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21 balance
'bæləns
1. noun1) (a weighing instrument.) balanza2) (a state of physical steadiness: The child was walking along the wall when he lost his balance and fell.) equilibrio3) (state of mental or emotional steadiness: The balance of her mind was disturbed.) equilibrio4) (the amount by which the two sides of a financial account (money spent and money received) differ: I have a balance (= amount remaining) of $100 in my bank account; a large bank balance.) saldo
2. verb1) ((of two sides of a financial account) to make or be equal: I can't get these accounts to balance.) equilibrar, igualar2) (to make or keep steady: She balanced the jug of water on her head; The girl balanced on her toes.) mantener(se) en equilibrio•- in the balance
- off balance
- on balance
balance1 n1. equilibrio2. balanzabalance2 vb equilibrar / mantener en equilibriocan you balance a ball on your nose? ¿puedes mantener una pelota sobre la nariz sin que se caiga?
balance sustantivo masculino 1 hacer balance de algo to take stock of sth, to evaluate sth 2 (Com, Fin) (cálculo, cómputo) balance; ( documento) balance sheet; ( de cuenta) balance
balance sustantivo masculino
1 Fin balance (documento financiero) balance sheet
2 (valoración, resultado) outcome: se desconoce el balance de víctimas, the number of victims is unknown
3 fig (reflexión, valoración) tienes que hacer balance de tu matrimonio, you must take stock of your marriage ' balance' also found in these entries: Spanish: balanza - casar - cuadrar - deficitaria - deficitario - desequilibrar - desnivelar - desnivelada - desnivelado - deudor - deudora - equilibrar - equilibrio - nivelar - saldo - ajustar - balancear - contrapeso - desequilibrado - mantener - perder English: balance - balance of payments - balance of power - balance out - balance sheet - bank balance - bottom line - consolidate - debit balance - doctor - off-balance - outstanding - quarterly statement - trading results - weekly statement - bank - credit - fine - footing - over - stock - striketr['bæləns]1 equilibrio2 (scales) balanza3 (of account etc) saldo4 (remainder) resto5 (harmony) equilibrio, armonía1 poner en equilibrio3 (load) equilibrar1 mantenerse en equilibrio2 SMALLFINANCE/SMALL cuadrar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLon balance todo consideradoto balance the books hacer el balanceto balance one thing with another comparar una cosa con otrato balance something on one's head mantener algo en equilibrio sobre la cabezato be off balance estar desequilibrado,-ato lose one's balance perder el equilibrioto hang in the balance estar en juego, estar pendiente de un hiloto restore the balance restablecer el equilibrioto strike a balance buscar un término medioto throw somebody off balance hacer perder el equilibrio a alguienbalance due saldo deudorbalance in hand saldo disponiblebalance of nature equilibrio ecológicobalance of payments balanza de pagosbalance of power equilibrio de fuerzasbalance of trade balanza comercialbalance sheet estado de cuentas1) : hacer el balance de (una cuenta)to balance the books: cuadrar las cuentas2) equalize: balancear, equilibrar3) harmonize: armonizarbalance vi: balancearsebalance n1) scales: balanza f, báscula f2) counterbalance: contrapeso m3) equilibrium: equilibrio m4) remainder: balance m, resto mn.• balance s.m.• balanza s.f.• equilibrio (Física) s.m.• ordenación s.f.• peso s.m.• saldo s.m.v.• abalanzar v.• balancear v.• equilibrar v.• nivelar v.• saldar v.'bæləns
I
1) c ( apparatus) balanza f2) ua) ( physical) equilibrio mto keep/lose one's balance — mantener*/perder* el equilibrio
the blow caught him off balance — el golpe lo agarró or (Esp) lo cogió desprevenido
to throw somebody off balance — ( disconcert) desconcertar* a alguien; (lit: topple) hacer* que alguien pierda el equilibrio
b) u ( equilibrium) equilibrio mto strike a balance — dar* con el justo medio
3) ca) ( in accounting) balance mb) ( bank balance) saldo mc) (difference, remainder) resto m; ( of sum of money) saldo m
II
1.
1)a) \<\<load\>\> equilibrar; \<\<object\>\> mantener* or sostener* en equilibriob) ( weigh up) sopesarto balance something against something: you have to balance the risks against the likely profit — tienes que sopesar los riesgos y los posibles beneficios
2) ( Fin) \<\<account\>\> hacer* el balance deto balance the books — hacer* cuadrar las cuentas
2.
via) ( hold position) mantener* el equilibriob) ( Fin) \<\<account\>\> cuadrarPhrasal Verbs:['bælǝns]1. N1) (=equilibrium) equilibrio mthe balance of his mind was disturbed — frm su mente estaba desequilibrada
•
in balance — en equilibrio, equilibrado•
to keep one's balance — mantener el equilibrio•
to lose one's balance — perder el equilibrioto throw sb off balance — (lit) hacer que algn pierda el equilibrio; (fig) desconcertar a algn
•
on balance — (fig) teniendo or tomando en cuenta todos los factores, una vez considerados todos los factores frm•
to redress the balance — restablecer el equilibrio•
he has no sense of balance — no tiene sentido del equilibrio•
to strike a balance — conseguir or establecer un equilibrio2) (=scales) balanza f•
to be or hang in the balance — (fig) estar pendiente de un hilo3) (Comm) saldo mwhat's my balance? — ¿qué saldo tengo?
4) (=remainder) [of items] resto m ; [of money] saldo m5) (Audio) balance m2. VT1) (=place in equilibrium) [+ weight] equilibrar; [+ object] poner/mantener en equilibrio; (Aut) [+ wheel] nivelar2) (=compare) comparar, sopesar; (=make up for) compensar•
this increase must be balanced against the rate of inflation — hay que sopesar este aumento y la tasa de inflación3) (Comm)•
to balance the books — hacer balance, hacer cuadrar las cuentas3. VI1) (=keep equilibrium) mantener el equilibrio, mantenerse en equilibrio2) (Comm) [accounts] cuadrar4.CPDbalance of payments deficit N — déficit m en la balanza de pagos
our balance of payments deficit has improved slightly — nuestro déficit en la balanza de pagos ha mejorado ligeramente
balance of terror N — equilibrio m del terror
balance sheet N — balance m, hoja f de balance
balance transfer N — (on credit card) transferencia f de saldo
balance weight N — contrapeso m
* * *['bæləns]
I
1) c ( apparatus) balanza f2) ua) ( physical) equilibrio mto keep/lose one's balance — mantener*/perder* el equilibrio
the blow caught him off balance — el golpe lo agarró or (Esp) lo cogió desprevenido
to throw somebody off balance — ( disconcert) desconcertar* a alguien; (lit: topple) hacer* que alguien pierda el equilibrio
b) u ( equilibrium) equilibrio mto strike a balance — dar* con el justo medio
3) ca) ( in accounting) balance mb) ( bank balance) saldo mc) (difference, remainder) resto m; ( of sum of money) saldo m
II
1.
1)a) \<\<load\>\> equilibrar; \<\<object\>\> mantener* or sostener* en equilibriob) ( weigh up) sopesarto balance something against something: you have to balance the risks against the likely profit — tienes que sopesar los riesgos y los posibles beneficios
2) ( Fin) \<\<account\>\> hacer* el balance deto balance the books — hacer* cuadrar las cuentas
2.
via) ( hold position) mantener* el equilibriob) ( Fin) \<\<account\>\> cuadrarPhrasal Verbs: -
22 item
n1) пункт, параграф, статья2) предмет в списке, позиция3) статья (импорта; экспорта)5) изделие
- accessory item
- accrued items
- additional item
- agenda item
- associated items
- bad item
- balance-sheet item
- balancing item
- booking item
- bought item
- budget item
- bulky item
- capital item
- cash item
- catalogue item
- commodity item
- consumer items
- contract item
- corresponding items
- cost item
- credit item
- customable items
- debit item
- delayed item
- demand items
- direct-store-delivery items
- duty-free items
- effective item
- end item
- exhibition item
- expense item
- export items
- extraordinary item
- fancy items
- faster-moving items
- faulty item
- fungible items
- general items
- high margin items
- high quality items
- high turnover items
- import items
- impulse item
- income item
- individual item
- inventory item
- invisible items of expenditure
- key items
- last saved item
- low value items
- low volume items
- luxury items
- made item
- merchandise item
- monetary item
- news item
- noncapital item
- noncash items
- nonfood items
- off-balance-sheet item
- one-of-a-kind item
- open item
- optional item
- packed items
- power items
- production line item
- prohibited items
- protected budget items
- purchased item
- representative item
- residual item
- restrictive proprietary item
- returned items
- revenue items
- routine item
- sale-priced items
- serially-produced items
- short-delivered items
- slow-moving items
- stable item
- staple item
- stocked item
- subcontract item
- superior item
- suspense items
- tariff item
- tax preference item
- transit item
- uncovered item
- undelivered items
- unprotected budget items
- visible items
- visible items of trade
- item in the budget
- item of account
- item of the agenda
- item of an agreement
- item of a bill
- item of the balance sheet
- item of the budget
- items of consumption
- item of a contract
- item of equipment
- item of expenditure
- item of expense
- items of exportation
- items of general consumption
- items of importation
- items of mass consumption
- items of personal use
- item of a plan
- items of trade
- item on a balance sheet
- enter an item into an account
- enter an item into the ledger
- exclude an item
- list items
- pass an item to an account
- specify items
- split up items
- strike an item off the list
- strike out an item
- subdivide items -
23 balance
------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] balance[Swahili Word] baki[Swahili Plural] mabaki[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] balance[Swahili Word] kapani[Swahili Plural] kapani[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] balance[Swahili Word] kapani[Part of Speech] noun[Derived Word] (Persian)------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] balance[Swahili Word] minzani[Part of Speech] noun[Derived Word] uzani N[English Example] balance of forces[Swahili Example] mizani ya nguvu------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] balance[Swahili Word] mizani[Swahili Plural] mizani[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] balance[English Plural] balances[Swahili Word] tarafu[Swahili Plural] tarafu[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] balance[Swahili Word] taraju[Swahili Plural] taraju[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] balance[Swahili Word] urari[Part of Speech] noun[Swahili Example] urari wa hesabu------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] balance[Swahili Word] usawa[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] balance[Swahili Word] -wiana[Part of Speech] verb[Derived Word] wia V------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] balance (of a clock or watch)[Swahili Word] minzani[Part of Speech] noun[Derived Word] uzani N------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] balance (of a clock or watch)[Swahili Word] mizani[Part of Speech] noun[Derived Word] uzani N------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] balance of income and expenditures[Swahili Word] hesabu ya mapato na matumizi[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] balance of trade[Swahili Word] hesabu ya biashara[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] balance oneself[Swahili Word] -jisuka[Part of Speech] verb[Derived Word] -suka v------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] balancing-pole (used in dugout canoes)[Swahili Word] parago[Swahili Plural] maparago[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6[Terminology] nautical------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] strike a balance[Swahili Word] -katiana[Part of Speech] verb[Class] appl-assoc[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] -kata------------------------------------------------------------ -
24 stock
2) ассортимент (товаров)3) инвентарь4) склад (готовых изделий или полуфабрикатов) || хранить на складе5) капитал; фонд6) см. fixed capital stock7) имущество; перечень продаваемого имущества8) сырьё, материалы; незавершённые готовые изделия; оборотные производственные фонды9) амер. акция, акции; акционерный капитал; брит. ценные бумаги, фондовые ценности, обязательства; облигации; фонды10) род, семья11) группа населения12) скот; поголовье скота13) парк (вагонов)- in stock -
25 requirement
n1. вимога, необхідна умова2. потреба- domestic contents requirements вимоги до внутрішнього змісту- investment performance requirements вимоги до здійснення інвеситцій- performance requirements умови участі- product mandating requirements мандатні вимоги щодо товарів- trade balancing requirements вимоги до торговельного балансу- to adhere to the requirements дотримуватись вимог- to fulfill the requirement of the law виконувати вимоги закону- to meet the requirements відповідати вимогам -
26 price
(pc.)збут, бірж., ком., ек. n ціна; курс; a ціновий; v призначати/призначити ціну; визначати/визначити ціну; оцінювати/оцінити; розцінювати/розцінитигрошова вартість, яка сплачується та отримується за одиницю (unit¹) товару, послугу, актив (asset¹) і т. ін.═════════■═════════accounting price розрахункова ціна; acquisition price ціна придбання; actual price фактична ціна; adjusted price скоригована ціна; administrated prices адміністративно встановлені ціни • директивні ціни • монопольні (керовані) ціни; admission price вхідна ціна • вартість входу • сума вхідної плати; advertised price оголошена ціна • рекламована ціна; agreed — узгоджена ціна; all-in price повна ціна; American Selling Price price американська продажна ціна; asked price курс продавців; asking price бажана ціна; auction price аукціонна ціна; average price середня ціна; balancing price рівноважна ціна; bargain price вигідна ціна; base price основна ціна • базова ціна; basic price вихідна ціна • основна ціна; basing-point price ціна в основному пункті; bedrock price остання мінімально можлива ціна • найнижча ціна; below-cost price ціна, нижча від собівартості; below retail price ціна, нижча від роздрібної; best price кінцева ціна • максимальна ціна; bid price ціна покупця • курс покупців; black market price ціна чорного ринку; blanket price загальна ціна; bottom price остаточна ціна; break-even price ціна без збитковості; budget price бюджетна ціна; buy back price викупна ціна; buyer's price ціна покупця; buying price купівельна ціна; call price ціна, за яку можна достроково викупити облігації; cash price ціна за готівку • ціна при оплаті готівкою; catalogue price каталожна ціна; ceiling price верхня межа ціни • максимальна ціна; closing price заключна ціна • ціна на час закриття біржі • ціна, яка зареєстрована при закритті біржі; commodity prices товарні ціни • ціни на готові вироби; competitive price конкурентна ціна • конкурентоспроможна ціна; competitor's price ціна конкуруючого підприємства; computer rental price орендна плата за користування комп'ютером; conditional price умовна ціна; consumer prices ціни на споживчі товари; contingent price не передбачена заздалегідь ціна; contract price договірна ціна; controlled prices регульовані ціни; conversion price ціна конверсії; cost price виробнича ціна • собівартість виробництва; current price поточна ціна; current market price поточна ринкова ціна; cut price знижена ціна; cut-rate price низька ціна • знижена ціна; delivered price ціна включно з доставкою; demand price ціна попиту; discount price ціна зі знижкою; disposal price ціна реалізації • ціна при ліквідації; domestic prices ціни внутрішнього ринку; duty-paid price ціна, яка включає мито; economy price знижена ціна; entry-limit price ціна, що обмежує вхід конкурентам; equilibrium price ціна рівноваги • ціна, що забезпечує рівновагу; estimated price орієнтовна ціна; everyday price повсякденна ціна; exchange price біржова ціна • біржовий курс; exercise price ціна реалізації опціону; exorbitant price позамежна ціна • надзвичайно висока ціна; expected price сподівана ціна; factory price ціна підприємства-виробника; factory list price ціна за прейскурантом підприємства-виробника; fair price помірна ціна • справедлива ціна; final price остаточна ціна; fire-sale price продаж за безцінь; firm price стала ціна • тверда ціна • твердий курс; fixed price призначена ціна • встановлена ціна; flat price однакова ціна; flexible price гнучка ціна • еластична ціна; floor price мінімальна ціна • найнижча ціна • нижня межа ціни; fluctuating prices ціни, які коливаються; food prices ціни на харчові продукти; forward price курс за строковою угодою; full price повна ціна • максимально можлива ціна; give-away price продаж за безцінь; going price теперішня ціна • нинішня ціна; going market price поточна ринкова ціна; gross price ціна-брутто; guaranteed price гарантована ціна; half price півціни; hire price ціна найму; hire purchase price ціна при купівлі на виплат; honest price справедлива ціна; House price біржовий курс; implicit price неявна ціна; importer price ціна імпорту; inflated price роздута ціна • підвищена ціна; inflexible prices негнучкі ціни • директивні ціни; initial price вихідна ціна • початкова ціна; inside price внутрішня ціна; intervention price ціна втручання; introductory price вхідна ціна; invoice price фактурна ціна; issue price випускна ціна • курс нового випуску цінних паперів; job price ціна на виконану роботу; launch price вивідна ціна • ціна в момент виведення товару на ринок; legislated price ціна, встановлена законодавчим актом; list price ціна за цінником • прейскурантна ціна; manufacturer's price ціна виробника; manufacturer's recommended price рекомендована ціна виробника; manufacturing price ціна фабрики-виробника; marginal price крайня ціна • гранична ціна; markdown price знижена ціна; marked price зазначена ціна; market price ринкова ціна • ринковий курс • курс біржі; market-clearing price рівноважна ціна • ціна, що забезпечує рівновагу попиту і пропозиції; market-determined price кон'юнктурна ціна; mark-up (price) націнка • підвищення (цін); maximum price максимальна ціна; mean price середня ціна; medium price середня ціна; minimum price мінімальна ціна; moderate price помірна ціна; modest price скромна ціна; monopoly price монопольна ціна; negotiated price договірна ціна; net price кінцева ціна • ціна нетто; newsstand price продажна ціна в кіоску • роздрібна ціна; nominal price номінальна ціна; normal price нормальна ціна; offer price курс продавців; offered price пропонована ціна; off-peak price ціна в період зниження торгу; opening price ціна на час відкриття біржі; option price ціна опціону; original price первісна ціна; package price ціна упаковки • ціна тари; parity price паритетна ціна; peak price ціна в сезон • максимальна ціна • ціна в піковий час • пікова ціна; pegged price штучно підтримувана ціна; preferential price пільгова ціна; premium price ціна, вища від номіналу • ціна з націнкою; present price існуюча ціна; probate price ціна акцій при нарахуванні податків згідно із судовим рішенням щодо спадкоємства • ціна активів померлої особи; producer's price ціна виробника; purchase price купівельна ціна • покупна ціна; quoted price котирувана ціна • ціна за розцінкою • зареєстрований на біржі курс; real price реальна ціна; reasonable price доступна ціна; recommended price рекомендована ціна; redemption price викупна ціна; reduced price знижена ціна; reference price довідкова ціна; regular price звичайна ціна; relative price відносна ціна; remunerative price вигідна ціна; replacement price ціна заміни; resale price ціна при перепродажу; reserve price відправна ціна • резервована ціна; retail price (r/р) роздрібна ціна; rock-bottom price найнижча ціна • дуже низька ціна • безцінь; runaway prices ціни, що швидко зростають; sale price ціна розпродажу; selling price (s/p) продажна ціна; set price призначена ціна • тверда ціна; settlement price розрахункова ціна; shadow price неявна ціна • тіньова ціна; share price курс акції • біржовий курс; shelf price продажна роздрібна ціна; short-term price короткочасна ціна; sinking price ціна реалізації опціону; slashed price урізана ціна • різко знижена ціна; sliding price змінна ціна • ковзна ціна; special price особлива ціна • пільгова ціна; special sales price пільгова ціна при розпродажу; spot price поточна ціна • ціна продажу; standard price стандартна ціна; standard unit price стандартна ціна за одиницю; standing price тверда ціна; starting price початкова ціна; sticker price ціна на наліпці • ціна на етикетці • прейскурантна ціна; store prices ціни в крамниці • магазинні ціни; strike price ціна реалізації опціону; subscription price ціна на передплату • передплатна ціна; suggested price пропонована ціна • ціна, пропонована для роздрібної торгівлі; suggested retail price рекомендована роздрібна ціна • пропонована роздрібна ціна; supply price ціна постачання • ціна пропозиції; target price цільова ціна • контрольна ціна; target selling price цільова продажна ціна; top price найвища ціна • максимальна ціна • найвищий курс цінних паперів; total price загальна ціна • сумарна ціна; trade price торговельна ціна; transfer price відпускна ціна; ultimate price остаточна ціна; unit price ціна за одиницю товару • ціна товарної одиниці; variable prices змінні ціни • нестійкі ціни; wholesale price оптова ціна; world market price ціна на світовому ринку═════════□═════════adjustment price регулювання цін; at a price за високу ціну • дорого; at popular prices за загальнодоступними цінами; at present prices за поточними цінами; bid and asked price ціна покупців і продавців; consumer price index; price-consumption curve крива залежності споживання від ціни; price discrimination цінова дискримінація; price elasticity цінова еластичність; price escalation зростання цін; price fixing встановлення ціни; price flexibility гнучкість цін; price fluctuation коливання цін; price increase підвищення цін; price index індекс цін; price less discount ціна за відрахуванням знижки; price level рівень ціни; price liberalization лібералізація цін; price list (PL) цінник • прейскурант; price parity паритетність цін; price per unit ціна за одиницю • ціна одиниці; price range діапазон цін; price ratio співвідношення цін; price-setting ціноутворення • встановлення ціни; price stabilization стабілізація цін; price subject to change ціна, яка підлягає зміні; price subsidy цінова субсидія; price support підтримка цін; price tag ціновий ярлик; price variation коливання ціни; price war цінова війна; retail price index (RPI) індекс роздрібних цін; to adjust prices врегульовувати/врегулювати ціни; to agree on the price погоджуватися/погодитися на запропоновану ціну; to bring down prices знижувати/знизити ціни; to cut prices знижувати/знизити ціни; to differ in prices відрізнятися за цінами; to drop in price дешевшати/подешевшати; to fall in price падати/впасти в ціні; to fix a price призначати/призначити ціну; to freeze prices заморожувати/заморозити ціну; to increase in price дорожчати/подорожчати; to increase prices підвищувати/підвищити ціни; to list price складати/скласти цінник • складати/скласти прейскурант; to mark a price призначати/призначити ціну • котирувати курс; to negotiate a price домовлятися/домовитися про ціну; to quote a price призначати/призначити ціну • встановлювати/встановити розцінку; to raise prices підвищувати/підвищити ціни; to reduce prices знижувати/знизити ціни; to scale down prices знижувати/знизити ціни; to set a price призначати/призначити ціну; to undercut a price збивати/збити ціну -
27 principle
nпринцип, основа, закон
- acceleration principle
- accounting principle
- accrual basis principle
- arm's length principle
- auditing principles
- averaging principle
- broad principles
- cash flow principle
- ceiling principle
- common law principles
- compatibility principle
- compensation principle
- cost-benefit principle
- credit principle
- equitable principle
- flexibility principle
- floor principle
- fluctuating principle
- fullcost principle
- functional principle
- generally accepted accounting principles
- generally accepted audit principles
- guiding principle
- historical cost principle
- just wage principle
- legal principle
- lower of cost or market principle
- matching principle
- maximum principle
- minimax principle
- minimum principle
- operating principle
- rating principles
- residence principle of taxation
- source principle of taxation
- superposition principle
- territoriality principle
- uncertainty principle
- principle of choice
- principle of classifying
- principle of comparability
- principle of comparative advantage
- principle of comparative cost
- principle of conflicts of law
- principle of continuity of contracts
- principle of continuity of legislaion
- principles of cooperation
- principle of efficiency
- principle of equal advantage
- principle of equality
- principle of equity
- principle of information transparency
- principle of an invention
- principle of legal continuity
- principle of legislative coherence
- principles of management
- principle of material incentive
- principle of most-favoured-nation treatment
- principle of optimality
- principles of price formation
- principle of priority
- principle of profitability of investments
- principle of reciprocity
- principle of risk balancing
- principle of scientific management
- principle of solvency
- principle of sufficiency
- principle of taxation
- in principle
- adhere to principles
- establish a principle
- outline principles
- promote just and equitable principles of trade
- stray from the principlesEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > principle
-
28 World War II
(1939-1945)In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). -
29 balance
balance ['bæləns]équilibre ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b) balance ⇒ 1 (c), 1 (f) contrepoids ⇒ 1 (d) solde, reste ⇒ 1 (e) mettre en équilibre ⇒ 2 (a) faire contrepoids àpeser ⇒ 2 (c) équilibrer, balancer ⇒ 2 (d) solder ⇒ 2 (e) être en équilibre ⇒ 3 (a) s'équilibrer ⇒ 3 (b), 3 (c)1 noun∎ she tried to keep her balance elle a essayé de garder l'équilibre ou son équilibre;∎ I lost my balance j'ai perdu l'équilibre ou mon équilibre;∎ off balance (physically, mentally) déséquilibré;∎ he threw me off balance il m'a fait perdre l'équilibre; figurative il m'a décontenancé;∎ figurative to catch sb off balance prendre qn au dépourvu∎ she tried to strike a balance between the practical and the idealistic elle a essayé de trouver un juste milieu entre la réalité et l'idéal;∎ balance of nature l'équilibre m de la nature;∎ budgetary/economic balance équilibre m budgétaire/économique∎ to hang in the balance être en jeu;∎ our future hangs or lies in the balance notre avenir est en jeu;∎ everything is still (hanging) in the balance rien n'est encore certain;∎ his remark tipped the balance in his favour sa remarque a fait pencher la balance en sa faveur(d) (weight, force) poids m, contrepoids m;∎ the balance of evidence is against him la plupart des preuves lui sont défavorables;∎ she acts as a balance to his impulsiveness elle sert de contrepoids à ou elle contrebalance son impulsivité∎ balance in hand solde m en caisse;∎ balance carried forward solde m à reporter; (on balance sheet) report m à nouveau;∎ balance brought forward solde m reporté; (on balance sheet) report m;∎ balance due solde m débiteur ou dû;∎ I'd like to pay the balance of my account j'aimerais solder mon compte(f) (on hi-fi, amplifier) balance f∎ she balanced the book on her head elle a mis ou posé le livre en équilibre sur sa tête;∎ women balancing pots on their heads des femmes portant des pots sur la tête;∎ Cars to balance the wheels équilibrer les roues(b) (act as counterbalance, offset) faire contrepoids à, contrebalancer;∎ we have to balance the right to privacy against the public's right to know nous devons trouver le juste milieu entre le respect de la vie privée et le droit du public à être informé∎ you have to balance its usefulness against the actual cost vous devez mettre en balance ou comparer son utilité et le coût réel;∎ to balance the advantages against the disadvantages peser le pour et le contre∎ to balance the budget équilibrer le budget;∎ to balance an adverse budget rétablir un budget déficitaire;∎ to balance the books dresser ou établir le bilan, arrêter les comptes;∎ to balance one's chequebook faire ses comptes∎ to balance an account solder un compte(a) (remain in stable position) se maintenir en équilibre; (be in stable position) être en équilibre;∎ to balance on one foot se tenir en équilibre sur un pied;∎ she was balanced precariously on the top of a ladder elle était en équilibre instable en haut de l'échelle∎ the weights balance les poids s'équilibrent∎ I can't get the accounts to balance je n'arrive pas à équilibrer les comptesà tout prendre, tout bien considéré►► balance beam (in gymnastics) poutre f;Finance balance book livre m d'inventaire;Building industry balance bridge pont m basculant;Economics balance of payments balance f des paiements;Economics balance of payments deficit déficit m de la balance des paiements, déficit m extérieur;Politics balance of power (in government) balance f ou équilibre m des pouvoirs; (between states) balance f ou équilibre m des forces;∎ Politics he holds the balance of power il peut faire pencher la balance, tout dépend de lui;Accountancy balance sheet bilan m;∎ off the balance sheet hors de bilan;Accountancy balance sheet auditing contrôle m du bilan;Accountancy balance sheet consolidation consolidation f de bilan;Accountancy balance sheet item poste m de bilan;balance sheet value valeur f bilantielle ou d'inventaire;Economics balance of trade balance f commerciale;Technology balance weight contrepoids m;Technology balance wheel balancier m∎ the advantages and disadvantages balance out les avantages contrebalancent ou compensent les inconvénients;∎ they balance each other out (because of their respective skills) ils se complètent bien;∎ Finance the debits and credits should balance out les débits et les crédits devraient s'équilibrer
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