-
121 A Portuguesa
The official Portuguese national anthem since 1911. A Portuguesa, which means "The Portuguese Woman," refers to the historical symbolic female figure or "Lady Republic," a Portuguese woman who wears republican garb, including a republican banner or flag and a Phrygian bonnet. The concept and name were modeled on the similar figure from the French Revolution of 1789, and the name of the French national anthem, "The Woman from Marseilles," and republican symbols from France's Third Republic. Under the constitutional monarchy, the national anthem was called "The Hymn of the Charter," referring to the 1826 Charter or constitution drafted by Emperor Pedro I of Brazil or Pedro IV of Portugal to replace the controversial 1822 Constitution.A Portuguesa was composed during the popular frenzy and outcry generated by the English Ultimatum crisis of January 1890. Portugal capitulated to an English ultimatum presented to Lisbon by London during an Anglo-Portuguese conflict over possession of territory in central-east Africa. Intense feelings of patriotism, nationalism, and xenophobia were generated in the wake of the Lisbon government's capitulation and its subsequent resignation from office. Inspired by the popular reaction to this incident, Alfredo Keil, a Portuguese musician and opera composer of German descent, wrote the music for A Portuguesa, whose melody bears a slight resemblance to that of the stirring Internationale. The sentimental, bellicose lyrics were written by Keil's friend, Lopes de Mendonça.During the remaining years of the waning monarchy, A Portuguesa was sung as a rallying cry by republican partisans who wished to abolish the monarchy. The song's spirit is not only nationalistic, but is imbued with an imperative of Portuguese national revival in order to remind the people of their greatness of centuries ago. After the First Republic replaced the monarchy, the republic's Constituent Assembly adopted A Portuguesa as the country's national anthem in June 1911, and it has remained so ever since. The first verse with chorus imparts the spirit of the entire patriotic message of the anthem:Heroes of the sea, noble racevaliant and immortal nation,now is the hour to raise up on high once morePortugal's splendor.From out of the mists of memory,of Homeland, we hear the voicesof your great forefathersthat shall lead you on to victory!To arms, to armson land and sea!To arms, to armsto fight for our Homeland!To march against the enemy guns! -
122 монархия
ж.monarchy -
123 koningschap
-
124 Bomtempo, João Domingos
(1775-1842)Portuguese composer who began his musical studies under his father, Francisco Saveiro Bomtempo, the oboist in the royal court of King José I (1750-77). At the age of 14, he became a singer in the Royal Chapel of Bemposta and, after his father's death, took his place as court oboist at age 20. In 1801, he decided to go to France to continue his musical studies instead of Italy, which was the custom in his day. In Paris, he associated with a group of exiled Portuguese liberals from whom he absorbed liberal ideas and became a committed constitutional monarchist. During his time in Paris, he began his career as a virtuoso pianist and, inspired by Clementi, Cramer, and Dussek, wrote his first compositions: the Grande Sonata para Piano, Primeiro Concerto em Mi bemol para Piano e Orquestra, and the Secundo Concerto para Piano.After Napoleon's armies were defeated by a combined Portuguese-British army commanded by General Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington), Bomtempo's prospects in France deteriorated and he left for London in 1810, where he was well received and became a well-regarded professor of piano. During this period, he published many compositions, such as the Terceiro Concerto para Piano, and Capricho e Variações Sobre " GodSave the King." Bom-tempo became active in the Masons at this time. In 1813, to celebrate the final defeat of the French, Bomtempo composed a cantata titled Hino Lusitano, with verses by the liberal poet Vicente Pedro Nolasco da Cunha. He also composed the Primeira Grande Sinfonia and the Quarto Concerto para Piano during this period.In 1815, Bomtempo returned to Portugal, where he founded a philharmonic society in order to fill a serious lacuna in the musical culture of Portugal. With the return of the royal court from Brazil and the increasing repression of Portuguese Masons, the situation in Lisbon became untenable for liberals. Bomtempo, who favored a constitutional monarch, returned to London, where he dedicated his work to the "Portuguese nation." He returned to Portugal in 1818, where he composed his best-known work: O Requiem: A Memória de Camões. In 1820, he composed a second requiem in memory of General Gomes Freire, the grand master of Portuguese masonry, who was hanged in 1817. In 1822, his philharmonic society began periodic concerts, but these were forbidden by the absolutist King Miguel I (1802-66) in 1828, and Bomtempo took refuge in the Russian consulate in Lisbon, where he lived for five years until a constitutional monarchy was established by King Pedro IV (1798-1834) in 1834.With the establishment of constitutionalism, Bomtempo returned to his artistic activities. In 1835, he composed the Segunda Sinfonia e um Libera Me, dedicated to the memory of King Pedro IV who, exhausted from his struggle against his brother during the " War of the Brothers," died soon after returning to the throne. In 1836, Bon-tempo was made music director of the Court Orchestra and professor of piano in the royal music school, where he introduced the musical pedagogy of Clementi. He continued to compose and direct until his death on 18 August 1842. -
125 конституционная монархия
Politics: constitutional monarchy, limited monarchyУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > конституционная монархия
-
126 monarquía constitucional
f.limited monarchy, constitutional monarchy. -
127 монархия
ж.monarchy [-kɪ]абсолю́тная [конституцио́нная] мона́рхия — absolute [constitutional] monarchy
-
128 ملكية دستورية أو مقيدة
مَلَكِيّةٌ دُسْتُورِيّةٌ أو مُقَيّدَةconstitutional monarchy, limited monarchy
См. также в других словарях:
constitutional monarchy — noun A monarchy in which the power of the sovereign is defined and limited by the constitution • • • Main Entry: ↑constitute * * * constitutional monarchy UK US noun [countable] [singular constitutional monarchy … Useful english dictionary
Constitutional monarchy — Part of the Politics series on Monarchism … Wikipedia
constitutional monarchy — UK / US noun [countable] Word forms constitutional monarchy : singular constitutional monarchy plural constitutional monarchies a country ruled by a king or queen whose powers are limited by a constitution … English dictionary
constitutional monarchy — n government by a king or queen within laws which limit his or her power. Britain is governed in this way, with the Queen (or King) as head of state and with Parliament and the elected government holding almost all real power. This system began… … Universalium
constitutional monarchy. — constitutional monarch. See limited monarchy. [1795 1805] * * * … Universalium
constitutional monarchy. — constitutional monarch. See limited monarchy. [1795 1805] … Useful english dictionary
constitutional monarchy — noun A monarchy in which the monarchs power is limited by a written constitution. Syn: limited monarchy … Wiktionary
constitutional monarchy — /kɒnstəˌtjuʃənəl ˈmɒnəki/ (say konstuh.tyoohshuhnuhl monuhkee) noun a form of monarchy in which the power of the sovereign is limited by a constitution, whether written (as in Australia) or unwritten (as in Britain). Also, limited monarchy …
constitutional monarchy — consti,tutional monarchy noun count a country ruled by a king or queen whose powers are limited by a CONSTITUTION … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
constitutional monarchy — government by a King which is not absolute but rather exists together with a constitution … English contemporary dictionary
Australians for Constitutional Monarchy — Infobox Political Party party name = Australians for Constitutional Monarchy party leader1 title = National Convener leader1 name = David Flint (Since 1998) foundation = June 1992 ideology = Monarchism headquarters = Sydney, New South Wales,… … Wikipedia
