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121 Blith, Walter
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. Seventeenth century Warwickshire, Englandd. Seventeenth century England[br][br]Blith was the son of a cereal and dairy farmer from the Forest of Arden. He wrote a treatise on farming which was of contemporary value in its description of drainage and water meadows, both subjects of particular relevance in the mid-seventeenth century. The book, The English Improver, contains illustrations of agricultural equipment which have become an almost obligatory inclusion in any book on agricultural history. His understanding of the plough is apparent from the text and illustrations, and his was an important step in the understanding of the scientific principles to be applied to its later design. The introduction to the book is addressed to both Houses of Parliament, and is very much an attempt to highlight and seek solutions to the problems of the agriculture of the day. In it he advocates the passing of legislation to improve agricultural practice, whether this be for the destruction of moles or for the compulsory planting of trees to replace those felled.Blith himself became a captain in the Roundhead Army during the English Civil War, and even added a dedication to Cromwell in the introduction to his second book, The English Improver Improved, published in 1652. This book contains additional information on both practice and crops, an expansion in knowledge which presumably owes something to Blith's employment as a surveyor of Crown lands between 1649 and 1650. He himself bought and farmed such land in Northamptonshire. His advice on the choice of land for particular crops and the implements of best use for that land expressed ideas in advance of their times, and it was to be almost a century before his writings were taken up and developed.[br]Bibliography1649, The English Improver; or, A New Survey of Husbandry Discovering to the Kingdom That Some Land, Both Arable and Pasture May be Advance Double or Treble, and Some five or Tenfold.1652, The English Improver Improved.Further ReadingJ.Thirsk (ed.), 1985, The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. II (deals with Blith and the agriculture of his time).AP -
122 Phillips, Edouard
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 21 May 1821 Paris, Franced. 14 December 1889 Pouligny-Saint-Martin, France[br]French engineer and mathematician who achieved isochronous oscillations of a balance by deriving the correct shape for the balance spring.[br]Phillips was educated in Paris, at the Ecole Polytechnic and the Ecole des Mines. In 1849 he was awarded a doctorate in mathematical sciences by the University of Paris. He had a varied career in industry, academic and government institutions, rising to be Inspector- General of Mines in 1882.It was well known that the balance of a watch or chronometer fitted with a simple spiral or helical spring was not isochronous, i.e. the period of the oscillation was not entirely independent of the amplitude. Watch-and chronometer-makers, notably Breguet and Arnold, had devised empirical solutions to the problem by altering the curvature of the end of the balance spring. In 1858 Phillips was encouraged to tackle the problem mathematically, and two years later he published a complete solution for the helical balance spring and a partial solution for the more complex spiral spring. Eleven years later he was able to achieve a complete solution for the spiral spring by altering the curvature of both ends of the spring. Phillips published a series of typical curves that the watch-or chronometer-maker could use to shape the ends of the balance spring.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAcadémie des Sciences 1868. Chairman, Jury on Mechanics, Universal Exhibition 1889.Bibliography1861, "Mémoire sur l'application de la Théorie du Spiral Réglant", Annales des Mines 20:1–107.1878, Comptes Rendus 86:26–31.An English translation (by J.D.Weaver) of both the above papers was published by the Antiquarian Horological Society in 1978 (Monograph No. 15).Further ReadingJ.D.Weaver, 1989, "Edouard Phillips: a centenary appreciation", Horological Journal 132: 205–6 (a good short account).F.J.Britten, 1978, Britten's Watch and Clock Maker's Handbook, 16th edn, rev. R Good (a description of the practical applications of the balance spring).DV -
123 SFT
1) Компьютерная техника: System Fault Tolerant, standart frequency and time2) Авиация: surface friction tester3) Военный термин: Secure Fault Tolerant, simulated flight tests, special flight test, static firing test, supplemental flight tests4) Техника: satellite frequency translation5) Юридический термин: Sincere Friendly And Trustworthy6) Грубое выражение: Stupid Fucking Twat7) Сокращение: shaft8) Университет: Students for a Free Tibet9) Физиология: Solution Focused Therapy10) Электроника: Slow Fourier Transform11) Вычислительная техника: System File Table (DOS), System Fault Tolerance (Novell)12) Нефть: selective formation tester13) Фирменный знак: Solutions For Tomorrow14) СМИ: Store And Forward Telegraph15) Деловая лексика: Seal Forward Technology16) Сетевые технологии: Server Fault Tolerance, Symmetric Fault Tolerance, System File Table, средство обеспечения отказоустойчивости17) Контроль качества: Solution Film Test18) Расширение файла: System Fault Tolerance19) Имена и фамилии: Simon Fisher Turner20) Общественная организация: Speak For The Trees21) Аэропорты: Skelleftea, Sweden22) НАСА: System Functional Test -
124 SPSS
1) Американизм: Statistical Package for Social Sciences2) Военный термин: Secured Packet Switched Service3) Техника: shield plug storage station4) Статистика: Пакет программ обработки статистических данных общественных наук (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPSS)5) Вычислительная техника: Statistical Package of the Social Sciences6) Деловая лексика: Statistical Product and Service Solutions7) Расширение файла: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences8) Электротехника: supplementary power supply set -
125 sft
1) Компьютерная техника: System Fault Tolerant, standart frequency and time2) Авиация: surface friction tester3) Военный термин: Secure Fault Tolerant, simulated flight tests, special flight test, static firing test, supplemental flight tests4) Техника: satellite frequency translation5) Юридический термин: Sincere Friendly And Trustworthy6) Грубое выражение: Stupid Fucking Twat7) Сокращение: shaft8) Университет: Students for a Free Tibet9) Физиология: Solution Focused Therapy10) Электроника: Slow Fourier Transform11) Вычислительная техника: System File Table (DOS), System Fault Tolerance (Novell)12) Нефть: selective formation tester13) Фирменный знак: Solutions For Tomorrow14) СМИ: Store And Forward Telegraph15) Деловая лексика: Seal Forward Technology16) Сетевые технологии: Server Fault Tolerance, Symmetric Fault Tolerance, System File Table, средство обеспечения отказоустойчивости17) Контроль качества: Solution Film Test18) Расширение файла: System Fault Tolerance19) Имена и фамилии: Simon Fisher Turner20) Общественная организация: Speak For The Trees21) Аэропорты: Skelleftea, Sweden22) НАСА: System Functional Test -
126 clear
clear [klɪər]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. adjective2. noun3. adverb6. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. adjective• you'll do as I say, is that clear? tu vas faire ce que je te dis, c'est clair ?• it was clear that... il était clair que...• it's not clear whether... on ne sait pas avec certitude si...• it became clear that... il était de plus en plus clair que...• it became clear to me that... il m'est apparu clairement que...► to be clear [person]if you're not clear about anything, ask me s'il y a quelque chose qui ne vous paraît pas clair, dites-le-moi• I'm not clear whether you agree or not je ne suis pas sûr de comprendre si vous êtes d'accord ou pas► to get sth clear bien comprendre qch• now let's get this clear... maintenant, que les choses soient bien claires...► to make sth clear bien faire comprendre qch• to make it clear that... bien faire comprendre que...• I wish to make it clear that... je tiens à préciser que...► to make o.s. clear se faire bien comprendre• do I make myself clear? me suis-je bien fait comprendre ?b. ( = distinct) [picture, voice, majority] net• clear soup bouillon me. ( = unobstructed) [road, space] libre ; [area, view] dégagég. ( = free) [afternoon, morning] libreh. [day, week] plein• that gives us four clear days to finish the job ça nous donne quatre jours pleins pour finir le travailj. ► to be clear of ( = free of)raise the jack until the wheel is clear of the ground actionnez le cric jusqu'à ce que la roue ne touche plus le sol• to be 7 metres/seconds/points clear of sb (British = ahead of) avoir 7 mètres/secondes/points d'avance sur qn► to get clear of sth ( = go away from) s'éloigner de qch ; ( = rid o.s. of) se débarrasser de qch2. noun► to be in the clear (inf) ( = no longer suspected) être lavé de tout soupçon ; ( = out of danger) être hors de danger3. adverba. ( = completely) the thief got clear away le voleur s'est enfui sans encombreb. ( = net) net• he'll get £250 clear il aura 250 livres neta. ( = make clearer) [+ skin] purifier ; [+ complexion] éclaircirb. ( = remove obstacles from) dégager ; [+ land] défricherc. ( = find innocent) innocenterd. ( = authorize) you will have to be cleared by our security department il faudra que nos services de sécurité vous donnent leur feu vert• you must clear the project with the manager il faut que le directeur donne le feu vert à votre projete. ( = get past or over) franchir• raise the car till the wheel clears the ground soulevez la voiture jusqu'à ce que la roue ne touche plus le sol• "half price to clear" « liquidation: soldé à moitié prix »6. compoundsa. [mist] se dissiperb. ( = clear the table) débarrasser(inf) = clear offa. [weather] s'éclaircirb. [spots] disparaître• how's your cold? -- it's cleared up now et ton rhume ? -- c'est finia. [+ mystery, problem] résoudreb. ( = tidy) ranger* * *[klɪə(r)] 1.1) ( transparent) [glass, liquid] transparent; [blue] limpide; [lens, varnish] incolore2) ( distinct) [image, outline] net/nette; [writing] lisible; [sound, voice] clair3) ( comprehensibly plain) [description, instruction] clairis that clear? —
4) ( obvious) [need, sign] évident; [advantage, lead] net/nette; [example] beau/belle (before n); [majority] large (before n)5) ( not confused) [idea, memory] clair; [plan] précis6) ( empty) [road, view] dégagé; [table] débarrassé; [space] libre7) ( not guilty) [conscience] tranquille8) ( unblemished) [skin] net/nette9) Medicine [X-ray, scan] normal10) ( cloudless) [sky] sans nuage; [day, night] clair11) ( frank) [gaze] franc/franche12) ( pure) [tone, voice] clair13) Culinary [honey] liquideclear soup — consommé m
14) ( exempt from)to be clear of — être libre de [debt]; être exempt de [blame]; être lavé de [suspicion]
15) ( free) [day, diary] libre16) ( whole) [week, day] entier/-ière17) ( net) [gain, profit] net inv (after n)2.to jump clear of — ( jump out of) sauter hors de [vehicle]; ( avoid)
to pull somebody clear of — extraire quelqu'un de [wreckage]
to stay ou steer clear of — éviter [town centre]; éviter [alcohol, troublemakers]
3.to get clear of — sortir de [traffic, town]
transitive verb1) ( remove) abattre [trees]; arracher [weeds]; enlever [debris, papers, mines]; dégager [snow] (from, off de)2) ( free from obstruction) déboucher [drains]; dégager [road]; débarrasser [table, surface]; déblayer [site]; défricher [land]to clear something out of the way — (from table, seat) enlever quelque chose; ( from floor) enlever quelque chose du passage
to clear the way for something/somebody — lit libérer le passage pour quelque chose/quelqu'un; fig ouvrir la voie pour [developments]; fig laisser la place à [person]
3) ( freshen)to clear the air — lit aérer; fig apaiser les tensions
4) ( empty) vider [desk] (of de); débarrasser [room, surface] (of de); évacuer [area, building]5) ( create) faire [space]6) ( disperse) dissiper [fog, smoke]; disperser [crowd]7) ( unblock) dégager [nose]8) ( eliminate) faire disparaître [dandruff, spots]9) Computing effacer [screen]10) ( dispose of) liquider [stock]‘reduced to clear’ — ‘solde’
11) ( pay off) s'acquitter de [debt]12) Finance [bank] compenser [cheque]13) ( free from blame) innocenter [accused] (of de)14) ( vet) mener une enquête administrative sur [employee]15) ( officially approve) approuver [request]16) ( jump over) franchir [hurdle, wall]17) ( pass through) passer sous [bridge]4.1) ( become unclouded) [liquid, sky] s'éclaircir2) ( disappear) [smoke, fog, cloud] se dissiper3) ( become pure) [air] se purifier4) ( go away) [rash] disparaître5) Finance [cheque] être compensé•Phrasal Verbs:- clear up••the coast is clear — fig le champ est libre
to be in the clear — ( safe) être hors de danger; ( free from suspicion) être lavé de tout soupçon
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127 Acid Dyes
Dyes used principally for wools and silks and include both fast and loose colours. They are all acid in character. Are not used for dyeing cotton. They are easily applied to animal fibres and give even shades in the cloth. They consist chiefly of azo compounds used for dress fabrics, suitings, carpets, etc. The fabric needs no preparation before dyeing and wools and silks are simply dipped into the warm solutions (see Dyes) -
128 key
A n1 ( locking device) clé f, clef f ; a front-door/car key une clé de maison/voiture ; a set ou bunch of keys un jeu de clés ; to leave the key in the door laisser la clé sur la porte ; under lock and key sous clé ;5 fig ( vital clue) (to happiness, success etc) clé f, secret m (to de) ; his diary holds the key to the mystery son journal renferme la clé du mystère ; exercise is the key to health l'exercice est le secret de la santé ; the key to being a good teacher is to listen le secret pour devenir un bon enseignant est d'écouter ;6 ( explanatory list) ( on map) légende f ; (to abbreviations, symbols) liste f ; (for code, cryptogram) clé f ; ‘pronunciation key’ ‘liste phonétique’, ‘tableau m phonétique’ ;8 Mus ton m, tonalité f ; what key is the sonata in? dans quel ton est la sonate? ; change of key lit, fig changement m de ton ; a major key un ton majeur ; in a major/minor key en majeur/mineur ; to sing/play in key chanter/jouer juste ; to sing/ play off key chanter/jouer faux ;9 Geog caye m.B modif [industry, job, element, document, figure, role] clé inv (after n) ; [difference, point] capital ; [problem] essentiel/-ielle ; key workers des travailleurs occupant des postes clés.C vtr1 ( type) saisir [data, information] ;2 ( adapt) adapter [remarks, speech] (to à).■ key in:▶ key [sth] in, key in [sth] saisir [data].
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