esse

sī (orig. and ante-class. form seī), conj. [from a pronominal stem = Gr. he; Sanscr. sva-, self; cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 778; Curt. Gr. Etym. 396], a conditional particle, if.

Prop.

With indic.; so in gen., in conditions which are assumed to be true, with the verb in pres. or perf.; less freq. in imperf or pluperf.; and in conditions which may probably become true, with the verb in fut. or fut. perf. (Madv. Gram. § 332; Zumpt, Gram. § 517).

Pres.: SI IN IVS VOCAT, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 25, and ap. Porphyr. Hor. S. 1, 9, 65: SI MORBVS AEVITASVE VITIVM ESCIT... SI NOLET, etc., id. ap. Gell. l. l.: spero, si speres quicquam prodesse potis sunt, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 333 Müll. (Ann. v. 410 Vahl.):

si vis, dabo tibi testes,

Cic. Rep. 1, 37, 58:

si voltis,

id. ib. 1, 28, 44:

si placet,

id. ib. 2, 44, 71;

1, 21, 34: si tuo commodo fleri potest,

id. ib. 1, 9, 14:

si studia Graecorum vos tanto opere delectant,

id. ib. 1, 18, 30:

si populus plurimum potest,

id. ib. 3, 14, 23:

si Massilienses per delectos cives summā justitiā reguntur, inest tamen, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 27, 43; cf. id. Off. 3, 8, 35:

quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius exspectes, si nec privata domus continere voces conjurationis tuae potest? si illustrantur, si erumpunt omnia?

id. Cat. 1, 3, 6:

si pudor quaeritur, si probitas, si fides, Mancinus haec attulit,

id. Rep. 3, 18, 28:

Si quaerimus, cur, etc.,

id. Brut. 95, 325. —Strengthened by modo:

magnifica quidem res, si modo est ulla,

Cic. Div. 1, 1, 1:

deliget populus, si modo salvus esse vult, optimum quemque,

id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:

quae (virtus) est una, si modo est, maxime munifica,

id. ib. 3, 8, 12; id. Tusc. 2, 4, 33; id. de Or. 2, 43, 182:

si quisquam est facilis, hic est,

id. Att. 14, 1, 2:

si ulla res est, quam tibi me petente faciendam putes, haec ea sit,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 3, § 11:

SI AGNATVS NEC ESCIT, GENTILIS FAMILIAM NANCITOR, Fragm. XII. Tab. in Collat. Leg. Mos. et Rom. 16, 4: quae (libertas), si aequa non est, ne libertas quidem est,

Cic. Rep. 1, 31, 47; 1, 32, 49:

id si minus intellegitur, ex dissensionibus percipi potest,

id. Lael. 7, 23: BACANALIA SEI QVA SVNT, EXSTRAD QVAM SEI QVID IBEI SACRI EST... FACIATIS VTEI DISMOTA SIENT, S. C. de Bacch. fin.:

dicito, si quid vis, non nocebo,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 235:

si qui sunt, qui philosophorum auctoritate moveantur,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

si quid generis istiusmodi me delectat, pictura delectat,

id. Fam. 7, 23, 3:

si aliquid dandum est voluptati,

id. Sen. 13, 44;

four times repeated,

id. ib. 11, 38.—So esp. after mirum est or miror, as expressing reality (= quod or cum; cf. Gr. ei):

noli mirari, si hoc non impetras,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:

ecquid mirum est, si tam ab amico animo pacem petit? Curt 4, 11, 4: miraris, si superbiam tuam ferre non possumus?

id. 8, 7, 14.—

With a negative conclusion, to denote that, although the condition is true, or is conceded, a certain inference does not follow: nec, si omne enuntiatum aut verum aut falsum est, sequitur ilico esse causas, etc.,

Cic. Fat. 12, 28:

nec. si non obstatur, propterea etiam permittitur,

id. Phil. 13, 6, 19:

si veniam meretur qui inprudens nocuit, non meretur praemium qui inprudens profuit,

Quint. 5, 10, 73:

nec ideo ignis minus urere potest, si in materiam incidit inviolabilem flammis,

Sen. Ben. 5, 5, 1.—

Imperf.:

ea si erant, magnas habebas omnibus, dis gratias,

Plaut. As. 1, 2, 17; Cic. Rep. 1, 27, 43:

si quis antea mirabatur, quid esset, quod, etc.,

id. Sest. 1.—

Perf.:

SI MEMBRVM RVPIT NI CVM EO PACIT TALIO ESTO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Fest. s. v. talio, p. 363 Müll.: si animum contulisti in istam rationem, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 23, 37:

si Roma condita est secundo anno Olympiadis septimae, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 10, 18:

quos (tyrannos) si boni oppresserunt, recreatur civitas: sin audaces, fit illa factio,

id. ib. 1, 44, 68; cf. id. ib. 1, 42, 65:

si ita sensit, ut loquitur,

id. ib. 3, 21, 32;

1, 27, 43: si modo hoc in Lycurgi potestate potuit esse,

id. ib. 2, 12, 24:

si modo in philosophiā aliquid profecimus,

id. Off. 3, 8, 37: si quis eorum [p. 1689] (servorum) sub centone crepuit, nullum mihi vitium facit, Cato ap. Fest. s. v. prohibere, p. 234 sq. Müll.:

si quid sceleste fecit,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 27:

si quam opinionem jam vestris mentibus comprehendistis, etc.,

Cic. Clu. 2, 6:

si quando regi justo vim populus attulit regnove eum spoliavit, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 42, 65; cf. id. ib. 1, 38, 59; id. Lael. 7, 24.—After mirum est or miror, to express a reality (cf. a, supra):

minime mirum, si ista res adhuc nostrā linguā inlustrata non est,

Cic. de Or. 2, 13, 55; id. Deiot. 4, 12:

quid mirum, si haec invitus amisi?

Tac. A. 12, 37:

miraris, si eo tempore matrona dicere potuit, escende?

Sen. Contr. 2, 13, 1:

minime est mirandum, si vita ejus fuit secura,

Nep. Cim. 4, 4.—Very often followed by certe, profecto, etc., to express a conclusion, as certain as the unquestionable assumption:

quod si fuit in re publicā tempus ullum, cum, etc., tum profecto fuit,

Cic. Brut. 2, 7:

si quisquam fuit umquam remotus ab inani laude, ego profecto is sum,

id. Fam. 15, 4, 13:

etenim si nulla fuit umquam tam imbecillo mulier animo, quae, etc., certe nos, etc.,

id. Fam. 5, 16, 6:

si umquam in dicendo fuimus aliquid, tum profecto, etc.,

id. Att. 4, 2, 2; id. Mil. 2, 4; 7, 19.—Esp. with a negative conclusion (v. a fin. supra, and cf. quia, etsi):

non, si tibi ante profuit, semper proderit,

Cic. Phil. 8, 4, 12:

non, si Opimium defendisti, idcirco te isti bonum civem putabunt,

id. de Or. 2, 40, 170:

neque enim, si tuae res gestae ceterorum laudibus obscuritatem attulerunt, idcirco Pompeii memoriam amisimus,

id. Deiot. 4, 12:

nec, si capitis dolorem facit, inutilis hominibus sol est,

Quint. 5, 10, 82.—

Pluperf.: si improbum Cresphontem existimaveras, etc., Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:

nec mirum, eos si orationes turbaverant,

Liv. 32, 20, 2 (Trag. v. 156 Vahl.):

si hoc ita fato datum erat, ut,

Liv. 30, 30, 3.—So esp. in indef. clauses of repeated action:

plausum si quis eorum aliquando acceperat, ne quid peccasset pertimescebat,

whenever, Cic. Sest. 49, 105:

si quando nostri navem religaverant, hostes succurrebant,

Caes. B. C. 2, 6:

si quando suis fortunis forte desperare coeperant,

id. B. G. 3, 12.—

Fut.: SI VOLET SVO VIVITO... SI VOLET PLVS DATO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 45; cf.: si voles advortere animum, comiter monstrabitur, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 89 Müll. (Trag. v. 386 Vahl.); and:

alte spectare si voles, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 6, 23, 25:

si jam eminebit foras,

id. ib. 6, 26, 29:

si me audietis,

id. ib. 1, 19, 32:

si mutuas non potero certum est sumam fenore,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 95:

id persequar, si potero, subtilius,

Cic. Rep. 2, 23, 42; cf. in the foll. z:

nihil (offendet) si modo opus exstabit,

id. ib. 5, 3, 5:

si quid te volam, ubi eris?

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 96: si quod aliud oikeion reperies, Cic. Att. 1, 10, 3.—

Fut. perf.: si te hic offendero, moriere, Enn. ap. Cic. Att. 7, 26, 1 (Trag. v. 301 Vahl.):

si nostram rem publicam vobis et nascentem et crescentem ostendero,

Cic. Rep. 2, 1, 3:

tum magis assentiere, si ad majora pervenero,

id. ib. 1, 40, 62:

expediri quae restant vix poterunt, si hoc incohatum reliqueris,

id. ib. 1, 35, 55;

1, 24, 38: pergratum mihi feceris, si de amicitiā disputaris,

id. Lael. 4, 16:

accommodabo ad eam (rem publicam), si potuero, omnem illam orationem, etc.... quod si tenere et consequi potuero, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 46, 70; so,

si potuero,

id. ib. 2, 30, 53; id. Brut. 5, 21:

si potuerit,

id. Off. 3, 23, 89:

si modo id exprimere Latine potuero,

id. Rep. 1, 43, 66:

si modo interpretari potuero,

id. Leg. 2, 18, 45:

si ne ei caput exoculassitis,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 26: si quid vos per laborem recte feceritis... Sed si quā per voluptatem nequiter feceritis, etc., Cato ap. Gell. 16, 1, 4:

de iis te, si qui me forte locus admonuerit, commonebo,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 47.—

With subj.; so in gen. of conditions assumed in statement, but implied not to be actual; the verb in pres. (rarely perf.) implies that the condition is still possible; in the imperf. and pluperf., that it is known to be unreal (Madv. Gram. § 347 sqq.; Zumpt, Gram. § 524).

Pres.:

si habeat aurum,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 12:

abire hinc nullo pacto possim, si velim,

id. ib. 2, 2, 2; so,

si velim,

Cic. Rep. 3, 10, 17:

cum ipsi auxilium ferre, si cupiant, non queant,

id. ib. 1, 5, 9:

si singulos numeremus,

id. ib. 3, 4, 7: si jus suum populi teneant, id. ib. 1, 32, 48:

si Scipionis desiderio me moveri negem,

id. Lael. 3, 10:

si ad verba rem deflectere velimus,

id. Caecin. 18, 51:

si quis varias gentes despicere possit, videat primum, etc.,

id. Rep. 3, 9, 14.—In expressing a wish ( poet. for utinam), usu. with O:

O si angulus ille accedat, qui, etc.,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 8; 2, 6, 10:

O mihi praeteritos referat si Juppiter annos,

Verg. A. 8, 560;

also alone: si nunc se nobis ille aureus arbore ramus Ostendat nemore in tanto!

would that, yet if, if however, id. ib. 6, 187:

si quā fata aspera rumpas, Tu Marcellus eris,

id. ib. 6, 882; cf. b, infra.—

Imperf.:

qui si unus omnia consequi posset, nihil opus esset pluribus, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 34, 52:

quae descriptio si esset ignota vobis, explicaretur a me,

id. ib. 2, 22, 39:

si ullum probarem simplex rei publicae genus,

id. ib. 2, 23, 43:

quod non fecissent profecto, si nihil ad eos pertinere arbitrarentur,

id. Lael. 4, 13; cf. id. Verr. 2, 5, 51, § 133; v. Zumpt, Gram. § 525: SEI QVES ESENT, QVEI SIBEI DEICERENT, S. C. de Bacch (twice). —Also with O, expressing a wish ( poet.):

O si solitae quicquam virtutis adesset,

Verg. A. 11, 415;

and without O: si mihi, quae quondam fuerat... si nunc foret illa juventus,

id. ib. 5, 398.—

Perf.: SI INIVRIAM FAXIT ALTERI, VIGINTI QVINQVE AERIS POENAE SVNTO, Fragm. XII. Tabularum ap. Gell. 20, 1, 12: si jam data sit frux, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 724 P. (Ann. v. 412 Vahl.):

perii, si me aspexerit!

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 164:

victus sum, si dixeris,

id. ib. 1, 1, 272:

Romani si casu intervenerint,

Caes. B. G. 7, 20, Cic. Rep. 3, 5, 8.—

Pluperf.:

si aliter accidisset,

Cic. Rep. 1, 4, 7:

tum magis id diceres, si nuper in hortis Scipionis affuisses,

id. Lael. 7, 25:

mansisset eadem voluntas in eorum posteris, si regum similitudo permansisset,

id. Rep. 1, 41, 64:

si id fecisses,

id. Phil. 2, 2, 3; 2, 15, 38; 2, 36, 90:

si quis in caelum ascendisset, etc.,

id. Lael. 23, 88:

si aliquid de summā gravitate Pompeius remisisset,

id. Phil. 13, 1, 2.—

Ellipt.

With pron. indef:

istae artes, si modo aliquid, valent, ut acuant ingenia,

Cic. Rep. 1, 18, 30:

aut nemo, aut, si quisquam, ille sapiens fuit,

id. Lael. 2, 9; id. Or. 29, 103.—

In a negation, usu. si minus, si contra (= sin minus, sin aliter):

plures haec tulit una civitas, si minus sapientes, at certe summā laude dignos,

Cic. Rep. 3, 4, 7:

educ tecum omnes tuos: si minus, quam plurimos,

id. Cat. 1, 5, 10; id. de Or. 2, 16, 68, in this sense less freq. si non:

utrum cetera nomina digesta habes an non? Si non... si etiam,

id. Rosc. Com. 3, 9:

si haec civitas est, civem esse me: si non, exsulem esse, etc.,

id. Fam. 7, 3, 5; Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 104 sq.; id. Ps. 3, 2, 87; id. Poen. 5, 2, 24; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 66; 1, 6, 68; Liv. 28, 29, 4:

hic venit in judicium, si nihil aliud, saltem ut, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 58, § 152; so, si nihil aliud, Liv 22, 29; 30, 35; 45, 37 fin., Curt. 4, 6, 28:

si aliud nihil,

id. 2, 43.—

With forte:

intelleges esse nihil a me nisi orationis acerbitatem et, si forte, raro litterarum missarum indiligentiam reprehensam,

perhaps, Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 7; cf.:

vereor, ne nihil sim tui, nisi supplosionem pedis imitatus et pauca quaedam verba et aliquem, si forte, motum,

id. de Or. 3, 12, 47.—

With quod, and if, but if, if however, if:

quod si in philosophiā tantum interest... quid tandem in causis existimandum est?

Cic. Or. 16, 51:

quod si fuit in re publicā tempus ullum... tum profecto fuit,

id. Brut. 2, 7:

quod si exemeris ex rerum naturā benevolentiae conjunctionem, nec domus ulla nec urbs stare poterit,

id. Lael. 7, 23; id. Rep. 3, 4, 7:

quod si non hic tantus fructus ostenderetur et si ex his studiis delectatio sola peteretur: tamen, etc.,

id. Arch. 7, 16; id. Cat. 2, 5, 10; id. Rosc. Com. 18, 54.—

In partic.

In subject or object-clauses, si with subj. sometimes takes the place of an inf.:

apud Graecos opprobrio fuit adulescentibus, si amatores non haberent,

Cic. Rep. 4, 3, 3: summa gloria constat ex tribus his;

si diligit multitudo, si fidem habet, etc.,

id. Off. 2, 9, 31:

unam esse spem salutis docent, si eruptione factā extremum auxilium experirentur,

Caes. B. G. 3, 5:

illud ignoscere aequum erit, si... ne tuam quidem gloriam praeponam, etc.,

Liv. 28, 41, 1; Nep. Ages. 4, 3: infinitum est, si singulos velim persequi. Sen. Q. N. 5, 17, 5; id. Tranq. 16, 2 (cf. si after mirum est, I. a. fin. supra).—

In subst. clauses, to denote a doubtful assumption or future event (cf. quod):

dixerunt, in eo verti puellae salutem, si postero die vindex injuriae ad tempus praesto esset,

Liv. 3, 46:

adjecerunt, Scipionem in eo positam habuisse spem pacis, si Hannibal et Mago ex Italiā non revocarentur,

id. 30, 23; 35, 18.—

Si with a relative takes the place of a relative clause, to express a class the existence or extent of which is doubtful: mortem proposuit, non eis solum qui illam rem gesserunt, sed eis etiam si qui non moleste tulerunt, i. e. if such there were, whether few or many, Cic. Phil. 13, 18, 39; id. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 9:

dixit errare, si qui in bello omnis secundos rerum proventus expectent,

Caes. B. G. 7, 29:

errat, si quis existimat facilem rem esse donare,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 24, 1; Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44; Liv. 42, 31.—

In syllogistic reasonings:

si oportet velle sapere, dare operam philosophiae convenit. Oportet autem velle sapere, etc.,

Cic. Inv. 1, 36, 65:

si enim est verum, quod ita conectitur: si quis oriente Caniculā natus est, in mari non morietur, illud quoque verum est: si Fabius oriente Canicula natus est, Fabius in mari non morietur,

id. Fat. 6, 12.—

= etiamsi, with foll. tamen, even if, although, albeit (class.):

quae si exsequi nequirem, tamen, etc.,

Cic. Sen. 11, 38; cf.:

quae si causa non esset, tamen, etc.,

id. Mur. 4, 8; and:

quae si dubia essent, tamen, etc.,

Sall. J. 85, 48.—

Transf., in dependent clauses expressing an interrogation or doubt, it is nearly = num, but forms a looser connection, if, whether, if perchance (class., but very rare in Cic.):

ibo et visam huc ad eum, si forte est domi,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 5, 4; Ter. Eun. 3, 4, 7; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 118; cf. id. Phorm. 3, 3, 20:

jam sciam, si quid titubatum est, ubi reliquias videro,

Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 33; cf. id. Merc. 1, 2, 44:

fatis incerta feror, si Juppiter unam Esse velit urbem,

Verg. A. 4, 110; Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 52:

primum ab iis quaesivit, si aquam hominibus in totidem dies, quot frumentum imposuissent,

Liv. 29, 25; 39, 50:

id modo quaeritur, si (lex) majori parti et in summam prodest,

id. 34, 3; cf. id. 40, 49 fin.:

jam dudum exspecto, si tuom officium scias,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 12:

hanc (paludem) si nostri transirent, hostes exspectabant,

Caes. B. G. 2, 9; id. B. C. 2, 34; cf.:

Pompeius eadem spectans, si itinere impeditos deprehendere posset,

id. ib. 3, 75:

non recusavit quo minus vel extremo spiritu, si quam opem rei publicae ferre posset, experiretur,

Cic. Phil. 9, 1, 2; cf. id. de Or. 2, 85, 398:

statui expectandum esse si quid certius adferretur,

id. Fam. 15, 1, 2:

Philopoemen quaesivit si Lycortas incolumis evasisset,

Liv. 39, 50:

expertique simul, si tela artusque sequantur,

Val. Fl. 5, 562:

Helvetii nonnumquam interdiu, saepius noctu, si perrumpere possent, conati,

Caes. B. G. 1, 8 fin.; cf.:

temptata res est, si primo impetu capi Ardea posset,

Liv. 1, 57.—

With ellipsis of a verb or clause on which the condition depends (cf. I. c. supra): ei rei suam operam dat, si possiet illam invenire ( to see) whether he can, Plaut. Cist. 1, 3, 37:

L. Minucium cum omni equitatu praemittit, si quid celeritate itineris proficere possit,

to see, to try, Caes. B. G. 6, 29 fin.:

circumfunduntur hostes, si quem aditum reperire possent,

id. ib. 6, 37:

fame et inopiā adductos clam ex castris exisse, si quid frumenti in agris reperire possent,

id. ib. 7, 20, 10; cf. id. ib. 7, 55 fin.; 7, 89 fin.; id. B. C. 3, 8 fin.; 3, 56:

pergit ad speluncam, si forte eo vestigia ferrent,

Liv. 1, 7:

saxa volvebant, si quā Possent tectam aciem perrumpere,

Verg. A. 9, 512:

ad Gonnum castra movet, si potiri oppido posset,

Liv. 42, 67, 6: haud aspernatus Tullius, tamen, si vana adferantur, in aciem educit ( that he might be ready) if, etc., id. 1, 23, 6:

milites in praesidio erant, si quo operā eorum opus esset,

id. 27, 28, 5:

alii offerunt se, si quo usus operae sit,

id. 26, 9, 9: ille postea, si comitia sua non fierent, urbi minari, i. e. ( that he would attack it) if, etc., Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3:

Carthaginiensibus in Hasdrubale ita, si is movisset Syphacem, spes omnis erat,

Liv. 29, 35, 9; 5, 8, 9:

consul aedem Fortunae vovit, si eo die hostis fudisset,

id. 29, 36, 8: erat Athenis reo damnato, si fraus capitalis non esset, quasi [p. 1690] poenae aestimatio, Cic. de Or. 1, 54, 232: quattuor legiones Cornelio, si qui ex Etruriā novi motus nuntiarentur, relictae, to meet the case, that, to be ready, if, etc., Liv. 6, 22:

is in armis tenuit militem, si opus foret auxilio,

id. 5, 8:

ut patricios indignatio, si cum his gerendus esset honos, deterreret,

id. 4, 6, 10; 1, 40, 2; 24, 36.—

Si... si, for sive... sive, whether... or:

si deus si dea es,

Cato, R. R. 139; cf.:

hostiam si deo, si deae immolabant,

Gell. 2, 28, 3.

sī (orig. and ante-class. form seī), conj. [from a pronominal stem = Gr. he; Sanscr. sva-, self; cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 778; Curt. Gr. Etym. 396], a conditional particle, if.

Prop.

With indic.; so in gen., in conditions which are assumed to be true, with the verb in pres. or perf.; less freq. in imperf or pluperf.; and in conditions which may probably become true, with the verb in fut. or fut. perf. (Madv. Gram. § 332; Zumpt, Gram. § 517).

Pres.: SI IN IVS VOCAT, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 25, and ap. Porphyr. Hor. S. 1, 9, 65: SI MORBVS AEVITASVE VITIVM ESCIT... SI NOLET, etc., id. ap. Gell. l. l.: spero, si speres quicquam prodesse potis sunt, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 333 Müll. (Ann. v. 410 Vahl.):

si vis, dabo tibi testes,

Cic. Rep. 1, 37, 58:

si voltis,

id. ib. 1, 28, 44:

si placet,

id. ib. 2, 44, 71;

1, 21, 34: si tuo commodo fleri potest,

id. ib. 1, 9, 14:

si studia Graecorum vos tanto opere delectant,

id. ib. 1, 18, 30:

si populus plurimum potest,

id. ib. 3, 14, 23:

si Massilienses per delectos cives summā justitiā reguntur, inest tamen, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 27, 43; cf. id. Off. 3, 8, 35:

quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius exspectes, si nec privata domus continere voces conjurationis tuae potest? si illustrantur, si erumpunt omnia?

id. Cat. 1, 3, 6:

si pudor quaeritur, si probitas, si fides, Mancinus haec attulit,

id. Rep. 3, 18, 28:

Si quaerimus, cur, etc.,

id. Brut. 95, 325. —Strengthened by modo:

magnifica quidem res, si modo est ulla,

Cic. Div. 1, 1, 1:

deliget populus, si modo salvus esse vult, optimum quemque,

id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:

quae (virtus) est una, si modo est, maxime munifica,

id. ib. 3, 8, 12; id. Tusc. 2, 4, 33; id. de Or. 2, 43, 182:

si quisquam est facilis, hic est,

id. Att. 14, 1, 2:

si ulla res est, quam tibi me petente faciendam putes, haec ea sit,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 3, § 11:

SI AGNATVS NEC ESCIT, GENTILIS FAMILIAM NANCITOR, Fragm. XII. Tab. in Collat. Leg. Mos. et Rom. 16, 4: quae (libertas), si aequa non est, ne libertas quidem est,

Cic. Rep. 1, 31, 47; 1, 32, 49:

id si minus intellegitur, ex dissensionibus percipi potest,

id. Lael. 7, 23: BACANALIA SEI QVA SVNT, EXSTRAD QVAM SEI QVID IBEI SACRI EST... FACIATIS VTEI DISMOTA SIENT, S. C. de Bacch. fin.:

dicito, si quid vis, non nocebo,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 235:

si qui sunt, qui philosophorum auctoritate moveantur,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

si quid generis istiusmodi me delectat, pictura delectat,

id. Fam. 7, 23, 3:

si aliquid dandum est voluptati,

id. Sen. 13, 44;

four times repeated,

id. ib. 11, 38.—So esp. after mirum est or miror, as expressing reality (= quod or cum; cf. Gr. ei):

noli mirari, si hoc non impetras,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:

ecquid mirum est, si tam ab amico animo pacem petit? Curt 4, 11, 4: miraris, si superbiam tuam ferre non possumus?

id. 8, 7, 14.—

With a negative conclusion, to denote that, although the condition is true, or is conceded, a certain inference does not follow: nec, si omne enuntiatum aut verum aut falsum est, sequitur ilico esse causas, etc.,

Cic. Fat. 12, 28:

nec. si non obstatur, propterea etiam permittitur,

id. Phil. 13, 6, 19:

si veniam meretur qui inprudens nocuit, non meretur praemium qui inprudens profuit,

Quint. 5, 10, 73:

nec ideo ignis minus urere potest, si in materiam incidit inviolabilem flammis,

Sen. Ben. 5, 5, 1.—

Imperf.:

ea si erant, magnas habebas omnibus, dis gratias,

Plaut. As. 1, 2, 17; Cic. Rep. 1, 27, 43:

si quis antea mirabatur, quid esset, quod, etc.,

id. Sest. 1.—

Perf.:

SI MEMBRVM RVPIT NI CVM EO PACIT TALIO ESTO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Fest. s. v. talio, p. 363 Müll.: si animum contulisti in istam rationem, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 23, 37:

si Roma condita est secundo anno Olympiadis septimae, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 10, 18:

quos (tyrannos) si boni oppresserunt, recreatur civitas: sin audaces, fit illa factio,

id. ib. 1, 44, 68; cf. id. ib. 1, 42, 65:

si ita sensit, ut loquitur,

id. ib. 3, 21, 32;

1, 27, 43: si modo hoc in Lycurgi potestate potuit esse,

id. ib. 2, 12, 24:

si modo in philosophiā aliquid profecimus,

id. Off. 3, 8, 37: si quis eorum [p. 1689] (servorum) sub centone crepuit, nullum mihi vitium facit, Cato ap. Fest. s. v. prohibere, p. 234 sq. Müll.:

si quid sceleste fecit,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 27:

si quam opinionem jam vestris mentibus comprehendistis, etc.,

Cic. Clu. 2, 6:

si quando regi justo vim populus attulit regnove eum spoliavit, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 42, 65; cf. id. ib. 1, 38, 59; id. Lael. 7, 24.—After mirum est or miror, to express a reality (cf. a, supra):

minime mirum, si ista res adhuc nostrā linguā inlustrata non est,

Cic. de Or. 2, 13, 55; id. Deiot. 4, 12:

quid mirum, si haec invitus amisi?

Tac. A. 12, 37:

miraris, si eo tempore matrona dicere potuit, escende?

Sen. Contr. 2, 13, 1:

minime est mirandum, si vita ejus fuit secura,

Nep. Cim. 4, 4.—Very often followed by certe, profecto, etc., to express a conclusion, as certain as the unquestionable assumption:

quod si fuit in re publicā tempus ullum, cum, etc., tum profecto fuit,

Cic. Brut. 2, 7:

si quisquam fuit umquam remotus ab inani laude, ego profecto is sum,

id. Fam. 15, 4, 13:

etenim si nulla fuit umquam tam imbecillo mulier animo, quae, etc., certe nos, etc.,

id. Fam. 5, 16, 6:

si umquam in dicendo fuimus aliquid, tum profecto, etc.,

id. Att. 4, 2, 2; id. Mil. 2, 4; 7, 19.—Esp. with a negative conclusion (v. a fin. supra, and cf. quia, etsi):

non, si tibi ante profuit, semper proderit,

Cic. Phil. 8, 4, 12:

non, si Opimium defendisti, idcirco te isti bonum civem putabunt,

id. de Or. 2, 40, 170:

neque enim, si tuae res gestae ceterorum laudibus obscuritatem attulerunt, idcirco Pompeii memoriam amisimus,

id. Deiot. 4, 12:

nec, si capitis dolorem facit, inutilis hominibus sol est,

Quint. 5, 10, 82.—

Pluperf.: si improbum Cresphontem existimaveras, etc., Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:

nec mirum, eos si orationes turbaverant,

Liv. 32, 20, 2 (Trag. v. 156 Vahl.):

si hoc ita fato datum erat, ut,

Liv. 30, 30, 3.—So esp. in indef. clauses of repeated action:

plausum si quis eorum aliquando acceperat, ne quid peccasset pertimescebat,

whenever, Cic. Sest. 49, 105:

si quando nostri navem religaverant, hostes succurrebant,

Caes. B. C. 2, 6:

si quando suis fortunis forte desperare coeperant,

id. B. G. 3, 12.—

Fut.: SI VOLET SVO VIVITO... SI VOLET PLVS DATO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 45; cf.: si voles advortere animum, comiter monstrabitur, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 89 Müll. (Trag. v. 386 Vahl.); and:

alte spectare si voles, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 6, 23, 25:

si jam eminebit foras,

id. ib. 6, 26, 29:

si me audietis,

id. ib. 1, 19, 32:

si mutuas non potero certum est sumam fenore,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 95:

id persequar, si potero, subtilius,

Cic. Rep. 2, 23, 42; cf. in the foll. z:

nihil (offendet) si modo opus exstabit,

id. ib. 5, 3, 5:

si quid te volam, ubi eris?

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 96: si quod aliud oikeion reperies, Cic. Att. 1, 10, 3.—

Fut. perf.: si te hic offendero, moriere, Enn. ap. Cic. Att. 7, 26, 1 (Trag. v. 301 Vahl.):

si nostram rem publicam vobis et nascentem et crescentem ostendero,

Cic. Rep. 2, 1, 3:

tum magis assentiere, si ad majora pervenero,

id. ib. 1, 40, 62:

expediri quae restant vix poterunt, si hoc incohatum reliqueris,

id. ib. 1, 35, 55;

1, 24, 38: pergratum mihi feceris, si de amicitiā disputaris,

id. Lael. 4, 16:

accommodabo ad eam (rem publicam), si potuero, omnem illam orationem, etc.... quod si tenere et consequi potuero, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 46, 70; so,

si potuero,

id. ib. 2, 30, 53; id. Brut. 5, 21:

si potuerit,

id. Off. 3, 23, 89:

si modo id exprimere Latine potuero,

id. Rep. 1, 43, 66:

si modo interpretari potuero,

id. Leg. 2, 18, 45:

si ne ei caput exoculassitis,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 26: si quid vos per laborem recte feceritis... Sed si quā per voluptatem nequiter feceritis, etc., Cato ap. Gell. 16, 1, 4:

de iis te, si qui me forte locus admonuerit, commonebo,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 47.—

With subj.; so in gen. of conditions assumed in statement, but implied not to be actual; the verb in pres. (rarely perf.) implies that the condition is still possible; in the imperf. and pluperf., that it is known to be unreal (Madv. Gram. § 347 sqq.; Zumpt, Gram. § 524).

Pres.:

si habeat aurum,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 12:

abire hinc nullo pacto possim, si velim,

id. ib. 2, 2, 2; so,

si velim,

Cic. Rep. 3, 10, 17:

cum ipsi auxilium ferre, si cupiant, non queant,

id. ib. 1, 5, 9:

si singulos numeremus,

id. ib. 3, 4, 7: si jus suum populi teneant, id. ib. 1, 32, 48:

si Scipionis desiderio me moveri negem,

id. Lael. 3, 10:

si ad verba rem deflectere velimus,

id. Caecin. 18, 51:

si quis varias gentes despicere possit, videat primum, etc.,

id. Rep. 3, 9, 14.—In expressing a wish ( poet. for utinam), usu. with O:

O si angulus ille accedat, qui, etc.,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 8; 2, 6, 10:

O mihi praeteritos referat si Juppiter annos,

Verg. A. 8, 560;

also alone: si nunc se nobis ille aureus arbore ramus Ostendat nemore in tanto!

would that, yet if, if however, id. ib. 6, 187:

si quā fata aspera rumpas, Tu Marcellus eris,

id. ib. 6, 882; cf. b, infra.—

Imperf.:

qui si unus omnia consequi posset, nihil opus esset pluribus, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 34, 52:

quae descriptio si esset ignota vobis, explicaretur a me,

id. ib. 2, 22, 39:

si ullum probarem simplex rei publicae genus,

id. ib. 2, 23, 43:

quod non fecissent profecto, si nihil ad eos pertinere arbitrarentur,

id. Lael. 4, 13; cf. id. Verr. 2, 5, 51, § 133; v. Zumpt, Gram. § 525: SEI QVES ESENT, QVEI SIBEI DEICERENT, S. C. de Bacch (twice). —Also with O, expressing a wish ( poet.):

O si solitae quicquam virtutis adesset,

Verg. A. 11, 415;

and without O: si mihi, quae quondam fuerat... si nunc foret illa juventus,

id. ib. 5, 398.—

Perf.: SI INIVRIAM FAXIT ALTERI, VIGINTI QVINQVE AERIS POENAE SVNTO, Fragm. XII. Tabularum ap. Gell. 20, 1, 12: si jam data sit frux, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 724 P. (Ann. v. 412 Vahl.):

perii, si me aspexerit!

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 164:

victus sum, si dixeris,

id. ib. 1, 1, 272:

Romani si casu intervenerint,

Caes. B. G. 7, 20, Cic. Rep. 3, 5, 8.—

Pluperf.:

si aliter accidisset,

Cic. Rep. 1, 4, 7:

tum magis id diceres, si nuper in hortis Scipionis affuisses,

id. Lael. 7, 25:

mansisset eadem voluntas in eorum posteris, si regum similitudo permansisset,

id. Rep. 1, 41, 64:

si id fecisses,

id. Phil. 2, 2, 3; 2, 15, 38; 2, 36, 90:

si quis in caelum ascendisset, etc.,

id. Lael. 23, 88:

si aliquid de summā gravitate Pompeius remisisset,

id. Phil. 13, 1, 2.—

Ellipt.

With pron. indef:

istae artes, si modo aliquid, valent, ut acuant ingenia,

Cic. Rep. 1, 18, 30:

aut nemo, aut, si quisquam, ille sapiens fuit,

id. Lael. 2, 9; id. Or. 29, 103.—

In a negation, usu. si minus, si contra (= sin minus, sin aliter):

plures haec tulit una civitas, si minus sapientes, at certe summā laude dignos,

Cic. Rep. 3, 4, 7:

educ tecum omnes tuos: si minus, quam plurimos,

id. Cat. 1, 5, 10; id. de Or. 2, 16, 68, in this sense less freq. si non:

utrum cetera nomina digesta habes an non? Si non... si etiam,

id. Rosc. Com. 3, 9:

si haec civitas est, civem esse me: si non, exsulem esse, etc.,

id. Fam. 7, 3, 5; Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 104 sq.; id. Ps. 3, 2, 87; id. Poen. 5, 2, 24; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 66; 1, 6, 68; Liv. 28, 29, 4:

hic venit in judicium, si nihil aliud, saltem ut, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 58, § 152; so, si nihil aliud, Liv 22, 29; 30, 35; 45, 37 fin., Curt. 4, 6, 28:

si aliud nihil,

id. 2, 43.—

With forte:

intelleges esse nihil a me nisi orationis acerbitatem et, si forte, raro litterarum missarum indiligentiam reprehensam,

perhaps, Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 7; cf.:

vereor, ne nihil sim tui, nisi supplosionem pedis imitatus et pauca quaedam verba et aliquem, si forte, motum,

id. de Or. 3, 12, 47.—

With quod, and if, but if, if however, if:

quod si in philosophiā tantum interest... quid tandem in causis existimandum est?

Cic. Or. 16, 51:

quod si fuit in re publicā tempus ullum... tum profecto fuit,

id. Brut. 2, 7:

quod si exemeris ex rerum naturā benevolentiae conjunctionem, nec domus ulla nec urbs stare poterit,

id. Lael. 7, 23; id. Rep. 3, 4, 7:

quod si non hic tantus fructus ostenderetur et si ex his studiis delectatio sola peteretur: tamen, etc.,

id. Arch. 7, 16; id. Cat. 2, 5, 10; id. Rosc. Com. 18, 54.—

In partic.

In subject or object-clauses, si with subj. sometimes takes the place of an inf.:

apud Graecos opprobrio fuit adulescentibus, si amatores non haberent,

Cic. Rep. 4, 3, 3: summa gloria constat ex tribus his;

si diligit multitudo, si fidem habet, etc.,

id. Off. 2, 9, 31:

unam esse spem salutis docent, si eruptione factā extremum auxilium experirentur,

Caes. B. G. 3, 5:

illud ignoscere aequum erit, si... ne tuam quidem gloriam praeponam, etc.,

Liv. 28, 41, 1; Nep. Ages. 4, 3: infinitum est, si singulos velim persequi. Sen. Q. N. 5, 17, 5; id. Tranq. 16, 2 (cf. si after mirum est, I. a. fin. supra).—

In subst. clauses, to denote a doubtful assumption or future event (cf. quod):

dixerunt, in eo verti puellae salutem, si postero die vindex injuriae ad tempus praesto esset,

Liv. 3, 46:

adjecerunt, Scipionem in eo positam habuisse spem pacis, si Hannibal et Mago ex Italiā non revocarentur,

id. 30, 23; 35, 18.—

Si with a relative takes the place of a relative clause, to express a class the existence or extent of which is doubtful: mortem proposuit, non eis solum qui illam rem gesserunt, sed eis etiam si qui non moleste tulerunt, i. e. if such there were, whether few or many, Cic. Phil. 13, 18, 39; id. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 9:

dixit errare, si qui in bello omnis secundos rerum proventus expectent,

Caes. B. G. 7, 29:

errat, si quis existimat facilem rem esse donare,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 24, 1; Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44; Liv. 42, 31.—

In syllogistic reasonings:

si oportet velle sapere, dare operam philosophiae convenit. Oportet autem velle sapere, etc.,

Cic. Inv. 1, 36, 65:

si enim est verum, quod ita conectitur: si quis oriente Caniculā natus est, in mari non morietur, illud quoque verum est: si Fabius oriente Canicula natus est, Fabius in mari non morietur,

id. Fat. 6, 12.—

= etiamsi, with foll. tamen, even if, although, albeit (class.):

quae si exsequi nequirem, tamen, etc.,

Cic. Sen. 11, 38; cf.:

quae si causa non esset, tamen, etc.,

id. Mur. 4, 8; and:

quae si dubia essent, tamen, etc.,

Sall. J. 85, 48.—

Transf., in dependent clauses expressing an interrogation or doubt, it is nearly = num, but forms a looser connection, if, whether, if perchance (class., but very rare in Cic.):

ibo et visam huc ad eum, si forte est domi,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 5, 4; Ter. Eun. 3, 4, 7; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 118; cf. id. Phorm. 3, 3, 20:

jam sciam, si quid titubatum est, ubi reliquias videro,

Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 33; cf. id. Merc. 1, 2, 44:

fatis incerta feror, si Juppiter unam Esse velit urbem,

Verg. A. 4, 110; Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 52:

primum ab iis quaesivit, si aquam hominibus in totidem dies, quot frumentum imposuissent,

Liv. 29, 25; 39, 50:

id modo quaeritur, si (lex) majori parti et in summam prodest,

id. 34, 3; cf. id. 40, 49 fin.:

jam dudum exspecto, si tuom officium scias,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 12:

hanc (paludem) si nostri transirent, hostes exspectabant,

Caes. B. G. 2, 9; id. B. C. 2, 34; cf.:

Pompeius eadem spectans, si itinere impeditos deprehendere posset,

id. ib. 3, 75:

non recusavit quo minus vel extremo spiritu, si quam opem rei publicae ferre posset, experiretur,

Cic. Phil. 9, 1, 2; cf. id. de Or. 2, 85, 398:

statui expectandum esse si quid certius adferretur,

id. Fam. 15, 1, 2:

Philopoemen quaesivit si Lycortas incolumis evasisset,

Liv. 39, 50:

expertique simul, si tela artusque sequantur,

Val. Fl. 5, 562:

Helvetii nonnumquam interdiu, saepius noctu, si perrumpere possent, conati,

Caes. B. G. 1, 8 fin.; cf.:

temptata res est, si primo impetu capi Ardea posset,

Liv. 1, 57.—

With ellipsis of a verb or clause on which the condition depends (cf. I. c. supra): ei rei suam operam dat, si possiet illam invenire ( to see) whether he can, Plaut. Cist. 1, 3, 37:

L. Minucium cum omni equitatu praemittit, si quid celeritate itineris proficere possit,

to see, to try, Caes. B. G. 6, 29 fin.:

circumfunduntur hostes, si quem aditum reperire possent,

id. ib. 6, 37:

fame et inopiā adductos clam ex castris exisse, si quid frumenti in agris reperire possent,

id. ib. 7, 20, 10; cf. id. ib. 7, 55 fin.; 7, 89 fin.; id. B. C. 3, 8 fin.; 3, 56:

pergit ad speluncam, si forte eo vestigia ferrent,

Liv. 1, 7:

saxa volvebant, si quā Possent tectam aciem perrumpere,

Verg. A. 9, 512:

ad Gonnum castra movet, si potiri oppido posset,

Liv. 42, 67, 6: haud aspernatus Tullius, tamen, si vana adferantur, in aciem educit ( that he might be ready) if, etc., id. 1, 23, 6:

milites in praesidio erant, si quo operā eorum opus esset,

id. 27, 28, 5:

alii offerunt se, si quo usus operae sit,

id. 26, 9, 9: ille postea, si comitia sua non fierent, urbi minari, i. e. ( that he would attack it) if, etc., Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3:

Carthaginiensibus in Hasdrubale ita, si is movisset Syphacem, spes omnis erat,

Liv. 29, 35, 9; 5, 8, 9:

consul aedem Fortunae vovit, si eo die hostis fudisset,

id. 29, 36, 8: erat Athenis reo damnato, si fraus capitalis non esset, quasi [p. 1690] poenae aestimatio, Cic. de Or. 1, 54, 232: quattuor legiones Cornelio, si qui ex Etruriā novi motus nuntiarentur, relictae, to meet the case, that, to be ready, if, etc., Liv. 6, 22:

is in armis tenuit militem, si opus foret auxilio,

id. 5, 8:

ut patricios indignatio, si cum his gerendus esset honos, deterreret,

id. 4, 6, 10; 1, 40, 2; 24, 36.—

Si... si, for sive... sive, whether... or:

si deus si dea es,

Cato, R. R. 139; cf.:

hostiam si deo, si deae immolabant,

Gell. 2, 28, 3.

sollĭcĭtus ( sōlĭcĭtus), a, um, adj. [sollus-cieo; cf. sollicito], thoroughly moved, agitated, disturbed.

Of physical motion ( poet. and rare).

As attrib. of motus, restless, unceasing:

quae sollicito motu carerent, referring to the elements in constant motion, as air, water, etc.,

Lucr. 1, 343: sic igitur penitus qui in ferro'st abditus aër Sollicito motu semper jactatur, i. e. an unceasing air-current within the iron, to explain its attraction by the magnet, id. 6, 1038.—

Of the sea agitated by storms:

ut mare sollicitum stridet,

Verg. G. 4, 262. —

Pregn., with the idea of distress (v. II. B.):

utile sollicitae sidus utrumque rati,

to a ship in distress, Ov. F. 5, 720: sollicitae porro plenaeque sonoribus aures, agitated, vibrating ( by disease), Lucr. 6, 1185:

corpus,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 1299.—

Sollicitum habere (cf. II. A. and B. infra), = sollicitare:

omnes sollicitos habui,

kept them busy, on the move, Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 52 Donat. ad loc.

Of mental affections, full of anxiety, excitement, distracted by cares, engaged, troubled, disturbed (opp. quietus).

Of cares of business; esp. sollicitum habere, to keep busy, engaged (Plaut. and Ter.):

(clientes) qui neque leges colunt, neque, etc., sollicitos patronos habent,

Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 12 Brix ad loc.;

4, 2, 21: quorum negotiis nos absentum sollicitae noctes et dies sumus semper,

id. Stich. 1, 1, 6:

hem, tot mea Solius solliciti sunt curā, of servants busy in attending their master,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 77: numquid vis? Py. Ne magis sim pulcer quam sum:

ita me mea forma habet sollicitum,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 95; cf.:

Hispaniae armis sollicitae,

Sall. H. 1, 48 Dietsch. —

Of restlessness from fear, suspense, etc., full of anxiety, agitated, alarmed, solicitous, anxious (opp. securus; freq. and class.): sollicitum habere, to fill with apprehension and fear, keep in anxiety; constr.,

Absol.:

in quibus si non erunt insidiae... animus tamen erit sollicitus,

Cic. Phil. 12, 11, 36:

diutius videtur velle eos habere sollicitos a quibus se putat diuturnioribus esse molestiis conflictatum,

id. Fam. 6, 13, 3:

quae maxime angere atque sollicitam habere vestram aetatem videtur,

id. Sen. 19, 66:

sollicitum te habebat cogitatio periculi mei,

id. Fam. 7, 3, 1; so id. Att. 2, 18, 1; id. Sest. 11, 25:

initia rerum quae... sollicitam Italiam habebant,

Caes. B. C. 3, 22:

cum satis per se ipsum Samnitium bellum et,... sollicitos haberet patres,

Liv. 8, 29, 1:

solliciti et incerti rerum suarum Megaram referre signa jubent,

id. 24, 23, 5:

sollicitae ac suspensae civitati,

id. 27, 50 med.:

quid illis nos sollicitis ac pendentibus animi renuntiare jubetis,

id. 7, 30, 22:

sollicitae mentes,

Ov. F 3, 362:

pectus,

id. M. 2, 125:

mens,

Curt. 4, 13, 2:

animi,

Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 18:

ego percussorem meum securum ambulare patiar, me sollicito?

Sen. Clem. 1, 9, 4:

sollicitus est et incertus sui quem spes aliqua proritat,

id. Ep. 23, 2:

ut sollicitus sim cum Saturnus et Mars ex contrario stabunt,

alarmed, id. ib. 88, 14:

fertur sollicitas tenuisse deas,

kept them in anxious suspense, Stat. Achill. 2, 338:

nunc sollicitam timor anxius angit,

Verg. A. 9, 89.—And opposed to securus and securitas:

quid est turpius quam in ipso limine securitatis esse sollicitum?

Sen. Ep. 22, 5:

securo nihil est te pejus, eodem Sollicito nihil est te melius,

Mart. 4, 83, 1; so id. 5, 31, 8; Sen. Ep. 124, 19; Quint. 11, 3, 151; Tac. H. 4, 58.—

With abl.:

sollicitam mihi civitatem suspitione, suspensam metu... tradidistis,

Cic. Agr. 1, 8, 23:

Sophocles, ancipiti sententiarum eventu diu sollicitus,

Val. Max. 9, 12, 5 ext. —

With de:

sollicitus eram de rebus urbanis,

Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1:

de tuā valetudine,

id. ib. 16, 7, 1:

sollicita civitas de Etruriae defectione fuit,

Liv. 27, 21 med.:

sollicitum te esse scribis de judicii eventu,

Sen. Ep. 24, 1:

desii jam de te esse sollicitus,

id. ib. 82, 1.—

With pro:

ne necesse sit unum sollicitum esse pro pluribus,

Cic. Lael. 13, 45.—

With propter: sollicitus propter iniquitatem locorum, Liv. 38, 40, 9; 44, 3, 5 infra.—

With adverb. acc. vicem, for the fate of:

sollicito consuli et propter itineris difficultatem et eorum vicem,... nuntius occurrit,

Liv. 44, 3, 5:

ut meam quoque, non solum reipublicae vicem videretur sollicitus,

id. 28, 43, 9:

clamor undique ab sollicitis vicem imperatoris militibus sublatus,

id. 28, 19, 17.—

With gen.:

non sollicitus futuri, pendet (filius tuus mortuus),

Sen. Cons. Marc. 19, 6.—

With dat. (late Lat.):

ne solliciti sitis animae vestrae, neque corpori vestro,

Vulg. Matt. 6, 25.—

With ex:

ex hoc misera sollicita'st, diem Quia olim in hunc, etc.,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 33:

haec turba sollicita ex temerariā regis fiduciā,

Curt. 3, 1, 17.—

With ne, like verbs of fearing:

(mater) sollicita est ne eundem conspiciat, etc.,

Cic. Mur. 41, 88:

legati Romanorum circuire urbes, solliciti ne Aetoli partis alicujus animos ad Antiochum avertissent,

apprehensive, Liv. 35, 31, 1:

sollicitis populis ne suas operiant terras,

Plin. 11, 29, 35, § 104:

sollicitus Solon, ne tacendo parum reipublicae consuleret,

Just. 2, 7, 9; Front. Strat. 1, 1, 6.—

With interrog.-clause:

solliciti erant quo evasura esset res,

Liv. 30, 21 init.:

quam sim sollicitus, quidnam futurum sit,

Cic. Att. 8, 6, 3.—

In gen., troubled, disturbed, afflicted, grieved; constr. absol., with abl. alone, or with de:

sollicitus mihi nescio quā re videtur,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 30:

neque est consentaneum ullam honestam rem, ne sollicitus sis... deponere,

lest you be troubled by cares, Cic. Lael. 13, 47:

vehementer te esse sollicitum et praecipuo quodam dolore angi,

id. Fam. 4, 3, 1:

vehementer populum sollicitum fuisse de P. Sullae morte,

id. ib. 9, 10, 3:

num eum postea censes anxio animo aut sollicito fuisse,

afflicted by remorse, id. Fin. 2, 17, 55:

hoc genus omne Maestum ac sollicitum est cantoris morte Tigelli,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 3.—

Excited, passionate (rare):

qui, ut sint pudici, solliciti tamen et anxii sunt,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 33, 70:

atqui sollicitae nuntius hospitae, Suspirare Chloen.. Dicens, etc.,

Hor. C. 3, 7, 9; so, = avidus, with gen. or de ( poet. and post-class.):

hominem cuppedinis sollicitum,

Lucr. 5, 46:

de regno sollicitus ( = avidus regni potiundi),

Just. 1, 10, 6.—

Very careful for, concerned in, punctilious, particular about (post-Aug.; freq.); constr. absol., with de, circa, in, or obj.-inf.:

ne decet quidem, ubi maxima rerum monumenta versantur, de verbis esse sollicitum,

Quint. 8, 3, 13:

de quorum sumus judicio solliciti,

for whose judgment we care, id. 10, 7, 24:

dixit Cicero, non se de ingenii famā, sed de fide esse sollicitum,

id. 11, 1, 74:

nec sum in hoc sollicitus, dum res ipsa appareat,

id. 8, 4, 15:

eloquentia non in verba sollicita,

Sen. Ben. 7, 8, 2:

si tamen contingere eloquentia non sollicito potest,

id. Ep. 75, 5:

cur abis, non sollicitus prodesse bonis, nocere malis?

id. Hippol. 976; cf.

in double sense,

Mart. 4, 83, 2 and 5.—

= sollicitatus (v. sollicito; poet.):

solliciti jaceant terrāque premantur iniquā qui, etc.,

without repose, Ov. Am. 2, 16, 15.

Of abstr. and inanim. things.

In gen., solicitous, mournful, full of or connected with cares and anxiety, anxious, disturbed (class.;

often approaching the signif. II.): scio quam timida sit ambitio, et quam sollicita sit cupiditas consulatūs,

how full of cares is the desire for the consulship, Cic. Mil. 16, 42:

id est proprium civitatis ut sit libera et non sollicita rei cujusque custodia,

i. e. that nobody be disturbed in the quiet possession of his property, id. Off. 2, 22, 78:

est enim metus futurae aegritudinis sollicita exspectatio,

id. Tusc. 5, 18, 52:

quam sit omnis amor sollicitus et anxius,

fraught with solicitude, id. Att. 2, 24, 1: assentior, sollicitam et periculosam justitiam non esse sapientis, id. Fragm. Rep. ap. Prisc. p. 801 P. (Rep. 3, 27, 39): sollicitam lucem rapuisti Ciceroni, the mournful light, i. e. life, Vell. 2, 66:

in sollicito civitatis statu,

Quint. 6, 1, 16:

Hermagoras, vir diligentiae nimium sollicitae,

evercareful, id. 3, 11, 22:

sollicitum dicendi propositum,

anxiously accurate, id. 11, 1, 32:

sollicita parentis diligentia,

earnest care, id. 6, prooem. 1; so id. 6, 12, 16:

sollicitae actiones,

carefully elaborated, id. 4, 1, 57: causae sollicitae (opp. securae), [p. 1723] very doubtful cases, i. e. in which there is anxious suspense about the issue, id. 11, 3, 151: captarum (ferarum) sollicita possessio;

saepe enim laniant dominos,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 14, 2:

maxima quaeque bona sollicita sunt,

id. ib. 17, 4; id. Ep. 14, 18:

noctes, id. Ira, 2, 20, 1: tutela,

id. Cons. Marc. 11, 3:

sollicitos fecisti, Romule, ludos,

Ov. A. A. 1, 101:

quisque, sibi quid sit Utile, sollicitis supputat articulis,

id. P. 2, 3, 18:

sollicito carcere dignus eras,

a prison carefully guarded, id. Am. 1, 6, 64:

Cressa... sollicito revocavit Thesea filo,

Stat. S. 2, 6, 26:

pudor,

Mart. 11, 45, 7:

amor,

Ov. H. 19 (18), 196:

os,

id. P. 4, 9, 130:

frons,

Hor. C. 3, 29, 16:

manus,

Ov. Tr. 5, 2, 2:

preces,

id. P. 3, 1, 148:

prex,

Hor. C. 1, 35, 5:

vita,

id. S. 2, 6, 62:

lux,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 116:

senecta,

id. M. 6, 500:

libelli,

Mart. 9, 58, 5:

saccus,

id. 12, 60 b, 3:

fuga,

Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 50:

sedes,

id. ib. 4, 1, 85:

via,

id. ib. 1, 11, 2:

terrae,

id. M. 15, 786.— Hence,

= sollicitum habens, that causes distress, distressing, trying:

quid magis sollicitum dici potest,

what more distressing fact can be mentioned? Cic. Mil. 2, 5:

in quā (tyrannorum) vitā nulla... potest esse fiducia, omnia semper suspecta atque sollicita,

causing alarm, id. Lael. 15, 52:

sollicitumque aliquid laetis intervenit,

Ov. M. 7, 454:

o mihi sollicitum decus ac suprema voluptas,

Stat. Th. 7, 363; so,

opes,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 79:

aurum,

Sen. Hippol. 519:

pretia,

id. Herc. Fur. 461:

timor or metus,

Ov. H. 1, 12; 8, 76; 13, 124; id. P. 3, 2, 12; id. Tr. 3, 11, 10:

cura,

id. P. 1, 5, 61; Sen. Thyest. 922:

dolor,

Ov. A. A. 3, 374:

taedium,

Hor. C. 1, 14, 17:

fatum,

Ov. P. 4, 10, 11.

Of animals (rare): sollicitum animal (canis) ad nocturnos strepitus, very attentive to, i. e. watchful, Liv. 5, 47, 3; so Ov. M. 11, 599:

solliciti terrentur equi,

id. F. 6, 741:

lepus,

timid, id. ib. 5, 372.

Comp.: sollicitior (mostly post-Aug.; for which Cic. has magis sollicitus; v. III. 2. supra) homo, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 18, 3:

nos circa lites raras sollicitiores,

too particular about, Quint. 7, 1, 43:

sollicitior rei familiaris diligentia,

id. 12, 1, 6:

innocentiam sollicitiore habituri loco,

Sen. Ben. 3, 13, 1:

(pauperes) sollicitiores divitibus,

id. Cons. Helv. 12, 1:

quod est sollicitius,

id. Tranq. 1, 15:

qui non sollicitior de capitis sui decore sit quam de salute,

id. Brev. Vit. 12, 3:

pro vobis sollicitior,

Tac. H. 4, 58.— Sup. (post-Aug. and rare):

illorum brevissima ac sollicitissima aetas est,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 16, 1.— Adv.: sollĭcĭtē (post-Aug.).

Carefully, punctiliously, anxiously: vestis nec servata, nec sumenda sollicite, Ser. Samm. ap. Sen. Tranq. 1, 5:

in conviviis lingua sollicite etiam ebriis custodienda est,

Sen. Clem. 1, 26, 2:

recitare,

Plin. Ep. 6, 15, 4:

exspectatus,

Front. Strat. 3, 12, 1; id. Aquaed. 103:

sollicitius et intentius,

Plin. Ep. 1, 4, 2:

custodiendus est honor,

id. ib. 1, 19, 4:

cavere,

App. Mag. p. 274, 35.— Sup.:

urbis curam sollicitissime agere,

Suet. Claud. 18.—

With grief, solicitude (class.:

sollicito animo): sollicite possidentur,

their possession is connected with solicitude, Sen. Ep. 76, 30:

laetus,

Sil. 6, 572.— Sup., Sen. Ep. 93, 12.

sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:

super inferque vicinus,

Cato, R. R. 149, 1:

totus super ignis,

Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].

Adj.

In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:

at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:

omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:

ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

portae Phrygiae limen,

id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):

carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:

di,

id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:

superis deorum Gratus et imis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,

id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:

omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,

Verg. A. 6, 788:

supera ad convexa,

to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):

lumen,

Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:

domus deorum,

Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;

so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,

Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:

de supero, quom huc accesserit,

from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,

ex supero,

Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —

In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):

supera de parte,

i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:

superas evadere ad auras,

Verg. A. 6, 128:

superum ad lumen ire,

id. ib. 6, 680:

aurae,

Ov. M. 5, 641:

orae,

Verg. A. 2, 91:

limen,

id. ib. 6, 680.—

Sŭpĕri, orum, m.

They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:

multum fleti ad superos,

i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:

(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,

the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:

ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,

Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:

epistula ad superos scripta,

i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—

(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:

quae Superi Manesque dabant,

Verg. A. 10, 34:

aspiciunt Superi mortalia,

Ov. M. 13, 70:

o Superi!

id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;

pro Superi,

id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:

terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,

Verg. A. 1, 4:

illa propago Contemptrix Superum,

Ov. M. 1, 161:

exemplo Superorum,

id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,

Superorum,

id. P. 1, 1, 43:

postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,

Verg. A. 3, 2:

scilicet is Superis labor est,

id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:

superis deorum Gratus et imis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

flectere Superos,

Verg. A. 7, 312:

te per Superos... oro,

id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—

sŭpĕra, orum, n.

The heavenly bodies:

Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,

Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:

cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,

id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—

Higher places (sc. loca):

supera semper petunt,

tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:

(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,

the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.

Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.

Lit., of place, higher, upper:

inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46:

dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?

Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:

in superiore qui habito cenaculo,

Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:

tota domus superior vacat,

the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:

superior accumbere,

Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:

de loco superiore dicere,

i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:

agere,

i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;

and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:

sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,

id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,

ex loco superiore,

id. ib. 3, 4:

loca,

id. ib. 1, 10, 4;

3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,

id. B. C. 3, 98:

qui in superiore acie constiterant,

id. B. G. 1, 24:

ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,

i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:

posteriori superius non jungitur,

id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:

superiores solis defectiones,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,

id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 58:

superioribus aestivis,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:

superioribus temporibus,

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:

tempus (opp. posterius),

id. Dom. 37, 99:

tempora (opp. inferiora),

Suet. Claud. 41:

annus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:

anno superiore,

id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:

superioris anni acta,

Suet. Caes. 23:

in superiore vita,

Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:

testimonium conveniens superiori facto,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:

superius facinus novo scelere vincere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:

superioris more crudelitatis uti,

Nep. Thras. 3, 1:

superius genus,

mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:

nuptiae,

former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:

vir,

first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—

Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:

omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,

Caes. B. C. 2, 5:

aetate superiores,

Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:

superior Africanus,

the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:

Dionysius,

id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:

quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,

Cic. Or. 34, 120.—

Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:

Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 65:

numero superiores,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:

hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,

id. ib. 8, 19:

se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,

Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:

semper discessit superior,

Nep. Hann. 1, 2:

si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,

Sall. C. 39, 4:

ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,

Caes. B. G. 5, 15:

multo superiores bello esse,

Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:

superiorem Appium in causa fecit,

Liv. 5, 7, 1.—

Of quality, condition, number, etc., higher, more distinguished, greater, superior.

With abl. respect.:

pecuniis superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:

loco, fortuna, fama superiores,

id. Lael. 25, 94:

habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

ordine,

id. ib. 13, 5, 2:

facilitate et humanitate superior,

id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

si superior ceteris rebus esses,

id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—

Absol.:

ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:

ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,

id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:

premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,

Liv. 22, 12, 12:

cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,

Vell. 2, 101, 1.

Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.

‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—

sū̆prēmus, a, um, highest, loftiest, topmost.

Lit. (only poet.; cf.

summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,

the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,

montes,

Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:

rupes,

Sen. Oedip. 95:

arx,

Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:

supremae Tethyos unda,

Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, last, latest, extreme, final, = ultimus (class.).

In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;

sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:

quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

supremo te sole domi manebo,

at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:

jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,

last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:

quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,

Ov. M. 12, 526.—

In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:

supremo vitae die,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:

dies,

id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:

hora,

Tib. 1, 1, 59:

tempus,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:

incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,

i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

mors,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:

finis,

id. ib. 2, 1, 12:

iter,

id. C. 2, 17, 11:

lumen,

Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,

ore,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:

haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,

Verg. A. 8, 583:

Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,

in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;

supremis suis annis,

in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:

suprema ejus cura,

id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:

spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,

Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:

funera,

Ov. M. 3, 137:

oscula,

id. ib. 6, 278:

tori,

i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:

ignis,

id. Am. 1, 15, 41:

ignes,

id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:

officia,

Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,

tabulae,

Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:

tituli,

i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:

Troiae sorte suprema,

Verg. A. 5, 190:

dies regnis,

Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:

animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,

for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:

anima exitura supremo,

Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.

sŭprēmum, i, n., the last moment, end (very rare):

ventum ad supremum est,

Verg. A. 12, 803.—

suprēma, orum, n.

The last moments, the close of life, death:

ut me in supremis consolatus est!

Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:

statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,

the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:

circa suprema Neronis,

the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—

The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:

supremis divi Augusti,

Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:

suprema ferre (sc. munera),

Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—

A last will, testament:

nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,

Tac. A. 1, 8:

miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,

Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—

The relics, remains of a burned corpse, the ashes, = reliquiae, Amm. 25, 9, 12; Sol. 1 med. —

Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:

multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,

Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:

macies,

Verg. A. 3, 590:

Juppiter supreme,

Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:

med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,

most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—

summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).

Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):

summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,

the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):

summum jugum montis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

summus mons,

the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:

feriunt summos fulmina montes,

the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:

locus castrorum,

Caes. B. G. 2, 23:

in summa sacra via,

on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

in summa columna conlocare,

id. Div. 1, 24, 48:

quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

Janus summus ab imo,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:

ad aquam summam appropinquare,

Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

in aqua summa natare,

the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:

apud summum puteum,

id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:

per summa volare aequora,

Verg. A. 5, 819:

summa cacumina linquunt,

id. ib. 6, 678:

mari summo,

id. ib. 1, 110:

prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,

id. ib. 6, 357:

summaque per galeam delibans oscula,

id. ib. 12, 434:

amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,

Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:

summam cutem novacula decerpito,

Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:

summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,

I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:

standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,

Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,

a summo dare (bibere),

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—

summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:

ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 26:

qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,

Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:

leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,

id. Div. 1, 17, 30:

igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,

Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:

puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,

Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:

nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,

Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:

summa petere,

Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—

Transf., of the voice:

jubeo te salvere voce summa,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:

citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,

at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:

vox (opp. ima),

Quint. 11, 3, 15:

summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,

Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:

summo haec clamore,

Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:

exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,

Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:

bis, terve summum,

id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:

triduo aut summum quatriduo,

id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):

haec est praestituta summa argento dies,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,

venit summa dies,

Verg. A. 2, 324:

ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:

cum esset summa senectute,

id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:

in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,

Luc. 2, 211:

summo carmine,

at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:

eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,

the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;

quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,

at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:

nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,

Albin. 1, 137. —

Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):

summi puerorum amores,

Cic. Lael. 10, 33:

spes civium,

id. ib. 3, 11:

fides, constantia justitiaque,

id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:

qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,

id. ib. 6, 20:

non agam summo jure tecum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:

tres fratres summo loco nati,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

qui summo magistratui praeerat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 16:

concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:

quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,

id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:

turpitudo,

id. Lael. 17, 61:

summum in cruciatum se venire,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

scelus,

Sall. C. 12, 5:

hiems,

the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:

cum aestas summa esse coeperat,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:

ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,

id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:

summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,

id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:

summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

optimi et summi viri diligentia,

id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:

summus Juppiter,

id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:

ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,

id. Am. 1, 2, 6:

miles summi inperatoris,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:

amicus summus,

the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:

nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,

id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:

summa ducum Atrides,

the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:

summo rei publicae tempore,

at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:

in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,

id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:

summa salus rei publicae,

id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,

res publica,

id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:

ad summam rem publicam,

Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:

quo res summa loco, Panthu?

the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:

non agam summo jure tecum,

deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;

ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,

id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:

quod me sollicitare summe solet,

Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:

cupere aliquid,

id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:

contendere,

Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:

diffidere,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:

admirari,

Quint. 10, 1, 70:

summe jucundum,

Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:

officiosi,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:

summe disertus vir,

Quint. 12, 1, 23:

summe munitus locus,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:

summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:

mei summe observantissimus,

Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1.

sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:

super inferque vicinus,

Cato, R. R. 149, 1:

totus super ignis,

Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].

Adj.

In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:

at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:

omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:

ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

portae Phrygiae limen,

id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):

carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:

di,

id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:

superis deorum Gratus et imis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,

id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:

omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,

Verg. A. 6, 788:

supera ad convexa,

to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):

lumen,

Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:

domus deorum,

Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;

so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,

Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:

de supero, quom huc accesserit,

from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,

ex supero,

Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —

In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):

supera de parte,

i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:

superas evadere ad auras,

Verg. A. 6, 128:

superum ad lumen ire,

id. ib. 6, 680:

aurae,

Ov. M. 5, 641:

orae,

Verg. A. 2, 91:

limen,

id. ib. 6, 680.—

Sŭpĕri, orum, m.

They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:

multum fleti ad superos,

i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:

(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,

the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:

ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,

Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:

epistula ad superos scripta,

i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—

(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:

quae Superi Manesque dabant,

Verg. A. 10, 34:

aspiciunt Superi mortalia,

Ov. M. 13, 70:

o Superi!

id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;

pro Superi,

id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:

terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,

Verg. A. 1, 4:

illa propago Contemptrix Superum,

Ov. M. 1, 161:

exemplo Superorum,

id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,

Superorum,

id. P. 1, 1, 43:

postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,

Verg. A. 3, 2:

scilicet is Superis labor est,

id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:

superis deorum Gratus et imis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

flectere Superos,

Verg. A. 7, 312:

te per Superos... oro,

id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—

sŭpĕra, orum, n.

The heavenly bodies:

Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,

Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:

cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,

id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—

Higher places (sc. loca):

supera semper petunt,

tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:

(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,

the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.

Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.

Lit., of place, higher, upper:

inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46:

dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?

Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:

in superiore qui habito cenaculo,

Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:

tota domus superior vacat,

the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:

superior accumbere,

Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:

de loco superiore dicere,

i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:

agere,

i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;

and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:

sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,

id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,

ex loco superiore,

id. ib. 3, 4:

loca,

id. ib. 1, 10, 4;

3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,

id. B. C. 3, 98:

qui in superiore acie constiterant,

id. B. G. 1, 24:

ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,

i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:

posteriori superius non jungitur,

id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:

superiores solis defectiones,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,

id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 58:

superioribus aestivis,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:

superioribus temporibus,

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:

tempus (opp. posterius),

id. Dom. 37, 99:

tempora (opp. inferiora),

Suet. Claud. 41:

annus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:

anno superiore,

id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:

superioris anni acta,

Suet. Caes. 23:

in superiore vita,

Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:

testimonium conveniens superiori facto,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:

superius facinus novo scelere vincere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:

superioris more crudelitatis uti,

Nep. Thras. 3, 1:

superius genus,

mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:

nuptiae,

former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:

vir,

first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—

Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:

omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,

Caes. B. C. 2, 5:

aetate superiores,

Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:

superior Africanus,

the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:

Dionysius,

id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:

quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,

Cic. Or. 34, 120.—

Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:

Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 65:

numero superiores,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:

hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,

id. ib. 8, 19:

se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,

Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:

semper discessit superior,

Nep. Hann. 1, 2:

si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,

Sall. C. 39, 4:

ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,

Caes. B. G. 5, 15:

multo superiores bello esse,

Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:

superiorem Appium in causa fecit,

Liv. 5, 7, 1.—

Of quality, condition, number, etc., higher, more distinguished, greater, superior.

With abl. respect.:

pecuniis superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:

loco, fortuna, fama superiores,

id. Lael. 25, 94:

habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

ordine,

id. ib. 13, 5, 2:

facilitate et humanitate superior,

id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

si superior ceteris rebus esses,

id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—

Absol.:

ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:

ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,

id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:

premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,

Liv. 22, 12, 12:

cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,

Vell. 2, 101, 1.

Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.

‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—

sū̆prēmus, a, um, highest, loftiest, topmost.

Lit. (only poet.; cf.

summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,

the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,

montes,

Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:

rupes,

Sen. Oedip. 95:

arx,

Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:

supremae Tethyos unda,

Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, last, latest, extreme, final, = ultimus (class.).

In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;

sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:

quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

supremo te sole domi manebo,

at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:

jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,

last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:

quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,

Ov. M. 12, 526.—

In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:

supremo vitae die,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:

dies,

id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:

hora,

Tib. 1, 1, 59:

tempus,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:

incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,

i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

mors,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:

finis,

id. ib. 2, 1, 12:

iter,

id. C. 2, 17, 11:

lumen,

Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,

ore,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:

haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,

Verg. A. 8, 583:

Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,

in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;

supremis suis annis,

in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:

suprema ejus cura,

id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:

spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,

Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:

funera,

Ov. M. 3, 137:

oscula,

id. ib. 6, 278:

tori,

i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:

ignis,

id. Am. 1, 15, 41:

ignes,

id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:

officia,

Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,

tabulae,

Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:

tituli,

i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:

Troiae sorte suprema,

Verg. A. 5, 190:

dies regnis,

Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:

animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,

for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:

anima exitura supremo,

Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.

sŭprēmum, i, n., the last moment, end (very rare):

ventum ad supremum est,

Verg. A. 12, 803.—

suprēma, orum, n.

The last moments, the close of life, death:

ut me in supremis consolatus est!

Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:

statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,

the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:

circa suprema Neronis,

the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—

The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:

supremis divi Augusti,

Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:

suprema ferre (sc. munera),

Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—

A last will, testament:

nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,

Tac. A. 1, 8:

miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,

Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—

The relics, remains of a burned corpse, the ashes, = reliquiae, Amm. 25, 9, 12; Sol. 1 med. —

Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:

multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,

Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:

macies,

Verg. A. 3, 590:

Juppiter supreme,

Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:

med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,

most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—

summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).

Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):

summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,

the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):

summum jugum montis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

summus mons,

the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:

feriunt summos fulmina montes,

the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:

locus castrorum,

Caes. B. G. 2, 23:

in summa sacra via,

on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

in summa columna conlocare,

id. Div. 1, 24, 48:

quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

Janus summus ab imo,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:

ad aquam summam appropinquare,

Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

in aqua summa natare,

the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:

apud summum puteum,

id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:

per summa volare aequora,

Verg. A. 5, 819:

summa cacumina linquunt,

id. ib. 6, 678:

mari summo,

id. ib. 1, 110:

prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,

id. ib. 6, 357:

summaque per galeam delibans oscula,

id. ib. 12, 434:

amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,

Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:

summam cutem novacula decerpito,

Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:

summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,

I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:

standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,

Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,

a summo dare (bibere),

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—

summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:

ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 26:

qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,

Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:

leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,

id. Div. 1, 17, 30:

igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,

Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:

puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,

Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:

nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,

Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:

summa petere,

Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—

Transf., of the voice:

jubeo te salvere voce summa,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:

citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,

at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:

vox (opp. ima),

Quint. 11, 3, 15:

summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,

Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:

summo haec clamore,

Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:

exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,

Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:

bis, terve summum,

id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:

triduo aut summum quatriduo,

id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):

haec est praestituta summa argento dies,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,

venit summa dies,

Verg. A. 2, 324:

ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:

cum esset summa senectute,

id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:

in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,

Luc. 2, 211:

summo carmine,

at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:

eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,

the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;

quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,

at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:

nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,

Albin. 1, 137. —

Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):

summi puerorum amores,

Cic. Lael. 10, 33:

spes civium,

id. ib. 3, 11:

fides, constantia justitiaque,

id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:

qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,

id. ib. 6, 20:

non agam summo jure tecum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:

tres fratres summo loco nati,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

qui summo magistratui praeerat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 16:

concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:

quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,

id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:

turpitudo,

id. Lael. 17, 61:

summum in cruciatum se venire,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

scelus,

Sall. C. 12, 5:

hiems,

the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:

cum aestas summa esse coeperat,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:

ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,

id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:

summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,

id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:

summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

optimi et summi viri diligentia,

id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:

summus Juppiter,

id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:

ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,

id. Am. 1, 2, 6:

miles summi inperatoris,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:

amicus summus,

the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:

nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,

id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:

summa ducum Atrides,

the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:

summo rei publicae tempore,

at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:

in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,

id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:

summa salus rei publicae,

id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,

res publica,

id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:

ad summam rem publicam,

Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:

quo res summa loco, Panthu?

the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:

non agam summo jure tecum,

deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;

ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,

id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:

quod me sollicitare summe solet,

Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:

cupere aliquid,

id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:

contendere,

Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:

diffidere,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:

admirari,

Quint. 10, 1, 70:

summe jucundum,

Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:

officiosi,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:

summe disertus vir,

Quint. 12, 1, 23:

summe munitus locus,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:

summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:

mei summe observantissimus,

Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1.

sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:

super inferque vicinus,

Cato, R. R. 149, 1:

totus super ignis,

Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].

Adj.

In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:

at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:

omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:

ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

portae Phrygiae limen,

id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):

carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:

di,

id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:

superis deorum Gratus et imis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,

id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:

omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,

Verg. A. 6, 788:

supera ad convexa,

to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):

lumen,

Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:

domus deorum,

Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;

so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,

Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:

de supero, quom huc accesserit,

from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,

ex supero,

Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —

In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):

supera de parte,

i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:

superas evadere ad auras,

Verg. A. 6, 128:

superum ad lumen ire,

id. ib. 6, 680:

aurae,

Ov. M. 5, 641:

orae,

Verg. A. 2, 91:

limen,

id. ib. 6, 680.—

Sŭpĕri, orum, m.

They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:

multum fleti ad superos,

i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:

(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,

the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:

ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,

Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:

epistula ad superos scripta,

i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—

(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:

quae Superi Manesque dabant,

Verg. A. 10, 34:

aspiciunt Superi mortalia,

Ov. M. 13, 70:

o Superi!

id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;

pro Superi,

id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:

terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,

Verg. A. 1, 4:

illa propago Contemptrix Superum,

Ov. M. 1, 161:

exemplo Superorum,

id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,

Superorum,

id. P. 1, 1, 43:

postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,

Verg. A. 3, 2:

scilicet is Superis labor est,

id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:

superis deorum Gratus et imis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

flectere Superos,

Verg. A. 7, 312:

te per Superos... oro,

id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—

sŭpĕra, orum, n.

The heavenly bodies:

Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,

Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:

cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,

id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—

Higher places (sc. loca):

supera semper petunt,

tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:

(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,

the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.

Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.

Lit., of place, higher, upper:

inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46:

dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?

Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:

in superiore qui habito cenaculo,

Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:

tota domus superior vacat,

the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:

superior accumbere,

Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:

de loco superiore dicere,

i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:

agere,

i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;

and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:

sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,

id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,

ex loco superiore,

id. ib. 3, 4:

loca,

id. ib. 1, 10, 4;

3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,

id. B. C. 3, 98:

qui in superiore acie constiterant,

id. B. G. 1, 24:

ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,

i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:

posteriori superius non jungitur,

id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:

superiores solis defectiones,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,

id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 58:

superioribus aestivis,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:

superioribus temporibus,

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:

tempus (opp. posterius),

id. Dom. 37, 99:

tempora (opp. inferiora),

Suet. Claud. 41:

annus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:

anno superiore,

id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:

superioris anni acta,

Suet. Caes. 23:

in superiore vita,

Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:

testimonium conveniens superiori facto,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:

superius facinus novo scelere vincere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:

superioris more crudelitatis uti,

Nep. Thras. 3, 1:

superius genus,

mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:

nuptiae,

former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:

vir,

first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—

Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:

omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,

Caes. B. C. 2, 5:

aetate superiores,

Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:

superior Africanus,

the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:

Dionysius,

id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:

quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,

Cic. Or. 34, 120.—

Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:

Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 65:

numero superiores,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:

hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,

id. ib. 8, 19:

se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,

Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:

semper discessit superior,

Nep. Hann. 1, 2:

si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,

Sall. C. 39, 4:

ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,

Caes. B. G. 5, 15:

multo superiores bello esse,

Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:

superiorem Appium in causa fecit,

Liv. 5, 7, 1.—

Of quality, condition, number, etc., higher, more distinguished, greater, superior.

With abl. respect.:

pecuniis superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:

loco, fortuna, fama superiores,

id. Lael. 25, 94:

habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

ordine,

id. ib. 13, 5, 2:

facilitate et humanitate superior,

id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

si superior ceteris rebus esses,

id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—

Absol.:

ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:

ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,

id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:

premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,

Liv. 22, 12, 12:

cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,

Vell. 2, 101, 1.

Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.

‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—

sū̆prēmus, a, um, highest, loftiest, topmost.

Lit. (only poet.; cf.

summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,

the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,

montes,

Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:

rupes,

Sen. Oedip. 95:

arx,

Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:

supremae Tethyos unda,

Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, last, latest, extreme, final, = ultimus (class.).

In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;

sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:

quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

supremo te sole domi manebo,

at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:

jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,

last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:

quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,

Ov. M. 12, 526.—

In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:

supremo vitae die,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:

dies,

id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:

hora,

Tib. 1, 1, 59:

tempus,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:

incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,

i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

mors,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:

finis,

id. ib. 2, 1, 12:

iter,

id. C. 2, 17, 11:

lumen,

Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,

ore,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:

haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,

Verg. A. 8, 583:

Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,

in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;

supremis suis annis,

in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:

suprema ejus cura,

id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:

spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,

Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:

funera,

Ov. M. 3, 137:

oscula,

id. ib. 6, 278:

tori,

i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:

ignis,

id. Am. 1, 15, 41:

ignes,

id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:

officia,

Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,

tabulae,

Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:

tituli,

i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:

Troiae sorte suprema,

Verg. A. 5, 190:

dies regnis,

Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:

animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,

for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:

anima exitura supremo,

Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.

sŭprēmum, i, n., the last moment, end (very rare):

ventum ad supremum est,

Verg. A. 12, 803.—

suprēma, orum, n.

The last moments, the close of life, death:

ut me in supremis consolatus est!

Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:

statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,

the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:

circa suprema Neronis,

the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—

The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:

supremis divi Augusti,

Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:

suprema ferre (sc. munera),

Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—

A last will, testament:

nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,

Tac. A. 1, 8:

miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,

Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—

The relics, remains of a burned corpse, the ashes, = reliquiae, Amm. 25, 9, 12; Sol. 1 med. —

Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:

multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,

Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:

macies,

Verg. A. 3, 590:

Juppiter supreme,

Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:

med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,

most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—

summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).

Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):

summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,

the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):

summum jugum montis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

summus mons,

the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:

feriunt summos fulmina montes,

the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:

locus castrorum,

Caes. B. G. 2, 23:

in summa sacra via,

on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

in summa columna conlocare,

id. Div. 1, 24, 48:

quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

Janus summus ab imo,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:

ad aquam summam appropinquare,

Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

in aqua summa natare,

the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:

apud summum puteum,

id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:

per summa volare aequora,

Verg. A. 5, 819:

summa cacumina linquunt,

id. ib. 6, 678:

mari summo,

id. ib. 1, 110:

prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,

id. ib. 6, 357:

summaque per galeam delibans oscula,

id. ib. 12, 434:

amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,

Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:

summam cutem novacula decerpito,

Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:

summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,

I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:

standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,

Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,

a summo dare (bibere),

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—

summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:

ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 26:

qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,

Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:

leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,

id. Div. 1, 17, 30:

igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,

Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:

puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,

Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:

nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,

Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:

summa petere,

Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—

Transf., of the voice:

jubeo te salvere voce summa,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:

citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,

at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:

vox (opp. ima),

Quint. 11, 3, 15:

summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,

Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:

summo haec clamore,

Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:

exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,

Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:

bis, terve summum,

id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:

triduo aut summum quatriduo,

id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):

haec est praestituta summa argento dies,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,

venit summa dies,

Verg. A. 2, 324:

ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:

cum esset summa senectute,

id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:

in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,

Luc. 2, 211:

summo carmine,

at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:

eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,

the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;

quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,

at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:

nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,

Albin. 1, 137. —

Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):

summi puerorum amores,

Cic. Lael. 10, 33:

spes civium,

id. ib. 3, 11:

fides, constantia justitiaque,

id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:

qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,

id. ib. 6, 20:

non agam summo jure tecum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:

tres fratres summo loco nati,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

qui summo magistratui praeerat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 16:

concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:

quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,

id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:

turpitudo,

id. Lael. 17, 61:

summum in cruciatum se venire,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

scelus,

Sall. C. 12, 5:

hiems,

the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:

cum aestas summa esse coeperat,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:

ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,

id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:

summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,

id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:

summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

optimi et summi viri diligentia,

id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:

summus Juppiter,

id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:

ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,

id. Am. 1, 2, 6:

miles summi inperatoris,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:

amicus summus,

the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:

nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,

id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:

summa ducum Atrides,

the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:

summo rei publicae tempore,

at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:

in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,

id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:

summa salus rei publicae,

id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,

res publica,

id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:

ad summam rem publicam,

Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:

quo res summa loco, Panthu?

the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:

non agam summo jure tecum,

deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;

ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,

id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:

quod me sollicitare summe solet,

Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:

cupere aliquid,

id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:

contendere,

Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:

diffidere,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:

admirari,

Quint. 10, 1, 70:

summe jucundum,

Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:

officiosi,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:

summe disertus vir,

Quint. 12, 1, 23:

summe munitus locus,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:

summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:

mei summe observantissimus,

Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1.

sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:

super inferque vicinus,

Cato, R. R. 149, 1:

totus super ignis,

Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].

Adj.

In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:

at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:

omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:

ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

portae Phrygiae limen,

id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):

carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:

di,

id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:

superis deorum Gratus et imis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,

id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:

omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,

Verg. A. 6, 788:

supera ad convexa,

to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):

lumen,

Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:

domus deorum,

Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;

so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,

Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:

de supero, quom huc accesserit,

from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,

ex supero,

Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —

In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):

supera de parte,

i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:

superas evadere ad auras,

Verg. A. 6, 128:

superum ad lumen ire,

id. ib. 6, 680:

aurae,

Ov. M. 5, 641:

orae,

Verg. A. 2, 91:

limen,

id. ib. 6, 680.—

Sŭpĕri, orum, m.

They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:

multum fleti ad superos,

i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:

(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,

the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:

ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,

Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:

epistula ad superos scripta,

i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—

(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:

quae Superi Manesque dabant,

Verg. A. 10, 34:

aspiciunt Superi mortalia,

Ov. M. 13, 70:

o Superi!

id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;

pro Superi,

id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:

terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,

Verg. A. 1, 4:

illa propago Contemptrix Superum,

Ov. M. 1, 161:

exemplo Superorum,

id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,

Superorum,

id. P. 1, 1, 43:

postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,

Verg. A. 3, 2:

scilicet is Superis labor est,

id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:

superis deorum Gratus et imis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

flectere Superos,

Verg. A. 7, 312:

te per Superos... oro,

id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—

sŭpĕra, orum, n.

The heavenly bodies:

Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,

Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:

cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,

id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—

Higher places (sc. loca):

supera semper petunt,

tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:

(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,

the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.

Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.

Lit., of place, higher, upper:

inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46:

dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?

Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:

in superiore qui habito cenaculo,

Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:

tota domus superior vacat,

the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:

superior accumbere,

Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:

de loco superiore dicere,

i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:

agere,

i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;

and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:

sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,

id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,

ex loco superiore,

id. ib. 3, 4:

loca,

id. ib. 1, 10, 4;

3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,

id. B. C. 3, 98:

qui in superiore acie constiterant,

id. B. G. 1, 24:

ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,

i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:

posteriori superius non jungitur,

id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:

superiores solis defectiones,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,

id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 58:

superioribus aestivis,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:

superioribus temporibus,

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:

tempus (opp. posterius),

id. Dom. 37, 99:

tempora (opp. inferiora),

Suet. Claud. 41:

annus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:

anno superiore,

id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:

superioris anni acta,

Suet. Caes. 23:

in superiore vita,

Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:

testimonium conveniens superiori facto,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:

superius facinus novo scelere vincere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:

superioris more crudelitatis uti,

Nep. Thras. 3, 1:

superius genus,

mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:

nuptiae,

former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:

vir,

first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—

Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:

omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,

Caes. B. C. 2, 5:

aetate superiores,

Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:

superior Africanus,

the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:

Dionysius,

id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:

quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,

Cic. Or. 34, 120.—

Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:

Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 65:

numero superiores,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:

hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,

id. ib. 8, 19:

se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,

Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:

semper discessit superior,

Nep. Hann. 1, 2:

si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,

Sall. C. 39, 4:

ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,

Caes. B. G. 5, 15:

multo superiores bello esse,

Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:

superiorem Appium in causa fecit,

Liv. 5, 7, 1.—

Of quality, condition, number, etc., higher, more distinguished, greater, superior.

With abl. respect.:

pecuniis superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:

loco, fortuna, fama superiores,

id. Lael. 25, 94:

habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

ordine,

id. ib. 13, 5, 2:

facilitate et humanitate superior,

id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

si superior ceteris rebus esses,

id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—

Absol.:

ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:

ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,

id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:

premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,

Liv. 22, 12, 12:

cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,

Vell. 2, 101, 1.

Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.

‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—

sū̆prēmus, a, um, highest, loftiest, topmost.

Lit. (only poet.; cf.

summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,

the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,

montes,

Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:

rupes,

Sen. Oedip. 95:

arx,

Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:

supremae Tethyos unda,

Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, last, latest, extreme, final, = ultimus (class.).

In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;

sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:

quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

supremo te sole domi manebo,

at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:

jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,

last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:

quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,

Ov. M. 12, 526.—

In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:

supremo vitae die,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:

dies,

id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:

hora,

Tib. 1, 1, 59:

tempus,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:

incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,

i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

mors,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:

finis,

id. ib. 2, 1, 12:

iter,

id. C. 2, 17, 11:

lumen,

Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,

ore,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:

haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,

Verg. A. 8, 583:

Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,

in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;

supremis suis annis,

in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:

suprema ejus cura,

id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:

spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,

Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:

funera,

Ov. M. 3, 137:

oscula,

id. ib. 6, 278:

tori,

i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:

ignis,

id. Am. 1, 15, 41:

ignes,

id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:

officia,

Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,

tabulae,

Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:

tituli,

i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:

Troiae sorte suprema,

Verg. A. 5, 190:

dies regnis,

Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:

animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,

for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:

anima exitura supremo,

Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.

sŭprēmum, i, n., the last moment, end (very rare):

ventum ad supremum est,

Verg. A. 12, 803.—

suprēma, orum, n.

The last moments, the close of life, death:

ut me in supremis consolatus est!

Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:

statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,

the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:

circa suprema Neronis,

the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—

The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:

supremis divi Augusti,

Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:

suprema ferre (sc. munera),

Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—

A last will, testament:

nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,

Tac. A. 1, 8:

miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,

Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—

The relics, remains of a burned corpse, the ashes, = reliquiae, Amm. 25, 9, 12; Sol. 1 med. —

Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:

multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,

Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:

macies,

Verg. A. 3, 590:

Juppiter supreme,

Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:

med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,

most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—

summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).

Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):

summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,

the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):

summum jugum montis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

summus mons,

the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:

feriunt summos fulmina montes,

the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:

locus castrorum,

Caes. B. G. 2, 23:

in summa sacra via,

on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

in summa columna conlocare,

id. Div. 1, 24, 48:

quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

Janus summus ab imo,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:

ad aquam summam appropinquare,

Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

in aqua summa natare,

the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:

apud summum puteum,

id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:

per summa volare aequora,

Verg. A. 5, 819:

summa cacumina linquunt,

id. ib. 6, 678:

mari summo,

id. ib. 1, 110:

prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,

id. ib. 6, 357:

summaque per galeam delibans oscula,

id. ib. 12, 434:

amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,

Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:

summam cutem novacula decerpito,

Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:

summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,

I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:

standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,

Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,

a summo dare (bibere),

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—

summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:

ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 26:

qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,

Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:

leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,

id. Div. 1, 17, 30:

igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,

Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:

puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,

Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:

nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,

Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:

summa petere,

Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—

Transf., of the voice:

jubeo te salvere voce summa,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:

citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,

at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:

vox (opp. ima),

Quint. 11, 3, 15:

summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,

Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:

summo haec clamore,

Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:

exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,

Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:

bis, terve summum,

id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:

triduo aut summum quatriduo,

id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):

haec est praestituta summa argento dies,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,

venit summa dies,

Verg. A. 2, 324:

ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:

cum esset summa senectute,

id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:

in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,

Luc. 2, 211:

summo carmine,

at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:

eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,

the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;

quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,

at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:

nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,

Albin. 1, 137. —

Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):

summi puerorum amores,

Cic. Lael. 10, 33:

spes civium,

id. ib. 3, 11:

fides, constantia justitiaque,

id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:

qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,

id. ib. 6, 20:

non agam summo jure tecum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:

tres fratres summo loco nati,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

qui summo magistratui praeerat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 16:

concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:

quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,

id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:

turpitudo,

id. Lael. 17, 61:

summum in cruciatum se venire,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

scelus,

Sall. C. 12, 5:

hiems,

the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:

cum aestas summa esse coeperat,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:

ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,

id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:

summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,

id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:

summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

optimi et summi viri diligentia,

id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:

summus Juppiter,

id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:

ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,

id. Am. 1, 2, 6:

miles summi inperatoris,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:

amicus summus,

the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:

nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,

id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:

summa ducum Atrides,

the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:

summo rei publicae tempore,

at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:

in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,

id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:

summa salus rei publicae,

id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,

res publica,

id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:

ad summam rem publicam,

Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:

quo res summa loco, Panthu?

the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:

non agam summo jure tecum,

deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;

ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,

id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:

quod me sollicitare summe solet,

Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:

cupere aliquid,

id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:

contendere,

Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:

diffidere,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:

admirari,

Quint. 10, 1, 70:

summe jucundum,

Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:

officiosi,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:

summe disertus vir,

Quint. 12, 1, 23:

summe munitus locus,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:

summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:

mei summe observantissimus,

Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1.

sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:

super inferque vicinus,

Cato, R. R. 149, 1:

totus super ignis,

Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].

Adj.

In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:

at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:

omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:

ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

portae Phrygiae limen,

id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):

carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:

di,

id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:

superis deorum Gratus et imis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,

id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:

omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,

Verg. A. 6, 788:

supera ad convexa,

to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):

lumen,

Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:

domus deorum,

Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;

so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,

Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:

de supero, quom huc accesserit,

from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,

ex supero,

Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —