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61 copper
1. n медь; красная медь2. n медно-красный цвет3. n медная или бронзовая монета4. n медный котёл5. n медный диск, который носят индейцы Северной Америки как знак отличия и богатства6. a медный7. a медно-красный8. a мин. медистый9. v покрывать медью, омеднять10. v амер. разг. класть медяк на карту, против которой делается ставка11. n разг. полицейский12. n сл. доносчик; полицейский осведомитель13. n сл. сокращение срока тюремного заключения за «хорошее поведение»14. v сл. арестовать15. v сл. доносить полиции16. v сл. служить в полиции, быть полицейскимСинонимический ряд:made of copper and tin (adj.) ball-metal; brass; bronze; cast bronze; copper alloy; made of copper and tin; metallic -
62 test
1. n испытание; проба, проверка; опробованиеfield test — полевое испытание; испытание в эксплуатационных условиях
bench test — заводские испытания, испытания в заводских условиях
test by experiment — проверка на опыте, опытная проверка
under test — испытываемый, испытуемый
test data — данные испытаний, эмпирические данные
2. n мерило, пробный камень; серьёзное испытание; критерийtrade test — профессиональные испытания, проверка мастерства
test dose — тест-доза, пробная, контрольная или опытная доза
3. n проверочная или контрольная работа; экзамен4. n психол. тестmarch test — тест "марш"
5. n хим. исследование; анализ; опыт, проба, реакцияblood test — анализ крови, исследование крови
6. n хим. пробирная чашка7. n хим. хим. реактив8. n хим. рел. отречение от признания папской власти и догмата пресуществления9. v подвергать испытанию; испытывать, проверять; опробоватьsampling test — выборочный контроль; периодические испытания
proof test — испытание; приёмочное или проверочное испытание
10. v быть мерилом11. v проверять, убеждатьсяhe wanted to test whether a small group of specialists could show greater productivity — он хотел проверить, сможет ли небольшая группа специалистов поднять производительность труда
12. v пробоваться13. v обнаруживать определённые свойства в результате испытаний14. v тестировать, проверять с помощью тестовtest program — тест; тестовая программа; программа испытаний
15. v экзаменовать; давать контрольную работу16. v хим. подвергать действию реактива17. v хим. производить опыты18. v хим. брать пробу19. n зоол. панцирь; щит; скорлупа20. v юр. официально подтверждатьСинонимический ряд:1. experimental (adj.) experimental; experimentative; trial2. comprehensive (noun) catechisation; catechism; comprehensive; exam; examination; final; questionnaire; quiz; review3. experiment (noun) experiment; experimentation4. standard (noun) benchmark; criterion; gauge; mark; measure; standard; touchstone; yardstick5. trial (noun) analysis; assay; check; essay; experiment; experimentation; inquest; inquiry; inspection; investigation; probation; proof; trial; trial and error; trial run6. analyze (verb) analyze; inspect; investigate; probe7. examine (verb) examine; question; quiz8. try (verb) analyse; assay; check; demonstrate; essay; experiment; inquire; prove; try; try out; verify -
63 Clement (Clemmet), Joseph
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]bapt. 13 June 1779 Great Asby, Westmoreland, Englandd. 28 February 1844 London, England[br]English machine tool builder and inventor.[br]Although known as Clement in his professional life, his baptism at Asby and his death were registered under the name of Joseph Clemmet. He worked as a slater until the age of 23, but his interest in mechanics led him to spend much of his spare time in the local blacksmith's shop. By studying books on mechanics borrowed from his cousin, a watchmaker, he taught himself and with the aid of the village blacksmith made his own lathe. By 1805 he was able to give up the slating trade and find employment as a mechanic in a small factory at Kirkby Stephen. From there he moved to Carlisle for two years, and then to Glasgow where, while working as a turner, he took lessons in drawing; he had a natural talent and soon became an expert draughtsman. From about 1809 he was employed by Leys, Mason \& Co. of Aberdeen designing and making power looms. For this work he built a screw-cutting lathe and continued his self-education. At the end of 1813, having saved about £100, he made his way to London, where he soon found employment as a mechanic and draughtsman. Within a few months he was engaged by Joseph Bramah, and after a trial period a formal agreement dated 1 April 1814 was made by which Clement was to be Chief Draughtsman and Superintendent of Bramah's Pimlico works for five years. However, Bramah died in December 1814 and after his sons took over the business it was agreed that Clement should leave before the expiry of the five-year period. He soon found employment as Chief Draughtsman with Henry Maudslay \& Co. By 1817 Clement had saved about £500, which enabled him to establish his own business at Prospect Place, Newington Butts, as a mechanical draughtsman and manufacturer of high-class machinery. For this purpose he built lathes for his own use and invented various improvements in their detailed design. In 1827 he designed and built a facing lathe which incorporated an ingenious system of infinitely variable belt gearing. He had also built his own planing machine by 1820 and another, much larger one in 1825. In 1828 Clement began making fluted taps and dies and standardized the screw threads, thus anticipating on a small scale the national standards later established by Sir Joseph Whitworth. Because of his reputation for first-class workmanship, Clement was in the 1820s engaged by Charles Babbage to carry out the construction of his first Difference Engine.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsSociety of Arts Gold Medal 1818 (for straightline mechanism), 1827 (for facing lathe); Silver Medal 1828 (for lathe-driving device).BibliographyExamples of Clement's draughtsmanship can be found in the Transactions of the Society of Arts 33 (1817), 36 (1818), 43 (1925), 46 (1828) and 48 (1829).Further ReadingS.Smiles, 1863, Industrial Biography, London, reprinted 1967, Newton Abbot (virtually the only source of biographical information on Clement).L.T.C.Rolt, 1965, Tools for the Job, London (repub. 1986); W.Steeds, 1969, A History of Machine Tools 1700–1910, Oxford (both contain descriptions of his machine tools).RTSBiographical history of technology > Clement (Clemmet), Joseph
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64 Holt, Benjamin
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1 January 1849 Concord, New Hampshire, USAd. 5 December 1924 Stockton, California, USA[br]American machinery manufacturer responsible for the development of the Caterpillar tractor and for early developments in combine harvesters.[br]In 1864 Charles Henry Holt led three other brothers to California in response to the gold rush. In 1868 he founded C.H.Holt \& Co. in San Francisco with the help of his brothers Williams and Ames. The company dealt in timber as well as wagon and carriage materials, as did the business they had left behind in Concord in the care of their youngest brother, Benjamin. In 1883 Benjamin joined the others in California and together they formed the Stockton Wheel Company with offices in San Francisco and Stockton. The brothers recognized the potential of combine harvesters and purchased a number of patents, enlarged their works and began to experiment. Their first combine was produced in 1886, and worked for forty-six days that year. With the stimulus of Benjamin Holt the company produced the first hillside combine in 1891 and introduced the concept of belt drive. The Holt harvesting machine produced in 1904 was the first to use an auxiliary gas engine. By 1889 Benjamin was sole family executive. In 1890 the company produced its first traction engine. He began experimenting with track-laying machines, building his first in 1904. It was this machine which earned the nickname "Caterpillar", which has remained the company trade name to the present day. In 1906 thecompany produced its first gasoline-engined Caterpillar, and the first production model was introduced two years later. The development of Caterpillar tractors had a significant impact on the transport potential of the Allies during the First World War, and the Holt production of track-laying traction engines was of immense importance to the supply of the armed forces. In 1918 Benjamin Holt was still actively involved in the company, but he died in Stockton in 1920.[br]Further ReadingW.A.Payne (ed.), 1982, Benjamin Holt: The Story of the Caterpillar Tractor, Stockton, Calif: University of the Pacific (provides an illustrated account of the life of Holt and the company he formed).R.Jones, "Benjamin Holt and the Caterpillar tractor", Vintage Tractor Magazine 1st special vol.AP -
65 mine
рудник, шахта; производить горные работы, добывать, разрабатывать; горное предприятие•
- all-belt mine
- anhydrite mine
- anthracite mine
- antimony mine
- bituminous mine
- cage hoisting mine
- captive mine
- combined mines
- conveyor mine
- copper mine
- derelict mine
- drift mine
- drowned mine
- dusty mine
- exploring mine
- fiery mine
- flat-grade mine
- flooded mine
- foul mine
- gaseous mine
- gaseous-and-dusty mine
- gassy mine
- gold mine
- gravel mine
- hot mine
- hydraulic mine
- idle mine
- ill-fated mine
- instantaneous outburst mine
- iron mine
- large-tonnage mine
- lead-zinc mine
- low-coal mine
- machine-worked mine
- metal mine
- metalliferous mine
- multi-seam coal mine
- naked-flame mine
- naked-light mine
- non-dusty mine
- non-fiery mine
- non-gaseous mine
- non-gassy mine
- non-safety-lamp mine
- non-silicotic mine
- oil-shale mine
- open-lamp mine
- open-light mine
- open-pit mine
- operating mine
- outcrop mine
- placer mine
- snowbird mine
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