generally+received

1. обычно, как правило

2. в общем смысле, вообще

3. широко, повсеместно; в большинстве случаев

1) звичайно, як правило

2) взагалі, загалом

3) широко, повсюдно; у більшості випадків, здебільшого

* * *

1) звичайно, як правило

2) у загальному значенні, взагалі

3) широко, повсюдно; у більшості випадків

1) звичайно, як правило

2) у загальному значенні, взагалі

3) широко, повсюдно; у більшості випадків

Generally received: use current.

1) (extensively) allgemein

2)

3) (usually) im allgemeinen; normalerweise

4) (summarizing the situation) ganz allgemein

* * *

adverb (usually; by most people; on the whole: He is generally disliked; He generally wins.) allgemein

* * *

1. (usually) normalerweise, im Allgemeinen

2. (mostly) im Allgemeinen, im Großen und Ganzen

the proposal has received a \generally favourable reaction der Vorschlag stieß im Großen und Ganzen auf positive Resonanz

3. (in a general sense) allgemein, generell

\generally speaking im Allgemeinen

4. (widely, extensively) allgemein

to be \generally available der Allgemeinheit zugänglich sein

it is \generally believed that... es wird allgemein angenommen, dass...

to be \generally known/understood allgemein bekannt sein

to be \generally reputed to be sth allgemein als etw bekannt sein

5. (not in detail) allgemein

* * *

1) (= on the whole, for the most part) im Großen und Ganzen

2) (= usually, as a rule) im Allgemeinen, meist

3) (= widely) accepted, recognized allgemein; available überall, allgemein

4) (= in general) im Allgemeinen

* * *

generally adv

1. oft generally speaking im Allgemeinen, allgemein, generell, im Großen und Ganzen

2. allgemein:

it is generally known auch es ist allseits bekannt; → academic.ru/315/accept">accept A 4

3. gewöhnlich, meistens, üblicherweise

gen. abk

1. gender

2. general (generally)

3. LING genitive

4. BIOL genus

* * *

1) (extensively) allgemein

2)

3) (usually) im allgemeinen; normalerweise

4) (summarizing the situation) ganz allgemein

* * *

gewöhnlich adv. adv.

allgemein adv.

gewöhnlich adv.

hauptsächlich adv.

überhaupt adv. n.

generell adv.

gen·er·al·ly [ʼʤen^ərəli] adv

1) ( usually) normalerweise, im Allgemeinen

2) ( mostly) im Allgemeinen, im Großen und Ganzen;

the proposal has received a \generally favourable reaction der Vorschlag stieß im Großen und Ganzen auf positive Resonanz

3) ( in a general sense) allgemein, generell;

\generally speaking im Allgemeinen

4) (widely, extensively) allgemein;

to be \generally available der Allgemeinheit zugänglich sein;

it is \generally believed that... es wird allgemein angenommen, dass...;

to be \generally known/ understood allgemein bekannt sein;

to be \generally reputed to be sth allgemein als etw bekannt sein

5) ( not in detail) allgemein

Of the people; Ar. and P. δημοτικός.

The popular voice: V. δημόθρους φήμη, ἡ.

In favour with the people: Ar. and P. δημοτικός.

Honoured: P. and V. ἔντιμος.

Courteous: P. and V. φιλάνθρωπος, φιλόφρων (Xen.), P. κοινός.

For other reasons too the Athenians were no longer so popular in their government: P. ἦσαν δέ πως καὶ ἄλλως οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι οὐκέτι ὁμοίως ἐν ἡδονῇ ἄρχοντες (Thuc. 1, 99).

Charming: Ar. and P. χαρίεις.

Common, generally received: P. and V. συνήθης, νόμιμος.

Music in the popular sense: P, ἡ δημώδης μουσική (Plat., Phaedo. 61^A).

{ʃεə}
I. 1. дял, част, пай, участие
fair SHARE (полагаема) част
lion's SHARE лъвски пай
to fall to the SHARE of падам се на
to have no SHARE in нямам дял/участие в
to take a SHARE in вземам участие в
to go SHAREs with someone деля с някого (разноски и пр.), делим си поравно с някого
the matter received its full SHARE of attention въпросът бе разгледан с нужното внимание
2. фин. дял (в предприятие), акция
pl ценни книжа
II. 1. деля, разделям, поделям (си)
to SHARE and SHARE alike делим поравно
to SHARE (out) among разделям между
to SHARE a taxi with возя се в (същото) такси с
to SHARE a room with живея/спя в една стая с
to SHARE (in) the cost of поемам част от разноските по
2. участвувам, вземам участие, споделям (и с in)
generally SHAREd opinion мнение, споделяно от всички
to SHARE (in) someone's grief/joy споделям скръбта/радостта на някого
3. to SHARE out разделям, разпределям
III. n лемеж, палешник

* * *

{shЁъ} n 1. дял, част, пай; участие; fair share (полагаема) част; li(2) {shЁъ} v 1. деля, разделям, поделям (си); to share and share alike д{3} {shЁъ} n лемеж, палешник.

* * *

част; участие; споделям; доза; дял;

* * *

* * *

share[ʃɛə] I. n 1. дял, част, пай, участие; fair \share (полагаема) част; lion's \share лъвски пай; he has a large \share in bringing it about той има големи заслуги това да се осъществи; to take a \share in вземам участие в; to get o.'s \share получавам дела си; the matter received its full \share of attention на въпроса бе посветено цялото внимание, което той заслужаваше; \share system изполица; 2. фин. акция; preference ( preferred) \shares привилегировани акции; deferred \shares обикновени акции; II. v 1. деля, разделям, споделям; участвам, вземам участие (в); to \share an apple разделяме си една ябълка; to \share a cab возя се в същото такси; to \share a room ( with) живея в една стая с; to \share the concern of споделям загрижеността на; to \share the cost of поемам част от разноските по; to \share in an inheritance участвам в наследство; a generally \shared idea мнение, което се споделя от всички; 2.: to \share out раздавам, разпределям; • \share and alike на равни начала; II. share n палешник, лемеж (и plough-\share).

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

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Jesse Ramsden was the son of an innkeeper but received a good general education: after attending the free school at Halifax, he was sent at the age of 12 to his uncle for further study, particularly in mathematics. At the age of 16 he was apprenticed to a cloth-worker in Halifax and on completion of the apprenticeship in 1755 he moved to London to work as a clerk in a cloth warehouse. In 1758 he became an apprentice in the workshop of a London mathematical instrument-maker named Burton. He quickly gained the skill, particularly in engraving, and by 1762 he was able to set up on his own account. He married in 1765 or 1766 the youngest daughter of the optician John Dollond FRS (1706– 61) and received a share of Dollond's patent for making achromatic lenses.

Ramsden's experience and reputation increased rapidly and he was generally regarded as the leading instrument-maker of his time. He opened a shop in the Haymarket and transferred to Piccadilly in 1775. His staff increased to about sixty workers and apprentices, and by 1789 he had constructed nearly 1,000 sextants as well as theodolites, micrometers, balances, barometers, quadrants and other instruments.

One of Ramsden's most important contributions to precision measurement was his development of machines for obtaining accurate division of angular and linear scales. For this work he received a premium from the Commissioners of the Board of Longitude, who published his descriptions of the machines. For the trigonometrical survey of Great Britain, initiated by General William Roy FRS (1726–90) and continued by the Board of Ordnance, Ramsden supplied a 3 ft (91 cm) theodolite and steel measuring chains, and was also engaged to check the glass tubes used to measure the fundamental base line.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Jacquard was apprenticed at the age of 12 to bookbinding, and later to type-founding and cutlery. His parents, who had some connection with weaving, left him a small property upon their death. He made some experiments with pattern weaving, but lost all his inheritance; after marrying, he returned to type-founding and cutlery. In 1790 he formed the idea for his machine, but it was forgotten amidst the excitement of the French Revolution, in which he fought for the Revolutionists at the defence of Lyons. The machine he completed in 1801 combined earlier inventions and was for weaving net. He was sent to Paris to demonstrate it at the National Exposition and received a bronze medal. In 1804 Napoleon granted him a patent, a pension of 1,500 francs and a premium on each machine sold. This enabled him to study and work at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers to perfect his mechanism for pattern weaving. A method of selecting any combination of leashes at each shoot of the weft had to be developed, and Jacquard's mechanism was the outcome of various previous inventions. By taking the cards invented by Falcon in 1728 that were punched with holes like the paper of Bouchon in 1725, to select the needles for each pick, and by placing the apparatus above the loom where Vaucanson had put his mechanism, Jacquard combined the best features of earlier inventions. He was not entirely successful because his invention failed in the way it pressed the card against the needles; later modifications by Breton in 1815 and Skola in 1819 were needed before it functioned reliably. However, the advantage of Jacquard's machine was that each pick could be selected much more quickly than on the earlier draw looms, which meant that John Kay's flying shuttle could be introduced on fine pattern looms because the weaver no longer had to wait for the drawboy to sort out the leashes for the next pick. Robert Kay's drop box could also be used with different coloured wefts. The drawboy could be dispensed with because the foot-pedal operating the Jacquard mechanism could be worked by the weaver. Patterns could be changed quickly by replacing one set of cards with another, but the scope of the pattern was more limited than with the draw loom. Some machines that were brought into use aroused bitter hostility. Jacquard suffered physical violence, barely escaping with his life, and his machines were burnt by weavers at Lyons. However, by 1812 his mechanism began to be generally accepted and had been applied to 11,000 draw-looms in France. In 1819 Jacquard received a gold medal and a Cross of Honour for his invention. His machines reached England c.1816 and still remain the basic way of weaving complicated patterns.

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SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Telecommunications

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Popov, the son of a village priest, received his early education in a seminary, but in 1877 he entered the University of St Petersburg to study mathematics. He graduated with distinction in 1883 and joined the faculty to teach mathematics and physics. Then, increasingly interested in electrical engineering, he became an instructor at the Russian Navy Torpedo School at Krondstadt, near St Petersburg, where he later became a professor. On 7 May 1895 he is said to have transmitted and received Morse code radio signals over a distance of 40 m (130 ft) in a demonstration given at St Petersburg University to the Russian Chemical Society, but in a paper published in January 1896 in the Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society, he in fact described the use of a coherer for recording atmospheric disturbances such as lightning, together with the design of a modified coherer intended for reception at a distance of 5 km (3 miles). Subsequently, on 26 November 1897, after Marconi's own radio-transmission experiments had been publicized, he wrote a letter claiming priority for his discovery to the English-language journal Electrician, in the form of a translated précis of his original paper, but neither the original Russian paper nor the English précis made specific claims of either a receiver or a transmitter as such. However, by 1898 he had certainly developed some form of ship-to-shore radio for the Russian Navy. In 1945, long after the Russian revolution, the communist regime supported his claim to be the inventor of radio, but this is a matter for much debate and the priority of Marconi's claim is generally acknowledged outside the USSR.

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SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing

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Robert was born into a prosperous family and received a fair education, after which he became a lawyer's clerk. In 1780, however, he enlisted in the Army and joined the artillery, serving with distinction in the West Indies, where he fought against the English. When dissatisfied with his prospects, Robert returned to Paris and obtained a post as proof-reader to the firm of printers and publishers owned by the Didot family. They were so impressed with his abilities that they promoted him, c. 1790, to "clerk inspector of workmen" at their paper mill at Essonnes, south of Paris, under the control of Didot St Leger.

It was there that Robert conceived the idea of a continuous papermaking machine. In 1797 he made a model of it and, after further models, he obtained a patent in 1798. The paper was formed on a continuously revolving wire gauze, from which the sheets were lifted off and hung up to dry. Didot was at first scathing, but he came round to encouraging Robert to make a success of the machine. However, they quarrelled over the financial arrangements and Robert left to try setting up his own mill near Rouen. He failed for lack of capital, and in 1800 he returned to Essonnes and sold his patent to Didot for part cash, part proceeds from the operation of the mill. Didot left for England to enlist capital and technical skills to exploit the invention, while Robert was left in charge at Essonnes. It was the Fourdrinier brothers and Bryan Donkin who developed the papermaking machine into a form in which it could succeed. Meanwhile the mill at Essonnes under Robert's direction had begun to falter and declined to the point where it had to be sold. He had never received the full return from the sale of his patent, but he managed to recover his rights in it. This profited him little, for Didot obtained a patent in France for the Fourdrinier machine and had two examples erected in 1814 and the following year, respectively, neatly side-tracking Robert, who was now without funds or position. To support himself and his family, Robert set up a primary school in Dreux and there passed his remaining years. Although it was the Fourdrinier papermaking machine that was generally adopted, it is Robert who deserves credit for the original initiative.

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1) (admit) zugeben, eingestehen [Tatsache, Notwendigkeit, Fehler, Schuld]; (accept) sich bekennen zu [einer Verantwortung, Pflicht, Schuld]; (take notice of) grüßen [Person]; (recognize) anerkennen [Autorität, Recht, Forderung, Notwendigkeit]

2) (express thanks for) sich erkenntlich zeigen für [Dienste, Bemühungen, Gastfreundschaft]; erwidern [Gruß]

3) (confirm receipt of) bestätigen [Empfang, Bewerbung]

* * *

1) (to admit as being fact: He acknowledged defeat; He acknowledged that I was right.) zugeben

2) (to say (usually in writing) that one has received (something): He acknowledged the letter.) bestätigen

3) (to give thanks for: He acknowledged their help.) sich erkenntlich zeigen für

4) (to greet someone: He acknowledged her by waving.) zurückgrüßen

•

- academic.ru/506/acknowledgement">acknowledgement

* * *

[əkˈnɒlɪʤ, AM -ˈnɑ:l-]

1. (admit)

▪ to \acknowledge sth etw zugeben

▪ to \acknowledge having done sth zugeben, etw getan zu haben

▪ to \acknowledge that... zugeben, dass...

2. (respect)

▪ to \acknowledge sb/sth [as sth] jdn/etw [als etw akk] anerkennen

he was generally \acknowledged to be an expert on this subject er galt allgemein als Experte auf diesem Gebiet

3. (reply to)

▪ to \acknowledge sth signal den Empfang von etw dat bestätigen

to \acknowledge sb's greeting jds Gruß erwidern

to \acknowledge a letter den Eingang eines Briefes bestätigen

4. (thank for)

to \acknowledge sth etw würdigen

5. (notice)

▪ to \acknowledge sb/sth jdn/etw wahrnehmen [o bemerken]

* * *

* * *

acknowledge [əkˈnɒlıdʒ; US ıkˈnɑl-; æk-] v/t

1. jemanden, etwas anerkennen:

be acknowledged as ( oder be) gelten als

2. eingestehen, zugeben, einräumen ( alle auch that dass):

acknowledge having done sth zugeben, etwas getan zu haben; → defeat B 2

3. sich zu einer Verantwortung etc bekennen

4. a) sich erkenntlich zeigen für

b) sich bedanken für

5. den Empfang bestätigen, quittieren, einen Gruß erwidern:

acknowledge a letter den Eingang oder Empfang eines Briefes bestätigen

6. acknowledge sb

a) jemanden wahrnehmen,

b) auch acknowledge sb’s presence von jemandes Anwesenheit Notiz nehmen:

she acknowledged me by nodding sie nickte mir zu

7. JUR eine Urkunde (nach erfolgter Errichtung) förmlich anerkennen, beglaubigen

ack. abk

1. acknowledge

2. acknowledgment (acknowledg[e]ment)

* * *

1) (admit) zugeben, eingestehen [Tatsache, Notwendigkeit, Fehler, Schuld]; (accept) sich bekennen zu [einer Verantwortung, Pflicht, Schuld]; (take notice of) grüßen [Person]; (recognize) anerkennen [Autorität, Recht, Forderung, Notwendigkeit]

2) (express thanks for) sich erkenntlich zeigen für [Dienste, Bemühungen, Gastfreundschaft]; erwidern [Gruß]

3) (confirm receipt of) bestätigen [Empfang, Bewerbung]

* * *

anerkennen v.

bestätigen v.

quittieren v.

1) verstehen

2) (have heard) gehört haben

3) (take as implied)

1) (have understanding) verstehen

2) (gather, hear)

* * *

1) (to see or know the meaning of (something): I can't understand his absence; Speak slowly to foreigners so that they'll understand you.) verstehen

2) (to know (eg a person) thoroughly: She understands children/dogs.) sich verstehen auf

3) (to learn or realize (something), eg from information received: At first I didn't understand how ill she was; I understood that you were planning to leave today.) annehmen

•

- understandable

1) (the power of thinking clearly: a man of great understanding.) der Verstand

2) (the ability to sympathize with another person's feelings: His kindness and understanding were a great comfort to her.) das Verständnis

3) (a (state of) informal agreement: The two men have come to / reached an understanding after their disagreement.) die Einigung

•

- make oneself understood

* * *

[ˌʌndəˈstænd, AM -ɚˈ-]

I. vt

1. (perceive meaning)

▪ to \understand sth/sb etw/jdn verstehen

the pub was so noisy I couldn't \understand a word he said in der Kneipe ging es so laut zu, dass ich kein Wort von dem, was er sagte, verstehen konnte

to \understand one another [or each other] sich akk verstehen

to make oneself understood sich akk verständlich machen

2. (comprehend significance)

▪ to \understand sb/sth jdn/etw begreifen [o verstehen]

▪ to \understand what/why/when/how... begreifen, was/warum/wann/wie...

▪ to \understand that... verstehen, dass...

3. (sympathize with)

▪ to \understand sb/sth für jdn/etw Verständnis haben

I can \understand your feeling upset about what has happened ich kann verstehen, dass du wegen des Vorfalls betroffen bist

4. ( approv: empathize)

▪ to \understand sb sich akk in jdn einfühlen können

Jack really \understands horses Jack kann wirklich mit Pferden umgehen

5. (be informed)

▪ to \understand [that]... hören, dass...

I \understand [that] you are interested in borrowing some money from us Sie sollen an einem Darlehen von uns interessiert sein

to give sb to \understand that... jdm zu verstehen geben, dass...

6. (believe, infer)

when he said 3 o'clock, I understood him to mean in the afternoon als er von 3 Uhr sprach, ging ich davon aus, dass der Nachmittag gemeint war

a secret buyer is understood to have paid £3 million for the three pictures ein ungenannter Käufer soll 3 Millionen Pfund für die drei Bilder bezahlt haben

as I \understand it, we either agree to a pay cut or get the sack so, wie ich es sehe, erklären wir uns entweder mit einer Gehaltskürzung einverstanden oder man setzt uns vor die Tür

▪ to \understand that... annehmen, dass...

7. (be generally accepted)

▪ to be understood that... klar sein, dass...

in the library it is understood that loud talking is not permissible es dürfte allgemein bekannt sein, dass lautes Sprechen in der Bibliothek nicht gestattet ist

when Alan invites you to dinner, it's understood that it'll be more of an alcohol than a food experience wenn Alan zum Dinner einlädt, dann ist schon klar, dass der Alkohol im Mittelpunkt steht

in this context, ‘America’ is understood to refer to the United States in diesem Kontext sind mit ‚Amerika‘ selbstverständlich die Vereinigten Staaten gemeint

II. vi

1. (comprehend) verstehen

she explained again what the computer was doing but I still didn't \understand sie erklärte nochmals, was der Computer machte, aber ich kapierte immer noch nicht

▪ to \understand about sth/sb etw/jdn verstehen

Jane's dad never understood about how important her singing was to her Janes Vater hat nie verstanden, wie wichtig das Singen für sie war

2. (infer)

▪ to \understand from sth that... aus etw dat schließen, dass...

3. (be informed)

▪ to \understand from sb that... von jdm hören, dass...

I've been promoted — so I \understand ich bin befördert worden — ich habe davon gehört

* * *

1. vt

1) language, painting, statement, speaker verstehen; action, event, person, difficulty also begreifen

2) (= comprehend sympathetically) children, people, animals, doubts, fears verstehen

3)

4) (GRAM: supply) word sich (dat) denken, (im Stillen) ergänzen → also understood

2. vi

1) (= comprehend) verstehen

2)

* * *

understand irr

A v/t

1. verstehen:

a) begreifen

b) einsehen

c) wörtlich etc auffassen

d) (volles) Verständnis haben für:

understand each other sich oder einander verstehen, auch zu einer Einigung gelangen;

give sb to understand that … jemandem zu verstehen geben, dass …;

make o.s. understood sich verständlich machen;

do I ( oder am I to) understand that …? soll das heißen, dass …?;

what do you understand by …? was verstehen Sie unter … (dat)?

2. sich verstehen auf (akk), sich auskennen in (dat), wissen ( how to do sth wie man etwas macht);

he understands horses er versteht sich auf Pferde;

she understands children sie kann mit Kindern umgehen

3. voraussetzen, (als sicher oder gegeben) annehmen:

that is understood das versteht sich (von selbst);

it is understood that … auch JUR es gilt als vereinbart, dass …; es wird davon ausgegangen, dass …;

an understood thing eine aus- oder abgemachte Sache

4. erfahren, hören:

I understand that … ich hör(t)e oder man sagt(e) mir, dass …;

I understand him to be ( oder that he is) an expert wie ich höre, ist er ein Fachmann;

it is understood es heißt, wie verlautet

5. (from) entnehmen (dat oder aus), schließen oder heraushören (aus):

6. besonders LING bei sich oder sinngemäß ergänzen, hinzudenken:

in this phrase the verb is understood in diesem Satz muss das Verb (sinngemäß) ergänzt werden

B v/i

1. verstehen:

a) begreifen

b) (volles) Verständnis haben:

(do you) understand? verstanden?;

he will understand er wird es oder mich etc (schon) verstehen;

you are too young to understand du bist zu jung, um das zu verstehen

2. Verstand haben

3. Bescheid wissen ( about sth über eine Sache):

not understand about nichts verstehen von

4. hören:

…, so I understand wie ich höre, …

* * *

1) verstehen

2) (have heard) gehört haben

3) (take as implied)

1) (have understanding) verstehen

2) (gather, hear)

* * *

= begreifen v.

einsehen v.

fassen v.

kapieren v.

nachvollziehen v.

verstehen v.