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41 exchange rate risk
Finthe risk of suffering loss on converting another currency to the currency of a company’s own country.EXAMPLEExchange rate risks can be arranged into three primary categories. (1.) Economic exposure: operating costs will rise due to changes in rates and make a product uncompetitive in the world market. Little can be done to reduce this routine business risk that every enterprise must endure. (2.) Translation exposure: the impact of currency exchange rates will reduce a company’s earnings and weaken its balance sheet. To reduce translation exposure, experienced corporate fund managers use a range of techniques known as currency hedging. (3.) Transaction exposure: there will be an unfavorable move in a specific currency between the time when a contract is agreed and the time it is completed, or between the time when a lending or borrowing is initiated and the time the funds are repaid. Transaction exposure can be eased by factoring: transferring title to foreign accounts receivable to a third-party factoring house.Although there is no definitive way of forecasting exchange rates, largely because the world’s economies and financial markets are evolving so rapidly, the relationships between exchange rates, interest rates, and inflation rates can serve as leading indicators of changes in risk. These relationships are as follows. Purchasing Power Parity theory (PPP): while it can be expressed differently, the most common expression links the changes in exchange rates to those in relative price indices in two countries:Rate of change of exchange rate = Difference in inflation ratesInternational Fisher Effect (IFE): this holds that an interest-rate differential will exist only if the exchange rate is expected to change in such a way that the advantage of the higher interest rate is offset by the loss on the foreign exchange transactions. Practically speaking, the IFE implies that while an investor in a low-interest country can convert funds into the currency of a high-interest country and earn a higher rate, the gain (the interest rate differential) will be offset by the expected loss due to foreign exchange rate changes. The relationship is stated as:Expected rate of change of the exchange rate = Interest-rate differentialUnbiased Forward Rate Theory: this holds that the forward exchange rate is the best unbiased estimate of the expected future spot exchange rate.Expected exchange rate = Forward exchange rate -
42 at that rate
إِذا استمرّ هذا الحال \ at that rate: if those conditions continue: He keeps stopping for a rest; at that rate, he won’t finish the job today. \ إِذا صحّ هذا \ at that rate: if those conditions continue: He keeps stopping for a rest; At that rate, he won’t finish the job today. \ عَلَى هذا المُعَدَّل \ at that rate: if those conditions continue: He keeps stopping for a rest; at that rate, he won’t finish the job today. -
43 first rate
دَرَجَةٌ أولى (ثانية، ثالثة، إلخ) \ first rate: (second, third, etc.) of the highest quality; first class: She’s a first-rate swimmer. Her swimming is first rate. This film is only second rate. \ صِنْف أوّل (ثانٍ، ثالِث، إلخ) \ first rate: (second, third, etc.) of the highest quality; first class: She’s a first-rate swimmer. Her swimming is first rate. This film is only second rate. -
44 variable rate note
Fina note the interest rate of which is tied to an index, such as the prime rate in the United States or the London InterBank Offering Rate (LIBOR) in the United Kingdom.Abbr. VRN -
45 first- rate
مُمْتَاز \ de luxe: of very high quality: a de luxe hotel. excellent: very good; of high quality: excellent food; an excellent cook. fantastic: very good, wonderful: How was the party? - fantastic!. first- rate: (second, third, etc.) of the highest quality; first class: She’s a first-rate swimmer. Her swimming is first-rate. first-class, first-rate: of the best quality: He is a first-class photographer. gorgeous: delightful; very pleasant: a gorgeous meal. ideal: perfect; very good: an ideal place for swimming. incredible: wonderful; very good: She had an incredible flat. noble: splendid; deserving admiration: a noble animal; a noble attempt to save life. posh: expensive very fine: a posh house; posh clothes. select: carefully chosen; not including anything (or anybody) unsuitable: a select club. splendid: very good: a splendid idea. super: especially fine: a super car; a super girl. superb: splendid; grand; very fine: a superb performance; a superb hotel. -
46 first-class, first-rate
مُمْتَاز \ de luxe: of very high quality: a de luxe hotel. excellent: very good; of high quality: excellent food; an excellent cook. fantastic: very good, wonderful: How was the party? - fantastic!. first- rate: (second, third, etc.) of the highest quality; first class: She’s a first-rate swimmer. Her swimming is first-rate. first-class, first-rate: of the best quality: He is a first-class photographer. gorgeous: delightful; very pleasant: a gorgeous meal. ideal: perfect; very good: an ideal place for swimming. incredible: wonderful; very good: She had an incredible flat. noble: splendid; deserving admiration: a noble animal; a noble attempt to save life. posh: expensive very fine: a posh house; posh clothes. select: carefully chosen; not including anything (or anybody) unsuitable: a select club. splendid: very good: a splendid idea. super: especially fine: a super car; a super girl. superb: splendid; grand; very fine: a superb performance; a superb hotel. -
47 London Inter Bank Mean Rate
Finthe average of the London Inter Bank Offered Rate and the London Inter Bank Bid Rate, occasionally used as a reference rate.Abbr. LIMEANThe ultimate business dictionary > London Inter Bank Mean Rate
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48 click-through rate
E-comthe percentage of ad views that result in a click-through, a measure of the success of the ad in enticing users to the advertiser’s Web site. -
49 hurdle rate
Fina rate of return which a capital investment proposal must achieve if it is to be accepted. Set by reference to the cost of capital, the hurdle rate may be increased above the basic cost of capital to allow for different levels of risk. -
50 at any rate
at least:It's a pity it has started to rain, but at any rate we can still enjoy ourselves at the cinema
عَلى كُل حال، مَهْما يَكُن مِن أمْرThe Queen is coming to see us – at any rate, that's what John says.
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51 first-class, first-rate
أَجْوَد صِنف \ first-class, first-rate: of the best quality: He is a first-class photographer. \ مِن الدرجة الأولى \ first-class, first-rate: of the best quality: He is a first-class photographer. -
52 prime rate
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53 prime interest rate
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54 effective annual interest rate
Finthe average interest rate paid on a deposit for a period of a year. It is the total interest received over 12 months expressed as a percentage of the principal at the beginning of the period.The ultimate business dictionary > effective annual interest rate
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55 effective tax rate
Finthe average tax rate applicable to a given transaction, whether it is income from work undertaken, the sale of an asset, or a gift, taking into account personal allowances and scales of tax. It is the amount of money generated by the transaction divided by the additional tax payable because of it. -
56 closing rate
Finthe exchange rate of two or more currencies at the close of business of a balance sheet date, for example at the end of the financial year -
57 all equity rate
Finthe interest rate that a lender charges because of the apparent risks of a project that are independent of the normal market risks of financing it -
58 closing rate method
(U.K.) Fina technique for translating the figures from a set of financial statements into a different currency using the closing rate. This method is often used for the accounts of a foreign subsidiary of a parent company. -
59 fixed-rate loan
Fina loan with an interest rate that is set at the beginning of the term and remains the same throughout -
60 multiple exchange rate
Fina two-tier rate of exchange used in certain countries where the most advantageous rate may be for tourists or for businesses proposing to build a factory
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