-
1 THEY, THEM
(3rd person pl. and dual forms): As the pronominal ending for “they”, Tolkien hesitated between -ltë and -ntë. For instance, a verb like “they do” is attested both as cariltë and carintë (VT49:16, 17). In one text, the ending -ltë is marked as archaic or poetic (VT49:17), but in other paradigms no such qualification occurs (VT49:51). The alternative form -nte- occurs in UT:317, with a second pronominal marker (-s “it”, denoting the object) following: Tiruvantes "they will keep it". General considerations of euphony may favour -ltë rather than -ntë (e.g. *quenteltë rather than *quententë for “they spoke” – in the past tense, many verbs end in -ntë even before any pronominal endings are supplied, like quentë “spoke” in this example). The ending -ltë (unlike -ntë) would also conform with the general system that the plural pronominal endings include the plural marker l (VT48:11). – In Tolkien’s early material, the ending -ltë appears as -lto instead (e.g. tulielto “they have come”, LT1:270). – A simple plural verb (with ending -r) can have “they” as its implied subject, as in the example quetir en “they still say” (PE17:167). – In the independent pronouns, distinct forms of may be used depending on whether “they, them” refers to living beings (persons, animals or even plants) or to non-living things or abstracts. The “personal” independent pronoun is te, which may have a long vowel when stressed (té, VT49:51). It is also attested in object position (laita te “bless them”, LotR:989 cf. Letters:308, VT43:20). It can receive case endings, e.g. dative ten (VT49:14; variant forms téna and tien, VT49:14, VT43:12, 21). As the “impersonal” they, them referring to non-living things, Tolkien in some sources used ta (VT43:20; 8, 9), but this apparently caused dissatisfaction because he also wanted ta to be the singular pronoun “that, it”. According to VT49:32, the form tai was introduced as the word for impersonal or inanimate “they, them” (in some places changed to te, apparently suggesting that Tolkien considered using te for both personal and impersonal “they/them”, abandoning the distinction). Another source (VT49:51) lists sa as the pl. impersonal form, but all other published sources use this pronoun for singular impersonal “it”, not pl. “they”. – The object “them” can also be expressed by the ending -t following another pronominal suffix (laituvalmet, “we shall bless [or praise] them", LotR:989 cf Letters:308). Presumably this ending -t makes no distinction between personal and impersonal forms. – Quenya also possesses special dual forms of “they, them”, used where only two persons or things are referred to (none of these pronouns distinguish between personal and impersonal forms). In VT49:16, the old ending for dual “they” is given as -stë (marked as archaic or poetic), but this would clash with the corresponding 2nd person ending. According to VT49:51, this ending was changed (also within the imaginary world) from -stë to -ttë, which seems the better alternative (*carittë, “the two of them do”). The independent dual pronoun is given as tú (ibid.) However, it may also be permissible to use te for “they, them” even where only two persons are involved (te is seemingly used with reference to Frodo and Sam in one of the examples above, laita te “bless them”). – Genitive forms, see THEIR; reflexive pronoun, see THEMSELVES.
См. также в других словарях:
Dual system of government — The Fifth Dalai Lama implemented the traditional Cho sid nyi (dual system) in Tibet. The Dual System of Government or Cho sid nyi (Tibetan: ཆོས་སྲིད་གཉིས་; Wylie: chos srid gnyis; alternate spellings include Chhos srid gnyis, Chhoe sid nyi,… … Wikipedia
dual system experience — A term introduced in or shortly before 1928 by the German American biological psychologist and philosopher Heinrich Klüver (1897 1979) to denote a visual experience that may arise in mescaline intoxication, involving the radical difference… … Dictionary of Hallucinations
Dual pair — This article is about dual pairs of vector spaces. For dual pairs in representation theory, see Reductive dual pair. In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics a dual pair or dual system is a pair of vector spaces with an associated… … Wikipedia
dual — du|al [ˈdju:əl US ˈdu:əl] adj [only before noun] [Date: 1600 1700; : Latin; Origin: dualis, from duo two ] having two of something or two parts dual role/purpose/function ▪ The bridge has a dual role, carrying both road and rail. ▪ a dual system… … Dictionary of contemporary English
Dual ignition — A Hirth 2702 twin cylinder, two stroke aircraft engine. Equipped with dual ignition, the photo shows the two spark plugs per cylinder. Dual Ignition is a system for spark ignition engines, whereby each cylinder has every critical ignition… … Wikipedia
Dual (grammatical number) — Dual (abbreviated du) is a grammatical number that some languages use in addition to singular and plural. When a noun or pronoun appears in dual form, it is interpreted as referring to precisely two of the entities (objects or persons) identified … Wikipedia
Dual oxidase 2 — Identifiers Symbols DUOX2; LNOX2; NOXEF2; P138 TOX; TDH6; THOX2 External IDs … Wikipedia
Dual-channel architecture — describes a technology that theoretically doubles data throughput from RAM to the memory controller. Dual channel enabled memory controllers utilize two 64 bit data channels, resulting in a total bandwidth of 128 bits, to move data from RAM to… … Wikipedia
Dual control theory — is a branch of control theory that deals with the control of systems whose characteristics are initially unknown. It is called dual because in controlling such a system the controller s objectives are twofold: (1) Action: To control the system as … Wikipedia
Dual Orb II — Cover art of Dual Orb II Developer(s) I Max Corp. Publisher(s) I Max Corp … Wikipedia
Dual oxidase 1 — Identifiers Symbols DUOX1; LNOX1; MGC138840; MGC138841; NOXEF1; THOX1 External IDs … Wikipedia
