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1 BE
Quenya uses forms of ná as the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns “in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another” (VT49:28). It may also denote a position, as in tanomë nauvan “I will be there” (VT49:19). PE17:68 mentions návë “being” as a “general infinitive” form; the gloss would suggest that návë may also be regarded as a gerund. Present tense ná “is” (Nam), pl. nar or nár ”are" (PE15:36, VT49:27, 30), dual nát (VT49:30). Also attested with various pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë “I am”, nalyë or natyë “you (sg.) are” (polite and familiar, respectively), nás “it is”, násë “(s)he is”, nalmë “we are” (VT49:27, 30). Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps intended as aorist forms (nain “I am”, naityë/nailyë “you are”); VT49:30 however lists aorist forms with no intruding i (nanyë *“I am”, nalyë *”thou art”, ná “is”, nassë *”(s)he is”, nalmë *“we are”, nar “are”). Pa.t. nánë or né “was”, pl. náner/nér and dual nét “were” (VT49:6, 10, 27, 30). According to VT49:31, né “was” cannot receive pronominal endings (though nésë “he was” is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29), and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen “I was”, anel “you were”, anes “(s)he/it was” (VT49:28). Future tense nauva "will be" (VT42:34, VT49:19; alternative form uva only in VT49:30) Perfect anaië “has been” (VT49:27, first written as anáyë). The form na may be used as imperative (na airë "be holy", VT43:14, alcar...na Erun "glory...be to God", VT44:34); this imperative na is apparently incorporated in the word nai "be it that" (misleading translation "maybe" in LotR). This nai can be combined with a verb to express a hope that something will happen (Nam: nai hiruvalyë Valimar, “may you find Valimar”) or if the verb is in the present rather than the future tense, that it is already happening (VT49:39: nai Eru lye mánata “God bless you” or *”may God be blessing you”). According to PE17:58, imperative na is short for á na with the imperative particle included. – Ná "is" appears with a short vowel (na) in some sources, but writers should probably maintain the long vowel to avoid confusion with the imperative na (and with the wholly distinct preposition na "to"). The short form na- may however be usual before pronominal suffixes. By one interpretation, na with a short vowel represents the aorist (VT49:27). – The word ëa is variously translated "is", "exists", "it is", "let it be". It has a more absolute meaning than ná, with reference to existence rather than being a mere copula. It may also be used (with prepositional phrases) to denote a position: i ëa han ëa “[our Father] who is beyond [the universe of] Eä” (VT43:12-14), i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa “the One who is above all thrones” (UT:305). The pa.t. of this verb is engë, VT43:38, perfect engië or rarely éyë, future euva, VT49:29. – Fíriel's Song contains a word ye "is" (compare VT46:22), but its status in LotR-style Quenya is uncertain. – NOT BE, NOT DO: Also attested is the negative copula uin and umin "I do not, am not" (1st pers. aorist), pa.t. úmë. According to VT49:29, forms like ui “it is not”, uin(yë) “I am not”, uil(yë) *“you are not”, *uis *”(s)he is not” and uilmë *”we are not” are cited in a document dating from about 1968, though some of this was struck out. The monosyllable ú is used for “was not” in one text. The negation lá can be inflected for time “when verb is not expressed”. Tense-forms given: (aorist) lanyë “I do not, am not”; the other forms are cited without pronominal suffixes: present laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva, imperative ala, alá. MAY IT BE SO, see AMEN. –VT49:27-34, Nam/RGEO:67, VT43:34/An Introduction to Elvish:5, VT42:34,Silm:21/391, FS, UGU/UMU, VT49:13 -
2 CHILD
hína, also vocative hina with a short vowel, used when addressing a (young) child. Pl. híni rather than ?hínar; see CHILDREN OF ILÚVATAR below. CHILD NOT YET FULLY GROWN, see BABY. "Child" as the last element in compounds: -hin (-hín-, pl. -híni), e.g. CHILDREN OF ERU Eruhíni from sg. \#Eruhin; CHILDREN OF ILÚVATAR Híni Ilúvataro; MY CHILD hinya (short for hinanya, used as a vocative only). (For "child", Etym also has seldë; Tolkien changed the meaning from "daughter". Possibly, seldë is meant to have the meaning "female child", hence "girl". Selda was apparently introduced as a gender-neutral word for "child".) The word onna, elsewhere defined as “creature” and etymologically meaning *”something” begotten, is used for “child” in one late text (onnalya/onnalda “your [sg. and pl.] child”, VT49:41). –WJ:403, Silm:387/432, VT44:35, SEL-D-/VT46:13, VT49:41 -
3 THOU
(singular 2nd person pronoun, distinct from plural “you” – the Quenya forms here discussed are not archaic like English “thou”, but simply express singular “you”). Quenya makes a distinction between a formal or polite “thou” and an intimate or familiar “thou”, the latter being reserved for use between close friends, family members, and lovers (VT49:51, 52). The formal pronoun normally appears as the ending -lyë or (if shortened) -l that is added to verbs, e.g. hiruvalyë “thou shalt find ” (Nam), caril or carilyë *“thou dost” or *“you (sg.) do” (VT49:16). The short form in -l may be the more usual, though the long form -lye- must be used if a second pronominal ending denoting the object of the verb is to be added (e.g. *cenuvalyes “thou shalt see it”, with the ending -s “it” appended). The ending -lyë may also be added to prepositions (aselyë “with thee”, VT43:29). The independent pronoun is lye, with a long vowel (lyé, VT49:51) when stressed. This pronoun can also appear in object position (English “thee”), e.g. nai Eru lye mánata, by Tolkien translated “God bless you” (VT49:39). Case endings may be added, e.g. allative lyenna *“upon thee” (VT49:40, 41). There is also elyë “thou, even thou” (Nam, RGEO:67) as an emphatic pronoun (Nam); apparently this can also receive case endings. Such independent pronouns may also be used in copula-less constructions, e.g. aistana elyë "blessed [art] thou" (VT43:30). – The intimate or familiar pronoun is similar in form, only with t instead of l. The pronominal ending is thus -tyë, as in carityë “thou dost, you (sg.) do” (VT49:16). It is uncertain whether -tyë has a short form -t (the existence of a short form is explicitly denied in VT49:51, but -t is listed in VT49:48). At one conceptual stage Tolkien mentioned such an ending that could be added to imperatives (hecat “get thee gone”, WJ:364), but he may have dropped it because it clashed with -t as a dual ending on verbs. The independent pronoun is tye, with a long vowel when stressed (tyé, VT49:51); presumably there also exists an emphatic pronoun *etyë (still unattested). Like lye, the pronoun tye may also appear in object position (ar inyë, yonya, tye-méla “and I too, my son, love thee”, LR:61); we must also assume that tye (and emphatic *etyë) can receive case endings. – Genitive forms, see THY. -
4 BUT
A sting of different words for the conjunction "but" are attested. In the Etymologies, the word for "but" is ná or nán. In Fíriel's Song, the short variant nan appears. One text (VT49:15) uses apa for “but”, but elsewhere, this is a preposition “after”. In Tolkien's drafts for a Quenya version of the Lord's Prayer, he was experimenting with many words for "but": anat, onë, ono (VT43:23; ono occurs also in another text in VT44:5/9, and shorter nó is attested in VT41:13), but in the final version of the Lord's Prayer, he used mal. We cannot know how many of these alternatives Tolkien would have considered conceptually valid and which were just experimental. For the purpose of writing in Quenya, the variant ná is probably best avoided since it can be confused with the copula "is"; likewise, nán (and nan?) may also mean *"I am" (ná, na- + the pronominal ending -n "I"). The Lord's Prayer variants are less ambiguous, and mal (the word used in the final version) is perhaps the best alternative so far published. BUT meaning "only" (as in "I am but a boy") may be rendered by er (only, one, alone, still). BUT YET a-nanta, ananta (and yet) –NDAN, LT1:269, FS, VT41:13, VT43:23 -
5 US
The exclusive pronoun (us = “I and some others, not you”) is me (suffixed to ála “do not” in álamë tulya, "do not lead us”, VT43:12, 22). This pronoun evidently connects with the ending -lmë, see WE. Inclusive "us" (i.e. "you and me") should apparently be *ve (for older we), connecting with the subject ending -lvë (older -lwë). If the pronouns me, *ve are stressed, the vowel may be lengthened (mé, vé, VT49:51). In another conceptual phase, Tolkien’s word for inclusive "we, us" may have been *ngwë (Third Age Quenya *nwë), VT48:11. The dual forms receive the ending -t, hence met, wet > *vet as the words for “us” referring to only two persons (exclusive met = “me and one other [not you]”; inclusive wet/*vet = “thee and me”). – Evidently me, *ve would be the same as subject and object, so that these forms could also be translated "we" as a short independent pronoun, and they can also receive case endings, e.g. attested forms like locative messë "on us", allative mello "from us", dative men "for us", allative véna “to us”. The forms atarmë, metermë "for us" also seem to include me, but these forms were evidently ephemeral ("for us", exclusive, is better rendered as men, itself an attested form). –Nam/RGEO:67, VT43:15, 19, VT44:18, VT49:14 -
6 HAND
má (pl. allative mannar "into...hands" is attested in FS; the long á evidently becomes short a before a consonant cluster).The plural of má is máli, the dual is mát (VT47:6). For maqua as a colloquial term for "hand", and its secondary meanings, see separate entry HAND-FULL. The term palta is used of "the flat of the hand, the hand held upwards or forwards, flat and tensed (with fingers and thumb closed or spread" (VT47:9). Individual hand-names: forma "right hand", hyarma "left hand" (VT47:6, VT49:12). Other terms for "hand": nonda (said to mean "hand, especially in [?clutching]"; Tolkien's gloss was not certainly legible, VT47:23), quárë (this is properly "fist", but was often used for "hand" – see FIST); HOLLOW OF HAND cambë (also used simply = “hand”, as in cambeya “his hand”, VT49:17). A variant of this, camba, is in VT47:7 defined as "the whole hand, but as flexed, with fingers more or less closed, cupped, in the attitude of receiving or holding". HAND-LINK, see WRIST. Adj. HAVING HANDS mavoitë; HANDY, HANDED maitë (stem *maiti-) (skilled) (pl. maisi. When maitë is the final element of names, it is translated "handed" instead of "handy", e.g. Angamaitë "Iron-handed", morimaitë "blackhanded") For other "handed"-related terms, see HEAVYHAND(ED). Compound LANGUAGE OF THE HANDS mátengwië –MA3/LT2:339/VT39:10, FS, VT47:6, 9, 23, KWAR/Silm:429, KAB, LotR:1085 cf. Letters:425, LotR:1015/SD:68, 72, UT:460, VT47:9 -
7 WOMAN
nís (so in MR:213, Etym gives nis, but both sources agree that the pl is nissi (the alternative pl. form nísi in VT43:31 seems abnormal, since this would be expected to become *nízi > *níri). A longer form of nís/nis is nissë, clashing with *nissë "in me". For clarity writers should probably use the short sg nís, as Tolkien himself does in MR:213, with the stem niss- before endings, as in the pl. nissi). At the end of compounds the form –nis may occur, as in Artanis (see NOBLE WOMAN). A poetic word for "woman" is †ní (female). The form \#nína (gen. pl. nínaron attested, VT43:31) may have been but an ephemeral word for "woman" in Tolkien's conception. LARGE WOMAN nisto –NDIS/NĪ/NIS, MR:213, VT43:31, NĪ, INI, VT47:33 -
8 CARRIER
(the sign used to "carry" short vowel-symbols in the Tengwar system) anar (the word for "sun", which would require an initial vowel-carrier in the Tengwar mode used for Quenya) –VT45:6 -
9 DO
\#car- (make, build; see MAKE for various attested forms of this verb); NOT DO \#um- (cited in the form umin "I do not", 1st pers. aorist; also short uin) (pa.t. úmë, not to be confused with a noun meaning "collection, crowd"). This verb is also used = "not be", see BE concerning this and other verbs for “not do, not be”. DO NOT! (imperative) vá! (also = I will not); DON'T áva, avá, alalyë (the last form incorporates the ending -lyë "thou", hence "do not thou [do something]") DON'T DO IT! áva carë! SET VIGOROUSLY OUT TO DO horya- (be compelled to do something, have an impulse) DO BACK ahtar- or accar- (react; requite, avenge) –KAR, UGU/UMU, WJ:371, VT44:8, VT45:22, PE17:166 -
10 ONE
minë, min (obsoleting "Qenya" mir in LT1:260; a short variant min however appears in VT45:34, VT48:6), er (only, one, alone, but, still). A longer form of er, namely erëa, was possibly abandoned by Tolkien (VT44:17). Min, minë is "one" as the first of a series, whereas er is "one" in the context of something that is alone (Parma Eldalamberon \#14, p. 82). When used in connection with a noun, er precedes it (VT49:45; according to this souce, er is indeclinable). ONE (= a person, someone) quén, quen- as in pl. queni (unstressed quen, "as a pronoun or final element in a compound"), also mo as an indefinite personal pronoun “one” or “somebody”, used in a sentence like “if one speaks evil…” (VT49:19, 20). THE ONE Eru (see GOD). For fractions ONE THIRD, ONE FOURTH etc., see entries for THIRD, FOURTH etc. –MINI, ERE/VT44:17, VT48:6, WJ:361 cf. 360, Silm:15, 431 -
11 MAID, MAIDEN
wendë, vendë (the latter is the Exilic Quenya form), also short form wen with stem wend- as in pl. wendi (girl) (read v- for w- in Exilic Quenya). Tolkien also used the word wendë (variants vénë, véndë, read evidently vendë) to translate "virgin" in his Quenya version of a Catholic prayer, where the reference is to the Virgin Mary. According to VT47:17, this term can be used of a "maiden" of any age up to fully adult (until marriage). In compounds –wen, e.g. Nerwen "Man-maiden" (probably with stem *-wend-). MAIDENHOOD wendelë (Exilic Quenya *vendelë). –WEN, LT1:271/273/Silm:439, VT44:10, 18, VT47:17 -
12 MOTHER
amillë, also short amil (probably with stem amill-), ammë (see also MUMMY). The form ontaril in VT43:32 and the variants \#ontari, \#ontarië in VT44:7, 18 seem to be more technical terms, etymologically *"female begetter". MY MOTHER emya (for em-nya, VT48:19). MOTHER-NAME (OF INSIGHT) \#amilessë (tercenya) (i.e., names given by Elvish mothers to their children, indicating some dominant feature of the nature of the child as perceived by its mother. Only pl amilessi tercenyë is attested.) MOTHER OF GOD (Mary, in Tolkien's Quenya renderings of Catholic prayers) Eruamillë, Eruontari, Eruontarië –VT43:32, VT44:18-19, AM1, VT43:32, MR:217, VT43:32, VT44:7, 18 -
13 SON
yondo (male descendant), also short form yón (Yón referring to Jesus as "the Son" in the source); dative i yondon "to the Son" in VT43:36-37. Cf. also the suffix –ion, e.g. Finwion "son of Finwë". Variant yonyo "son, big boy" (a term also used for "middle finger" or "middle toe" in children's play, though Tolkien may have replaced it by hanno "brother", VT48:4). Vocative yonya *"my son", a contraction of *yondonya. (The forms vô, vondo "son" in LT2 are probably obsolete, as are the notions there recorded that yondo meant "(great) grandson" and that yô-, yond- "son" was used only in poetry. But LT2 does confirm that –ion was "very common...in patronymics".) SON OF THE DARK (= Morgoth) morion –YO, VT44:12, 17, VT43:36-37, MR:217, VT47:10, 15, LR:61, LT2:336, 344, LT1:260 cf. FS -
14 THINGOL
Singollo, short for Sindacollo (so in Silm:421; MR:217 and WJ:410 have Sindicollo, where the s represents original th, cf. PM:337, where the spelling Þindikollo is used [Þ = th as in thin]. Hence, these variant forms should be spelt with in initial súlë, not silmë, in Tengwar writing). However, it appears that Thingol was usually called Elwë in Quenya. –MR:385
См. также в других словарях:
for short — {adv. phr.} So as to make shorter; as an abbreviation or nickname. * /The boy s name was Humperdink, or Dink for short./ * /The National Broadcasting Company is called NBC for short./ … Dictionary of American idioms
for short — {adv. phr.} So as to make shorter; as an abbreviation or nickname. * /The boy s name was Humperdink, or Dink for short./ * /The National Broadcasting Company is called NBC for short./ … Dictionary of American idioms
for short — phrasal as an abbreviation < named Katherine or Kate for short > … New Collegiate Dictionary
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