ended.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Patuleia, Revolt and Civil War of

См. также в других словарях:

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  • Great War — n. World War I …   English World dictionary

  • Great War — noun a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Mont …   Useful english dictionary

  • Great War (disambiguation) — Great War is an alternative term for World War I. It may also refer to:Other wars* War of the Triple Alliance (1864–1870) between Paraguay and the alliance of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay * Great Northern War (1700–1721) between Russia and… …   Wikipedia

  • Great War Island — or Veliko ratno ostrvo (Serbian Cyrillic: Велико ратно острво) is a river island ( ada ) in Serbia, located at the mouth of the Sava river into the Danube. Though uninhabited, it is part of the Belgrade City proper, the capital of Serbia, and… …   Wikipedia

  • Great War (Harry Turtledove) — Great War is an alternate history trilogy by Harry Turtledove, which follows How Few Remain. It is part of Turtledove s Timeline 191 series of novels.The Great War sagaSmarting from two defeats at the hands of the Confederate States of America,… …   Wikipedia

  • Great War at Sea series — The Great War at Sea series of board wargames released by Avalanche Press features operational and tactical level naval combat in the period of the early battleships and dreadnoughts (various titles cover from 1898 1930). Each game in the series… …   Wikipedia

  • Great War Flying Museum — The Great War Flying Museum is a non profit organization located at the Brampton Airport (CNC3) who build and maintain flying Replicas of World War I aircraft. Consisting of paying members and volunteers who help build and maintain the authentic… …   Wikipedia

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