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41 live
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42 брать
несовер. - брать;
совер. - взять
1) (кого-л./что-л.) take;
shoulder (об ответственности, расходах и т. п.) брать под арест ≈ to arrest, to put under arrest брать кого-л. на попечение ≈ to take charge of smb. брать на себя смелость ≈ to make bold( to do smth.), to take the liberty (of) брать пример с кого-л. ≈ to follow smb.'s example брать свои слова назад ≈ to retract/take back one's words;
to eat one's words идиом. брать хороший старт ≈ to make a good start брать чью-л. сторону ≈ to take smb.'s part/side, to side with smb. брать верх (над) ≈ to gain the upper hand (over), to prevail( over) брать взаймы ≈ to borrow брать напрокат ≈ to hire брать в аренду ≈ to rent брать в плен ≈ to take prisoner брать в долг ≈ to borrow брать внаем ≈ to rent, to hire брать на плечи ≈ to shoulder брать ссуду ≈ to take a loan (from), to borrow (from) брать отпуск ≈ vacation брать взятки ≈ accept bribes, graft;
finger разг. брать силой ≈ force брать патент ≈ (на что-л.) patent брать подряд ≈ tender for брать пробу ≈ test брать уроки ≈ tutor амер.;
разг.
2) (кого-л.;
нанимать) hire, take
3) (чем-л.;
достигать способностями и т.п.) succeed by dint (of), succeed by the aid (of) он берет умом ≈ he succeeds by dint of his wit
4) без доп. work, be effective, operate нож не берет ≈ the knife doesn't cut эта винтовка берет на пятьсот метров ≈ this rifle has a range of five hundred metres
5) (кого-л.;
охватывать, захватывать) seize, grip его берет страх ≈ he is in the grip of fear его берет отчаяние ≈ he is seized/overcome with despair
6) (что-л.;
преодолевать) clear (барьер, высоту и т.п.) брать препятствие ≈ to clear obstacles брать барьер ≈ (о лошади) to fence брать рифы ≈ reef ∙ брать начало брать на учет брать на себя брать пример брать слово брать в свои руки брать на себя смелость брать за сердце брать свое брать в свидетели брать свои слова обратно брать себя в руки брать ноту брать в скобки брать за правило брать курс брать направо возьми да скажи ни дать ни взять наша берет наша взяла, взять
1. (вн.) take* (smb., smth.) ;
~ кого-л. за руку take* smb.`s hand;
~ в рот что-л. put* smth. into one`s mouth;
~ тему для сочинения choose* a subject for an essay;
~ работу на дом do* work at home;
~ кого-л., что-л. с собой take*/bring* smb., smth. along;
~ ребёнка на воспитание take* a child* into one`s home;
~ что-л. в долг borrow smth. ;
~ на прокат hire;
~ такси take* a taxi;
~ билеты в театр take*/buy* tickets for the theater;
где вы бёрете молоко? where do you get your milk?;
2. (вн.;
взимать, взыскивать) charge( smth.) ;
перен. exact( smth.) ;
~ взятки take* bribes;
~ налоги levy taxes;
~ пошлины charge duty;
~ дорого за что-л. charge high for smth. ;
~ слово с кого-л. exact a promise from smb., make* smb. promise;
3. (вн.;
заимствовать) borrow (smth.), take* (smth.) ;
4. (вн.;
завладевать, захватывать) take* (smth.), capture( smb., smth.) ;
перен. (овладевать, охватывать) overcome* (smb.), seize (smb.) ;
~ верх get the upper hand;
~ власть seize power;
годы берут своё age tells;
~ город take/seize a town;
~ что-л. приступом take/carry smth. by storm/assault;
~ кого-л. в плен take smb. prisoner;
(меня) зависть берёт I am filled with envy;
(меня) злость берёт it makes me furious;
5. (вн.;
преодолевать) take (smth.) ;
~ препятствие clear an obstacle;
6. (тв.;
добиваться чего-л.) succeed (through), get* by (with) ;
он берёт упорством it`s his obstinacy does it;
~ нахальством succeed through sheer arrogance;
чем он берёт? what do people see in him?;
7. (вн.) разг. (оказывать действие) have* an effect (on) ;
хлеб такой чёрствый, что его нож не берёт the bread`s so stale you can`t get the knife into it;
8. разг. (направляться) go*;
берите левее! more to the left!;
~ круто в сторону turn off sharply;
9. с некоторыми сущ.: ~ что-л. в расчёт take* smth. into account;
~ на поруки go* bail( for) ;
~ кого-л. под защиту take* smb. under one`s protection;
~ что-л. под сомнение question smth., become* doubtful of smth. ;
~ курс, направление (на) steer( for), set* course( for) ;
~ начало originate (in, from) ;
~ пример с кого-л. follow/take* smb.`s example;
~ на себя undertake*;
~ на себя ответственность за что-л. assume responsibility for smth. ;
~ слово (на собрании), rise* to speak;
take* the floor;
~ себя в руки pull oneself together, take* oneself in hand;
наша взяла our side has won;
с чего вы это взяли? what makes you think that?;
where did you get that from? -
43 marginal customer
1) марк. предельный клиент [покупатель\]*а) (клиент, приносящий продавцу минимальную прибыль; не очень выгодный клиент)Your best customer today can quickly become a marginal customer tomorrow. — Ваш сегодняшний лучший клиент завтра может превратиться в предельного клиента.
See:б) (покупающий товар по цене, равной предельной полезности товара для него, и поэтому oтказывающийся от покупок при росте цен)Syn:2) марк. нейтральный потребитель* (потенциальный потребитель, который не может точно определить, нужен или не нужен ему данный товар, или не может решить, у кого из продавцов его лучше приобрести)There are three different types of customers. There is the definite "yes," the definite "no," and the "marginal." A marginal customer requires an effective salesperson to help him or her make a positive buying decision. — Существует 3 типа потребителей: те, кто в любом случае согласится, те, кто в любом случае откажется, и нейтральные. Нейтральный потребитель может принять решение о покупке определенного товара только при настоятельных уговорах агента по продаже.
* * *
маргинальный клиент: клиент, который находится на грани прибыльности для продавца, т. е. не слишком выгодный клиент. -
44 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
45 interval run, interval running
Спорт: интервальный бег (increasing the pace over a set distance - is an effective way to train both the body and the mind so that you become a faster runner)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > interval run, interval running
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46 operative
['ɔp(ə)rətɪv] 1. прил.1)а) действующий, работающийMy car was still in an operative condition. — Моя машина была по-прежнему в исправном состоянии.
Syn:б) действенный, эффективный; продуктивныйI really had no operative motives for doing it. — На самом деле, у меня не было веских оснований для того, чтобы так поступать.
She was given an operative dose of the medicine. — Ей ввели необходимую дозу препарата.
Syn:2) важный, имеющий значение; существенный, заключающий в себе главный смыслoperative part (of the treaty) — ключевой момент (переговоров); постановляющая часть документа
After all, she didn't bring the boy on that operative Saturday. — В конце концов, она так и не привела мальчика в тот решающий субботний день.
Syn:significant 2., important3) мед. оперативный, операционныйoperative treatment — оперативное, хирургическое вмешательство
Syn:4) уст. выполняющий физическую работу (о человеке, машине)2. сущ.1) квалифицированный рабочий ( на промышленном предприятии), оператор технического устройства, станочник, механикSyn:2)а) сыщик, детектив ( обычно частный)Syn:б) тайный агент; шпионSyn:secret agent, spy 1.3) ремесленник, кустарьSyn:4) уст.а) деятельное настроение или состояние активностиб) эффективное, действенное лекарство -
47 law
n1) закон- in law2) право; правоведение; законодательство- take law proceedings against smb.- institute law proceedings against smb.4) закон (природы, научный)5) правило•- land law- remain under the protection and authority of the principles of international law- club law- case law- good law- law act- air law -
48 law
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49 a sheet anchor
(a (или smb.'s) sheet anchor)якорь спасения, верное прибежище, единственная надежда [этим. мор. запасной якорь]Only then did he realize that she had become his sheet anchor, his most effective barrier against loneliness. — Только теперь он понял, что она была для него якорем спасения, надежной защитой от одиночества.
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50 a (или one's) sheet anchor
якopь cпaceния, вepнoe пpибeжищe, eдинcтвeннaя нaдeждa [этим. мop. зaпacнoй якopь]Only then did he realize that she had become his sheet anchor, his most effective barrier against loneliness, fear and remorse (F. Hardy). During the first years of our business activities we were fortunate in having a sympathetic bank as our sheet anchorConcise English-Russian phrasebook > a (или one's) sheet anchor
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become effective — become valid, go into effect … English contemporary dictionary
effective — [[t]ɪfe̱ktɪv[/t]] ♦♦ 1) ADJ GRADED: oft ADJ in ing, ADJ against n Something that is effective works well and produces the results that were intended. The project looks at how we could be more effective in encouraging students to enter teacher… … English dictionary
effective — adjective 1) an effective treatment Syn: successful, effectual, potent, powerful; helpful, beneficial, advantageous, valuable, useful; formal efficacious Ant: ineffective, weak 2) a more effective argume … Thesaurus of popular words
effective — ef‧fec‧tive [ɪˈfektɪv] adjective 1. working well and producing the result or effect that was wanted or intended: • The company mounted a very effective publicity campaign. • The 7% increase in sales shows that the company has become more… … Financial and business terms
Effective porosity — The term effective porosity lacks a single or straightforward definition. Even some of the terms used in its mathematical description (“Vcl” and “Vsh”) have multiple definitions. However, it is most commonly considered to represent the porosity… … Wikipedia
Effective stress — Karl von Terzaghi first proposed the relationship for effective stress in 1936. [http://fbe.uwe.ac.uk/public/geocal/SoilMech/stresses/stresses.htm] For him, the term ‘effective’ meant the calculated stress that was effective in moving soil, or… … Wikipedia
effective — adj. 1 producing the result you want VERBS ▪ be, look, prove, seem ▪ make sth ▪ find sth ▪ We find advertising on the radio very effectiv … Collocations dictionary
Effective Safety Training — The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has written voluminous workplace safety standards and regulations that affect employers and employees in the United States. It is the employer s legal responsibility to educate employees on … Wikipedia
Effective evolutionary time — The hypothesis of effective evolutionary timeK. Rohde: Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: the search for the primary cause, Oikos, 65, 514 527,1992.] attempts to explain gradients, in particular latitudinal gradients, in species… … Wikipedia
Effective Date — The date, declared by the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC), on which shares can start trading. This usually refers to the date when shares become available for sale in an initial public offering. The effective date occurs approximately 20… … Investment dictionary
effective date — The date when a code of laws, a constitution, or single statute or constitutional amendment becomes binding as law. Anno: 132 ALR 1060. A bill introduced in the legislature is ordinarily regarded as becoming a law upon its enactment, but the time … Ballentine's law dictionary