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121 types of taxes
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122 caution
1. n осторожность, осмотрительность2. n предосторожность, предусмотрительность3. n предостережение, предупреждениеcaution! — осторожно!, берегись!
4. n юр. предупреждение арестованному при его задержании о том, что его слова могут быть использованы против него5. n юр. залог, поручительство; обеспечение6. n юр. шотл. амер. поручитель7. n разг. чудак, человек со странностямиhe is a caution! — никогда не знаешь, что он может натворить!
8. n разг. странная вещь; необыкновенное явлениеsome shoes you see these days are a caution — некоторые новые модели обуви — это просто ужас
9. v предупреждать, предостерегать; делать предупреждениеI cautioned him against being late — я предупредил его, что опаздывать нельзя
10. v юр. делать предупреждение арестованному при его задержании о том, что его слова могут быть использованы против негоСинонимический ряд:1. care (noun) canniness; care; circumspection; discreetness; discretion; foresight; forethought; heed; heedfulness; precaution; providence; prudence; regard; vigilance; wariness; watchfulness2. example (noun) example; lesson3. precaution (noun) calculation; circumspection; foresight; forethought; precaution; prudence; wariness4. warning (noun) admonishment; admonition; advice; caveat; commonition; counsel; forewarning; hint; injunction; monition; notice; premonition; warning5. alert (verb) admonish; advise; alarm; alert; counsel; enjoin; exhort; forewarn; warnАнтонимический ряд:challenge; indiscretion; recklessness -
123 fare
1. n плата за проезд; стоимость проездаexcess fare — доплата, приплата
2. n ездок, седок, пассажир3. n пища; провизия, съестные припасы; стол4. n амер. улов5. v поживать, жить, быть6. v питаться, кормиться7. v арх. путешествовать, ехатьyou may go farther and fare worse — будьте довольны тем, что имеете;
Синонимический ряд:1. admission (noun) admission; charge; fee2. fee for transportation (noun) book; fee for transportation; passage; passage money; tariff; ticket; token; toll3. food (noun) board; bread; edible; food; foodstuff; meals; meat; menu; provisions; rations; victuals4. paying passenger (noun) buyer; customer; occupant; passenger; patron; paying passenger; rider5. do (verb) do; experience; fend; get along; get by; get on; happen; manage; muddle through; prosper; prove wend; shift; stagger along; stagger on; turn out6. go (verb) go; hie; journey; pass; proceed; push on; repair; travel; wend -
124 Extravagance
subs.Want of control: P. ἀκράτεια, ἡ, ὕβρις, ἡ.Excess: P. and V. ὑπερβολή, ἡ.Extraordinariness: Ar. and P. ἀτοπία, ἡ.Squandering (of money, etc.): P. ἀσωτία, ἡ, πολυτέλεια, ἡ.Luxury: P. and V. τρυφή, ἡ.Novelty: P. καινότης, ἡ.Their private means through idleness are lost and wasted in extravagance: V. τὰ δʼ ἐν δόμοις δαπάναισι φροῦδα διαφυγόνθʼ ὑπʼ ἀργίας (Eur., H.F. 591).Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary. A vocabulary of the Attic language > Extravagance
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125 refund
A n remboursement m ; to get a refund on sth se faire rembourser qch ; did you get a refund? est-ce que tu t'es fait rembourser?B vtr rembourser [price, charge, excess paid] ; your expenses will be refunded vos frais vous seront remboursés ; I took the book back and they refunded the money j'ai rapporté le livre et ils me l'ont remboursé. -
126 inflationary
Econcharacterized by excess demand or high costs creating an excessive increase in the country’s money supply -
127 risk-adjusted return on capital
Finreturn on capital calculated in a way that takes into account the risks associated with income.EXAMPLEBeing able to compare a high-risk, potentially high-return investment with a low-risk, lower-return investment helps answer a key question that confronts every investor: is it worth the risk?There are several ways to calculate riskadjusted return. Each has its strengths and shortcomings. All require particular data, such as an investment’s rate of return, the risk-free return rate for a given period, and a market’s performance and its standard deviation.The choice of calculation depends on an investor’s focus: whether it is on upside gains or downside losses.Perhaps the most widely used is the Sharpe ratio. This measures the potential impact of return volatility on expected return and the amount of return earned per unit of risk. The higher a fund’s Sharpe ratio, the better its historical risk-adjusted performance, and the higher the number the greater the return per unit of risk. The formula is:(Portfolio return – Risk-free return)/Std deviation of portfolio return = Sharpe ratioTake, for example, two investments, one returning 54%, the other 26%. At first glance, the higher figure clearly looks like the better choice, but because of its high volatility it has a Sharpe ratio of 0.279, while the investment with a lower return has a ratio of 0.910. On a risk-adjusted basis the latter would be the wiser choice.The Treynor ratio also measures the excess of return per unit of risk. Its formula is:(Portfolio return – Risk-free return)/ Portfolio’s beta = Treynor ratioIn this formula (and others that follow), beta is a separately calculated figure that describes the tendency of an investment to respond to marketplace swings. The higher beta the greater the volatility, and vice versa.A third formula, Jensen’s measure, is often used to rate a money manager’s performance against a market index, and whether or not a investment’s risk was worth its reward. The formula is:(Portfolio return – Risk-free return) – Portfolio beta × (Benchmark return – Riskfree return) = Jensen’s measureThe ultimate business dictionary > risk-adjusted return on capital
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128 Yarrow, Sir Alfred Fernandez
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 13 January 1842 London, Englandd. 24 January 1932 London, England[br]English shipbuilder, naval architect, engineer and philanthropist.[br]At the conclusion of his schooling in the South of England, Yarrow became an indentured apprentice to the Thames engine-builder Ravenhill. During this five-year period various incidents and meetings sharpened his interest in scientific matters and he showed the skills that in later years were to be so beneficial to shipbuilding. For two years he acted as London representative for Ravenhill before joining up with a Mr Hedley to form a shipyard on the Isle of Dogs. The company lasted from 1868 until 1875 and in that period produced 350 small launches and other craft. This massive output enabled Yarrow to gain confidence in many aspects of ship design. Within two years of setting out on his own he built his first ship for the Royal Navy: a torpedo boat, then at the cutting edge of technology.In the early 1890s the company was building watertube boilers and producing destroyers with speeds in excess of 27 knots (50 km/h); it built the Russian destroyer Sokol, did pioneering work with aluminium and with high-tensile steels and worked on shipboard equipment to nullify vibrational effects. With the closure of most of the Thames shipyards and the run-down in skilled labour, Yarrow decided that the shipyard must move to some other part of the United Kingdom. After careful deliberation a green field site to the west of Glasgow was chosen, and in 1908 their first Clyde-built destroyer was launched. The company expanded, more building berths were arranged, boiler construction was developed and over the years they became recognized as specialists in smaller highspeed craft and in "knock down" ships for other parts of the world.Yarrow retired in 1913, but at the commencement of the First World War he returned to help the yard produce, in four years, twenty-nine destroyers with speeds of up to 40 knots (74 km/h). At the end of hostilities he gave of his time and money to many charities, including those for ex-servicemen. He left a remarkable industrial organization which remains to this day the most prolific builder of surface craft for the Royal Navy.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCreated Baronet 1916. FRS 1922. Vice-President, Institution of Naval Architects 1896.Further ReadingLady Yarrow, 1924, Alfred Yarrow, His Life and Work, London: Edward Arnold. A.Borthwick, 1965, Yarrow and Company Limited, The First Hundred Years 1865–1965, Glasgow.B.Baxter, 1986, "Alfred Fernandez Yarrow", Dictionary of Scottish Business Biography, Vol. I, pp. 245–7, Slaven \& Checkland and Aberdeen University Press.FMWBiographical history of technology > Yarrow, Sir Alfred Fernandez
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