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1 Brain
Among the higher mammals the great development of neocortex occurs.In each group of mammals there is a steady increase in the area of the association cortex from the most primitive to the evolutionarily most recent type; there is an increase in the number of neurons and their connections. The degree of consciousness of an organism is some function of neuronal cell number and connectivity, perhaps of neurons of a particular type in association cortex regions. This function is of a threshold type such that there is a significant quantitative break with the emergence of humans. Although the importance of language and the argument that it is genetically specified and unique to humans must be reconsidered in the light of the recent evidence as to the possibility of teaching chimpanzees, if not to speak, then to manipulate symbolic words and phrases, there are a number of unique human features which combine to make the transition not merely quantitative, but also qualitative. In particular these include the social, productive nature of human existence, and the range and extent of the human capacity to communicate. These features have made human history not so much one of biological but of social evolution, of continuous cultural transformation. (Rose, 1976, pp. 180-181)[S]ome particular property of higher primate and cetacean brains did not evolve until recently. But what was that property? I can suggest at least four possibilities...: (1) Never before was there a brain so massive; (2) Never before was there a brain with so large a ratio of brain to body mass; (3) Never before was there a brain with certain functional units (large frontal and temporal lobes, for example); (4) Never before was there a brain with so many neural connections or synapses.... Explanations 1, 2 and 4 argue that a quantitative change produced a qualitative change. It does not seem to me that a crisp choice among these four alternatives can be made at the present time, and I suspect that the truth will actually embrace most or all of these possibilities. (Sagan, 1978, pp. 107-109)The crucial change in the human brain in this million years or so has not been so much the increase in size by a factor of three, but the concentration of that increase in three or four main areas. The visual area has increased considerably, and, compared with the chimpanzee, the actual density of human brain cells is at least 50 percent greater. A second increase has taken place in the area of manipulation of the hand, which is natural since we are much more hand-driven animals than monkeys and apes. Another main increase has taken place in the temporal lobe, in which visual memory, integration, and speech all lie fairly close together. And the fourth great increase has taken place in the frontal lobes. Their function is extremely difficult to understand... ; but it is clear that they're largely responsible for the ability to initiate a task, to be attentive while it is being done, and to persevere with it. (Bronowski, 1978, pp. 23-24)The human brain works however it works. Wishing for it to work in some way as a shortcut to justifying some ethical principle undermines both the science and the ethics (for what happens to the principle if the scientific facts turn out to go the other way?). (Pinker, 1994, p. 427)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Brain
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2 brain
[breɪn] noun1) the centre of the nervous system:( also adjective) brain surgery
دماغ، مُخbrain damage.
2) ( often in plural) cleverness:ذكاء، مقدرة عقليهYou've plenty of brains.
3) a clever person:شخص ذكيHe's one of the best brains in the country.
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3 BRAIN
• Brains in the head saves blisters on the feet - За дурной головой и ногам непокой (3)• Idle brain is the devil's workshop (An) - Лень до добра не доводит (Л)• Money spent on the brain is never spent in vain - Знание лучше богатства (3)• You haven't got the brains you were born with - Умница, как попова курица (У) -
4 brain
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5 Brain-Drain
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6 brain-trust
[brɛntrɶst] ( pluriel brain-trusts) nom masculin -
7 Brain-truster
m.brain-truster (US) n. -
8 brain drain
هجرة العقول، رحيل العلماءAs a result of the brain drain Britain does not have enough doctors.
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9 Brain-Truster
mbrain truster Am. -
10 brain-to-brain communication
Англо-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > brain-to-brain communication
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11 Brain Attack Team
Physiology: BAT -
12 Brain Damaged User
Jocular: BDUУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Brain Damaged User
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13 Brain Dead Install
Computers: BDIУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Brain Dead Install
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14 Brain Dead Software
Software: BDSУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Brain Dead Software
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15 Brain Dead User
Computers: BDU -
16 Brain Electrical Activity Mapping
Physiology: BEAMУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Brain Electrical Activity Mapping
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17 Brain Empowerment Awareness Matrix
Education: BEAMУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Brain Empowerment Awareness Matrix
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18 Brain Follows Erection
Rude: BFEУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Brain Follows Erection
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19 Brain Heart Infusion
Microbiology: BHI (Сердечно-мозговая вытяжка)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Brain Heart Infusion
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20 Brain Heart Infusion Agar
Agriculture: BHIAУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Brain Heart Infusion Agar
См. также в других словарях:
Brain — (br[=a]n), n. [OE. brain, brein, AS. bragen, br[ae]gen; akin to LG. br[ a]gen, bregen, D. brein, and perh. to Gr. bre gma, brechmo s, the upper part of head, if [beta] = [phi]. [root]95.] [1913 Webster] 1. (Anat.) The whitish mass of soft matter… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Brain — (engl. „Gehirn“) bezeichnet: ein deutsches Biotechnologieunternehmen, siehe Brain AG ein deutsches Musiklabel, siehe Brain (Label) eine medizinische Fachzeitschrift, siehe Brain (Fachzeitschrift) eine deutsche Fernsehsendung, siehe Brain… … Deutsch Wikipedia
brain — brain; brain·i·ness; brain·ish; brain·less; in·ter·brain; brain·i·ac; am·brain; brain·sick·ly; … English syllables
Brain — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Para otros usos de este término, véase (c)Brain. Brain País … Wikipedia Español
Brain — студийный альбом Уэхары Хироми Дата выпуска 25 Мая 2004 Записан 9 11 Декабря 2003 Жанры Джаз, джаз фьюжн Длительность 61:44 … Википедия
brain´i|ly — brain|y «BRAY nee», adjective, brain|i|er, brain|i|est. Informal. intelligent; clever. –brain´i|ly, adverb. –brain´i|ness, no … Useful english dictionary
brain|y — «BRAY nee», adjective, brain|i|er, brain|i|est. Informal. intelligent; clever. –brain´i|ly, adverb. –brain´i|ness, no … Useful english dictionary
Brain — (br[=a]n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Brained} (br[=a]nd); p. pr. & vb. n. {Braining}.] [1913 Webster] 1. To dash out the brains of; to kill by beating out the brains. Hence, Fig.: To destroy; to put an end to; to defeat. [1913 Webster] There thou… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
brain — or brains [brān] n. [ME < OE brægen < IE base * mregh m(n)o , skull, brain > Gr bregma, forehead] 1. [sometimes pl.] the mass of nerve tissue in the cranium of vertebrate animals, an enlarged extension of the spinal cord: it is the main… … English World dictionary
brain — ► NOUN 1) an organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull, functioning as the coordinating centre of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity. 2) intellectual capacity. 3) (the brains) informal the main organizer or planner within a … English terms dictionary
Brain — [breɪn], Dennis, britischer Hornist, * London 17. 5. 1921, ✝ (Autounfall) Hatfield (County Hertfordshire) 1. 9. 1957; Schüler seines Vaters, des Hornisten Aubrey Brain (* 1893, ✝ 1955), war 1. Hornist beim Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, dann… … Universal-Lexikon