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121 standard
1. n знамя, флаг, штандарт2. n стандарт, норма; образец3. n уровень4. n моральные и социальные нормыhe has no standards — он не понимает, что хорошо и что плохо
5. n критерий6. n эталон, единица измерения7. n денежный стандартbe below the standard — быть ниже нормы; быть ниже стандарта
8. n тех. нормаль; нормативdiscretionary standard — дискреционная, диспозитивная норма
contractual standard — норматив, предусмотренный договором
standard output — производственная норма; норма выработки
9. n проба10. n класс11. n разг. рост12. n средний размер; размер для стандартной фигуры13. n непременный номер в программе14. a нормальный, стандартный, соответствующий установленному образцу15. a общепринятый, нормативный, образцовый16. a образцовый, классический; выдержавший проверку временем17. a средний, нормальныйstandard fitting — средний размер ; размер для стандартной фигуры
18. a отвечающий санитарному стандартуabove the standard — быть выше нормы; быть выше стандарта
19. n стойка; подставка; опора20. n амер. столб21. n тех. стояк22. n тех. воен. станина; опорная сошка23. n тех. штамбовое растение24. n тех. лес. подрост25. n тех. бот. флаг, парус26. a стоячий27. a штамбовыйСинонимический ряд:1. official (adj.) authoritative; conclusive; official; sanctioned2. regular (adj.) approved; average; basic; conventional; normal; orthodox; regular; regulation; routine; sample; stock; typical3. assize (noun) assize4. basis (noun) archetype; basis; beau ideal; benchmark; criterion; ensample; example; exemplar; gauge; ideal; mark; measure; mirror; model; paradigm; pattern; phenomenon; requirement; rule; sample; test; touchstone; yardstick5. flag (noun) banderole; banner; bannerol; burgee; color; colours; emblem; ensign; flag; gonfalon; gonfanon; jack; oriflamme; pendant; pennant; pennon; streamer; symbol6. norm (noun) norm; ordinary; usual7. support (noun) bar; rod; support; timber; uprightАнтонимический ряд: -
122 cover
1. обложка; переплёт; переплётная крышка; крыть, покрывать обложкой2. сторонка3. конверт4. картонная папка, коробка5. покрышка; обёртка6. футляр; кожух; чехол7. покрытие; оболочка; покрыватьback cover — задняя сторонка обложки, задняя сторонка
8. переплётная крышка9. книжная обложка10. сторонка переплёта книги11. картонная сторонкаbookmatch cover production machine — машина для изготовления картонного пакетика для книжечки спичек
12. цельнокартонная переплётная крышкаdesign cover — макет переплётной крышки, макет переплёта
expandable cover — съёмный переплёт, допускающий включение новых листов
gold leaf decorated cover — крышка, украшенная золотым тиснением
hinge cover — составная переплётная крышка, сторонки которой приклеены к корешку с помощью стержня
13. обложка из тиражной бумагиcover royal — формат писчей и печатной бумаги 52?64,7 см
14. цельнокартонная обложка книги, изготовленной бесшвейным скреплением15. суперобложка16. неплотно прикреплённые листы обложкиmodel cover — макет переплётной крышки; макет переплёта
overhang cover — переплётная крышка с кантами; обложка с кантами
plain cover — «немая» обложка, обложка без титульных данных
cover man — «человек с обложки»
17. твёрдый переплёт18. жёсткая обложкаsafety cover — предохранительное ограждение, кожух
19. полужёсткий переплёт20. полужёсткая обложка -
123 number
число, номер; количествоcontrol by Mach number — управлять [регулировать] по числу М
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124 pressure
давление; сжатие; прессование; герметичныйboundary layer induced pressure — давление, обусловленное пограничным слоем
computer unit output pressure — давление на выходе решающего гидроусилителя (автомата загрузки бустерного управления)
dump the pressure to return — стравливать [перепускать] давление в отводящую магистраль
forward (control) stick pressure — усилие (на ручке) в направлении «от себя», давящее [толкающее] усилие (на ручке)
partial pressure suit capstan pressure — давление в натяжных пневмокамерах высотного компенсирующего костюма
relax forward pressure on the stick — уменьшать усилие на ручке в направлении «от себя»: отпускать ручку назад
relieve the back pressure on the stick — уменьшать усилие на ручке в направлении «на себя»; отпускать ручку вперёд
saturated vapor pressure — упругость насыщающего пара; давление насыщенного пара
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125 Demenÿ, Georges
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1850 Douai, France d. 1917[br]French chronophotographer.[br]As a young man Georges Demenÿ was a pioneer of physical education in France, and this led him to contact the physiologist Professor Marey in 1880. Marey had made a special study of animal movement, and Demenÿ hoped to work with him on research into physiological problems related to gymnastics. He joined Marey the following year, and when in 1882 the Physiological Station was set up near Paris to develop sequence photography for the study of movement. Demenÿ was made Head of the laboratory. He worked with the multiple-image fixed-plate cameras, and was chiefly responsible for the analysis of the records, having considerable mathematical and graphical ability. He also appeared as the subject in a number of the sequences. When in 1888 Marey began the development of a film camera, Demenÿ was involved in its design and operation. He became interested in the possibility of using animated sequence photographs as an aid to teaching of the deaf. He made close-up records of himself speaking short phrases, "Je vous aime" and "Vive la France" for example, which were published in such journals as Paris Photographe and La Nature in 1891 and 1892. To present these in motion, he devised the Phonoscope, which he patented on 3 March 1892. The series of photographs were mounted around the circumference of a disc and viewed through a counter-rotating slotted disc. The moving images could be viewed directly, or projected onto a screen. La Nature reported tests he had made in which deaf lip readers could interpret accurately what was being said. On 20 December 1892 Demenÿ formed a company, Société Générale du Phonoscope, to exploit his invention, hoping that "speaking portraits" might replace family-album pictures. This commercial activity led to a rift between Marey and Demenÿ in July 1893. Deprived of access to the film cameras, Demenÿ developed designs of his own, patenting new camera models in France on 10 October 1893 and 27 July 1894. The design covered by the latter had been included in English and German patents filed in December 1893, and was to be of some significance in the early development of cinematography. It was for an intermittent movement of the film, which used an eccentrically mounted blade or roller that, as it rotated, bore on the film, pulling down the length of one frame. As the blade moved away, the film loop so formed was taken up by the rotation of the take-up reel. This "beater" movement was employed extensively in the early years of cinematography, being effective yet inexpensive. It was first employed in the Chronophotographe apparatus marketed by Gaumont, to whom Demenÿ had licensed the patent rights, from the autumn of 1896. Demenÿ's work provided a link between the scientific purposes of sequence photography— chronophotography—and the introduction of commercial cinematography.[br]Further ReadingJ.Deslandes, 1966, Histoire comparée du cinéma, Vol. I, Paris. B.Coe, 1992, Muybridge and the Chronophotographers, London.BC -
126 Reynolds, Edwin
[br]b. 1831 Mansfield, Connecticut, USAd. 1909 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA[br]American contributor to the development of the Corliss valve steam engine, including the "Manhattan" layout.[br]Edwin Reynolds grew up at a time when formal engineering education in America was almost unavailable, but through his genius and his experience working under such masters as G.H. Corliss and William Wright, he developed into one of the best mechanical engineers in the country. When he was Plant Superintendent for the Corliss Steam Engine Company, he built the giant Corliss valve steam engine displayed at the 1876 Centennial Exhibition. In July 1877 he left the Corliss Steam Engine Company to join Edward Allis at his Reliance Works, although he was offered a lower salary. In 1861 Allis had moved his business to the Menomonee Valley, where he had the largest foundry in the area. Immediately on his arrival with Allis, Reynolds began desig-ning and building the "Reliance-Corliss" engine, which becamea symbol of simplicity, economy and reliability. By early 1878 the new engine was so successful that the firm had a six-month backlog of orders. In 1888 he built the first triple-expansion waterworks-pumping engine in the United States for the city of Milwaukee, and in the same year he patented a new design of blowing engine for blast furnaces. He followed this in March 1892 with the first steam engine sets coupled directly to electric generators when Allis-Chalmers contracted to build two Corliss cross-compound engines for the Narragansett Light Company of Providence, Rhode Island. In 1893, one of the impressive attractions at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago was the 3,000 hp (2,200 kW) quadruple-expansion Reynolds-Corliss engine designed by Reynolds, who continued to make significant improvements and gained worldwide recognition of his outstanding achievements in engine building.Reynolds was asked to go to New York in 1898 for consultation about some high-horsepower engines for the Manhattan transport system. There, 225 railway locomotives were to be replaced by electric trains, which would be supplied from one generating station producing 60,000 hp (45,000 kW). Reynolds sketched out his ideas for 10,000 hp (7,500 kW) engines while on the train. Because space was limited, he suggested a four-cylinder design with two horizontal-high-pressure cylinders and two vertical, low-pressure ones. One cylinder of each type was placed on each side of the flywheel generator, which with cranks at 135° gave an exceptionally smooth-running compact engine known as the "Manhattan". A further nine similar engines that were superheated and generated three-phase current were supplied in 1902 to the New York Interborough Rapid Transit Company. These were the largest reciprocating steam engines built for use on land, and a few smaller ones with a similar layout were installed in British textile mills.[br]Further ReadingConcise Dictionary of American Biography, 1964, New York: C.Scribner's Sons (contains a brief biography).R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (provides a brief account of the Manhattan engines) Part of the information for this biography is derived from a typescript in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC: T.H.Fehring, "Technological contributions of Milwaukee's Menomonee Valley industries".RLH -
127 Turner, Richard
[br]b. 1798 probably Dublin, Ireland d. 1881[br]Irish engineer offerrovitreous structures such as glasshouses and roofs of railway terminus buildings. Lime Street Station, Liverpool, erected 1849–50, was a notable example of the latter.[br]Turner's first glasshouse commission was for the Palm House at the Botanic Gardens in Belfast, begun in 1839; this structure was designed by Charles Lanyon, Turner being responsible for the ironwork construction. The Belfast Palm House was followed in 1843 by the Palm House for the Royal Dublin Society, but the structure for which Turner is best known is the famous Palm House in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew Gardens in London. This was originally designed in 1844 by the architect Decimus Burton, but his concept was rejected and Turner was asked to design a new one. Burton tried again, basing his new design upon that of Turner but also incorporating features that made it more similar to the famous Great Conservatory by Paxton at Chatsworth. Finally, Turner was contracted to build the Palm Stove in collaboration with Burton. Completed in 1848, the Kew Palm House is the finest example of the glasshouses of that era. This remarkable structure is simple but impressive: it is 362 ft (110 m) long and is covered by 45,000 ft2 (4,180 m2) of greenish glass. Inside, in the central taller part, a decorative, cast-iron, spiral staircase gives access to an upper gallery, from where tall plants may be clearly viewed; the roof rises to 62 ft (19 m). The curving, glazed panels, set in ribs of wrought iron, rise from a low masonry wall. The ingenious method of construction of these ribs was patented by Turner in 1846. It consists of wrought-iron tie rods inserted into hollow cast-iron tubes; these can be tightened after the erection of the building is complete, so producing a stable, balanced structure not unlike the concept of a timber-trussed roof. The Palm Stove has only recently undergone extensive adaptation to modern needs.[br]Further ReadingJ.Hix, 1974, The Glass House, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, pp. 122–7 (the Palm House at Kew).U.Kulturmann, 1979, Architecture and Urbanism, Tokyo, pp. 76–81 (the Palm House at Kew).DY -
128 посадочный
аварийная посадочная полосаcrash landing stripаэровокзальная посадочная галереяterminal finderвременная посадочная площадкаtemporary airfieldвспомогательная посадочная площадкаauxiliary airfieldвыбор посадочной площадкиchoice of fieldвысокогорная посадочная площадкаhigh airfieldвысота разворота на посадочную прямуюfinal approach altitudeвыходить на посадочную прямую1. roll into final2. enter the final approach track выход на посадочный курс отворотом на расчетный уголteardrop procedure turnгасить посадочную скоростьkill the landing speedгрунтовая посадочная площадкаunpaved airfieldдопустимая посадочная масса1. aircraft operational empty weight2. allowable landing weight запасная посадочная площадкаauxiliary landing fieldмаксимально допустимая посадочная массаmaximum permitted landing weightманевр разворота на посадочный курсcircle-to-land manoeuvreминимальная посадочная скоростьminimum landing speedна посадочном курсеon finalнеподготовленная посадочная площадкаunprepared airfieldниже посадочного минимумаbelow the landing minimaподготовленная посадочная площадкаprepared landing areaпосадка с превышением допустимой посадочной массыoverweight landingпосадочная дистанция1. roll-out2. landing distance посадочная дистанция при включенном реверсеlanding distance with reverse thrustпосадочная масса1. touchdown weight2. landing mass 3. landing weight посадочная нагрузкаlanding loadпосадочная площадка1. landing site(для вертолетов) 2. landing field посадочная площадка с естественным покрытиемnatural airfieldпосадочная площадка с искусственным покрытиемsurfaced airfieldпосадочная площадка с травяным покрытием1. grass landing area2. grass airfield 3. turf airfield посадочная полосаlanding strip(с грунтовым покрытием) посадочная прямая1. final approach track2. final leg посадочная радиопеленгаторная станцияlanding direction-finding stationпосадочная скоростьlanding speedпосадочная фараlanding headlightпосадочная характеристикаlanding performanceпосадочное местоbezelпосадочное положение закрылковflap landing positionпосадочное Тlanding teeпосадочные огни1. landing lights2. setdown lights посадочные огни ВППrunway edge lightsпосадочные средстваlanding aidsпосадочные характеристикиlanding characteristicsпосадочный знакlanding signпосадочный курс1. landing heading2. final course посадочный лучlanding beamпосадочный маяк1. landing beacon2. approach beacon посадочный минимум при радиолокационном обеспеченииradar landing minimaпосадочный прожектор ВППrunway floodlightпосадочный прожектор заливающего светаlanding floodlightпосадочный радиолокационный маякradar homing beaconпосадочный светомаякapproach light beaconпосадочный уголangle of landingпосадочный щитокlanding flapрадиоэлектронная система посадочных средствelectronic landing aids systemразворот на посадочную площадкуbase turnразворот на посадочную прямую1. final turn2. turn to final разворот на посадочный курсteardrop turnрасполагаемая посадочная дистанцияlanding distance availableрасчетная посадочная масса1. design landing mass2. design landing weight резервная посадочная площадкаreserve airfieldсистема антенны курсового посадочного радиомаякаlocalizer antenna systemсистема измерения посадочных параметров воздушного суднаaircraft landing measurement systemсистема посадочных огнейapproach lightingскорость при посадочнойspeed in landing configuration(конфигурации воздушного судна) схема разворота на посадочный кругbase turn procedureустановка закрылков на посадочный уголflaps landing settingчастная посадочная площадкаprivate airfieldшаблон схемы разворота на посадочный курсbase turn template
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