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1 atalta-
vb. "collapse, fall in" TALÁT, weak pa.t. ataltanë "down-fell, fell down" in LR:47 and SD:247, but strong past tense atalantë "down-fell" in LR:56 -
2 undu
adv. and prep.? "down, under, beneath" UNU, VT46:20; prefixundu- "down", in undulávë "down-licked" = covered. Nam -
3 undulav-
vb., literally lick down = cover glossed swallow in PE17:72. Lumbulë undulávë ilyë tier "heavy shadow down-licked all paths", lyrical translation "all paths are drowned deep in shadow" Nam. The pl. past tense would be unduláver PE17:72. -
4 penda
adj. "sloping down, inclined" PEN/PÉNED, steeply inclined, sloping down PE17:24 -
5 caita-
vb. "lie" = lie down, not "tell something untrue", aorist tense "lies" in the sentences sindanóriello caita mornië "out of a grey land darkness lies" Nam, RGEO:67, caitas lá/palla i sír it is lit. lies far beyond the river PE17:65; the latter example demonstrates that caita can also be used of a geographical feature that lies in a certain place. According to PE17:72 and VT48:12-13, the pa.t. is cainë or cëantë rather than **caitanë. The "Qenya" form kakainen, translated "were lying", may seem to be related VT27:7, 21 -
6 untúpa
vb. "down-roofs" = covers perhaps for *undutúpa-, cf. undu-. Present tense of untup- with lengthening of the stem vowel and the suffix -a cf. síla "shines" from sil- -
7 nú-
going down, setting of sun, west PE17:18, element underlying words like the following, and also núna q.v. -
8 maqua
noun "a hand-full; complete hand with all five fingers; a closing of closed hand facing down for taking; group of five similar things"; in colloquial usage also "hand" as a limb VT47:7, 18-20; dual maquat "group of ten" VT47:7, 10. Compounded maquanotië = "decimal system" in counting VT47:10, Lungumaqua "Heavyhand" VT47:19 -
9 andú-
going down, setting of sun, west PE17:18, element underlying words like the following, and also núna q.v. -
10 quer-
vb. turn transitive, attested as pa.t. quernë VT49:18-20. Compare kuere kwere as one variant of a stem meaning turn PE14:65. English intransitive to turn requires a reflexive pronoun in Quenya: mo quernë immo *one turned oneself VT49:6, in idiomatic English simply one turned. Passive participle \#querna turned, isolated from nuquerna q.v. *"under-turned" = reversed, turned upside down. Also in númenquerna *turned westward VT49:18, nanquernë *turned back, pl. form of *nanquerna VT49:17-18, 20 -
11 silmë
noun "starlight", also name of tengwa \#29 Appendix E, though in the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, the name silmë instead applied to tengwa \#3 VT46:13. Silmë nuquerna "s reversed", name of tengwa \#30, similar to normal silmë but turned upside down Appendix E. In the Etymologies, stem SIL, silmë is defined as the "light of Silpion" Telperion, and also a poetic word for "silver". -
12 talta-
vb. "slip, slide down, collapse, slope" TALÁT; reduplicated stem in the participle talta-taltala in Markirya, simply translated "falling" in MC:215. Strong intransitive conjugation: present talta, aorist talt- derived from talati talti, hence presumably *talti- with endings and *taltë without any, past talantë, perfect ataltië. Weak transitive conjugation: present taltëa, aorist talta, past taltanë. This is said to be the conjugation type of a certain class of verbs, namely √TALAT stems PE17:186. -
13 árë
noun "day" PM:127 or "sunlight" SA:arien. Stem ári- PE17:126, where the word is further defined as warmth, especially of the sun, sunlight.Also name of tengwa \#31; cf. also ar \# 2. Originally pronounced ázë; when /z/ merged with /r/, the letter became superfluous and was given the new value ss, hence it was re-named essë Appendix E. Also árë nuquerna *"árë reversed", name of tengwa \#32, similar to normal árë but turned upside down Appendix E. See also ilyázëa, ilyárëa under ilya. In the Etymologies, this word has a short initial vowel: arë pl. ari ARsup1/sup -
14 talat-
vb. a stem used for "slipping, sliding, falling down" Letters:347, cf. atalta-, talta- and talantië -
15 -r
nominative plural ending regularly used on nouns ending in -a, -i, -ië, -o, -u, e.g. Ainur, Valar, tier. Occasionally it is added also to nouns ending in -ë that normally take the ending -I in the pl.. This seems to regularly happen in the case of nouns in -lë see \#fintalë, mallë, tyellë, sometimes also otherwise see Ingwë, wendë, essë \#1. This plural ending was "it is said" first used by the Noldor PM:402. plural ending used on verbs with a plural subject VT49:48, 50, 51, e.g. lantar fall in Namárië with the plural subject lassi leaves, or unduláver as the pl. form of undulávë licked down, covered PE17:72. The ending is sometimes missing where we might expect it; for instance, the verb tarnë stood has multiple subjects and yet does not appear as *tarner in PE17:71. -
16 númë
noun "going down, occident" Letters:361, the West PE17:18, núme- "west" VT45:38, LT1:263, the WestIn númeheruen and numeheruvi, q.v. -
17 -li
partitive pl. ending simply called a plural suffix in the Etymologies, stem LI. The ending is used to indicate a plural that is neither generic e.g. Eldar the Elves as a race nor definite preceded by article; hence Eldali is used for some Elves a particular group of Elves, when they are first mentioned in a narrative, VT49:8. Sometimes Tolkien also lets -li imply a great number; in PE17:129, the form falmalinnar from Namárië is broken down as falma-uli/u-nnar foam wave-umany/u-towards-pl. ending, and falmali by itself Tolkien translated many waves PE17:73. A distinct accusative in -līseems to occur in the phrase an i falmalīPE17:127, apparently meaning the same as i falmalinnar, but replacing the allative ending with a preposition. Genitive -lion in vanimálion, malinornélion q.v. for reference, allative -linna and -linnar in falmalinnar, q.v. The endings for other cases are only known from the Plotz letter: possessive -líva, dative -lin, locative -lissë or -lissen, ablative -lillo or -lillon, instrumental -línen, "short locative" -lis. When the noun ends in a consonant, r and n is assimilated before l, e.g. Casalli as the partitive pl. of Casar Dwarf WJ:402, or elelli as the partitive pl. of elen star PE17:127. It is unclear whether the same happens in monosyllabic words, or whether a connecting vowel would be slipped in before -li e.g. ?queneli or ?quelli as the partitive pl. of quén, quen- person. -
18 an-
2 intensive or superlative prefix carrying the idea of "very" or "most", seen in ancalima "most bright" cf. calima "bright", antara "very high, very lofty" and \#anyára *"very old" or *"oldest" the latter form occurring in the so-called Elaine inscription VT49:40, there with the dative ending -n. Assimilated to am- before p-, as in amparca "k" "very dry", and to al-, ar-, as- before words in l-, r-, s- though Tolkien seems to indicate that before words in l- derived from earlier d, the original quality of the consonant would be preserved so that forms in and- rather than all- would result. See also un-. Letters:279, VT45:5, 36 Regarding the form of the superlative prefix before certain consonants, another, partially discrepant system was also set down in the Etymologies and first published in VT45:36. The prefix was to appear as um- or un- before labialized consonants like p-, qu-, v- the consonant v preserving its ancient pronunciation b- following the prefix, thus producing a word in umb-, as in- technically iñ- before c- and g- the latter presumably referring to words that originally had initial g-, later lost in Quenya but evidently preserved following this prefix, and as an- otherwise. However, this system would contradict the canonical example ancalima, which would have been *incalima if Tolkien had maintained this idea. In a post-LotR source, the basic form of the prefix is given as am- instead see am- \#2. In this late conception, the prefix still appears as an- before most consonants, but as ama- before r, l, and the form an- is used even before s- whether original or from þ, not the assimilated variant as- described above. General principles would suggest that the form am- should also appear before y- so the form \#anyára probably presupposes an- rather than am- as the basic form of the prefix, Tolkien revisiting the earlier concept in the Elaine inscription. PE17:92 3 prefix "re" in antúlien, q.v. LotR-style Quenya shows en- instead. -
19 nún
1 adv. "down below, underneath" NŪ -
20 númeta-
vb. "get low of the Sun" also numenda- LT1:263; in Tolkien's later Quenya rather núta-; inflected númetar "set" "went down in the West" MC:221; this is "Qenya"
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