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101 Gropius, Walter Adolf
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 18 May 1883 Berlin, Germanyd. 5 July 1969 Boston, USA[br]German co-founder of the modern movement of architecture.[br]A year after he began practice as an architect, Gropius was responsible for the pace-setting Fagus shoe-last factory at Alfeld-an-der-Leine in Germany, one of the few of his buildings to survive the Second World War. Today the building does not appear unusual, but in 1911 it was a revolutionary prototype, heralding the glass curtain walled method of non-load-bearing cladding that later became ubiquitous. Made from glass, steel and reinforced concrete, this factory initiated a new concept, that of the International school of modern architecture.In 1919 Gropius was appointed to head the new School of Art and Design at Weimar, the Staatliches Bauhaus. The school had been formed by an amalgamation of the Grand Ducal schools of fine and applied arts founded in 1906. Here Gropius put into practice his strongly held views and he was so successful that this small college, which trained only a few hundred students in the limited years of its existence, became world famous, attracting artists, architects and students of quality from all over Europe.Gropius's idea was to set up an institution where students of all the arts and crafts could work together and learn from one another. He abhorred the artificial barriers that had come to exist between artists and craftsmen and saw them all as interdependent. He felt that manual dexterity was as essential as creative design. Every Bauhaus student, whatever the individual's field of work or talent, took the same original workshop training. When qualified they were able to understand and supervise all the aesthetic and constructional processes that made up the scope of their work.In 1924, because of political changes, the Weimar Bauhaus was closed, but Gropius was invited to go to Dessau to re-establish it in a new purpose-built school which he designed. This group of buildings became a prototype that designers of the new architectural form emulated. Gropius left the Bauhaus in 1928, only a few years before it was finally closed due to the growth of National Socialism. He moved to England in 1934, but because of a lack of architectural opportunities and encouragement he continued on his way to the USA, where he headed the Department of Architecture at Harvard University's Graduate School of Design from 1937 to 1952. After his retirement from there Gropius formed the Architect's Collaborative and, working with other architects such as Marcel Breuer and Pietro Belluschi, designed a number of buildings (for example, the US Embassy in Athens (1960) and the Pan Am Building in New York (1963)).[br]Bibliography1984, Scope of Total Architecture, Allen \& Unwin.Further ReadingN.Pevsner, 1936, Pioneers of the Modern Movement: From William Morris to Walter Gropius, Penguin.C.Jenck, 1973, Modern Movements in Architecture, Penguin.H.Probst and C.Shädlich, 1988, Walter Gropius, Berlin: Ernst \& Son.DY -
102 art
[a:t] n արվեստ, արհեստ. fine arts գե ղարվեստ. applied art կիրառական արվեստ. folk art ժողովրդական արվեստ. a work of art գեղարվեստական ստեղծագործություն. arts and crafts գեղարվեստական արհեստներ. the arts հումանիտար գիտություններ. black art սև մոգություն/կախարդանք. visual arts դեկորա տիվ և պլաստիկ/տարածական արվեստ ներ. manly art բռնցքամարտ. be/have art and part in որևէ բանի մասնակից լնել. art is long, life is short Արվեստը հավիտյան է, կյանքը` կարճ. art critic արվեստագետ. art gallery պատ կե րասրահ, գեղարվեստի սրահ. art school գե ղարվեստի ուսումնարան -
103 декоративно-прикладное искусство
General subject: decorative and applied arts, arts and crafts, Applied and Decorative ArtsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > декоративно-прикладное искусство
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104 ♦ art
♦ art (1) /ɑ:t/n.1 [u] arte: sacred art, arte sacra; works of art, opere d'arte; art form, forma d'arte; forma artistica; art history, storia dell'arte; art college, accademia di belle arti2 [u] opere (pl.) d'arte; arte: an exhibition of African art, una mostra d'arte africana; art gallery, galleria d'arte; art dealer, mercante d'arte3 ( anche fig.) arte: the art of tapestry, l'arte dell'arazzo; the art of conversation, l'arte della conversazione; the fine arts, le belle arti4 (al pl.) materie umanistiche; (belle) lettere: Faculty of Arts, facoltà di lettere; an arts graduate, un laureato in lettere; arts subjects, materie umanistiche● (med.) art therapy, arteterapia; art therapy □ arts and crafts, arti decorative e artigianato □ art director, (pubbl.) art director, direttore artistico; (teatr.) direttore di scena □ art editor, grafico; impaginatore □ art for art's sake, l'arte per l'arte □ (cinem.) art house, cinema d'essai □ (cinem.) art-house, a., d'autore; d'essai □ art paper, carta patinata □ art school, scuola di belle arti □ (in GB) Arts Council, ente che sovvenziona le arti figurative e dello spettacolo ( finanziato dal governo ma indipendente) □ (fam.) to have got st. down to a fine art, aver fatto un'arte di qc.; essere un maestro di qc.art (2) /ɑ:t/vc. verb. (arc.) 2a pers. sing. pres. indic. di to be. -
105 kunst og håndverk
subst. (utdanning) (videregående skole) design and crafts arts and crafts -
106 craft
1) (an art or skill: the craft of wood-carving.) arte2) ((plural craft) a boat or ship: sailing craft.) barco3) (cunning or trickery: craft and deceit.) manha•- crafty- craftily
- craftiness
- craftsman
- craftsmanship* * *[kra:ft; kræft] n 1 arte, habilidade, destreza, perícia. 2 ofício, profissão. 3 oficial, profissional, artífice. 4 astúcia, manha, artifício. 5 (também crafts) embarcação, embarcações, navio, navios, avião, aviões. aircraft aviões. arts and crafts artes e ofícios. small craft embarcações pequenas. the craft maçonaria. the gentle craft a pescaria. -
107 art
n. kunst--------v. U bent (in de oude of bijbelse taal)art1[ a:t]1 kunst ⇒ bekwaamheid, vaardigheid2 kunst(greep) ⇒ truc, list♦voorbeelden:work of art • kunstwerkthe black art • zwarte kunstII 〈meervoud; voornamelijk Art〉♦voorbeelden:Faculty of Arts • faculteit der letteren————————art2→ be be/ -
108 taideteollisuus
• industrial art• applied art• arts and crafts• crafts and design -
109 art
A nart for art's sake l'art pour l'art. -
110 kunstgewerblich
I Adj. Produkte, Gegenstände, Fertigkeiten etc.: craft...* * *kụnst|ge|werb|lichadj* * *kunst·ge·werb·lichadj craft\kunstgewerbliche Erzeugnisse craft products, crafts* * *kunstgewerbliche Arbeiten — craftwork sing.
* * *A. adj Produkte, Gegenstände, Fertigkeiten etc: craft …B. adv:kunstgewerblich hergestellt made by a craftsman* * *Adjektiv craft attrib. <objects, skills, etc.>kunstgewerbliche Arbeiten — craftwork sing.
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111 husflid
subst. domestic industry, domestic crafts subst. arts and crafts -
112 ♦ craft
♦ craft /krɑ:ft/n.1 arte manuale; arte; mestiere di artigiano: the weaver's craft, l'arte del tessitore; arts and crafts, arti e mestieri3 unione artigiana; corporazione7 (inv. al pl.) (naut.) imbarcazione; natante: a seaworthy craft, un'imbarcazione capace di tenere il mare; landing craft, mezzo da sbarco; pleasure craft, imbarcazione da diporto; The port was full of small craft, il porto era pieno di piccoli natanti8 (aeron.) aeromobile, aeroplano● craft apprenticeship, apprendistato (o tirocinio) di un mestiere □ craft business, azienda artigiana □ craft fair, fiera dell'artigianato □ (stor.) craft guild, corporazione d'arti e mestieri □ (GB) craft knife, taglierino; cutter □ craft shop, negozio di prodotti artigianali □ craft union, sindacato di categoria □ (prov.) Every man to his craft, a ciascuno il suo mestiere.(to) craft /krɑ:ft/v. t. -
113 Kunstgewerbe
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114 Werkunterricht
m PÄD. handicrafts Pl. (V. im Sg.), Am. industrial arts* * *der Werkunterrichtarts and crafts* * *Wẹrk|un|ter|richtmhandicraft lessons pl, woodwork/metalwork etc instruction* * *Werk·un·ter·richtm woodwork/metalwork class* * *der [handi]craft instruction no art.; (Unterrichtsstunde) [handi]craft lesson* * ** * *der [handi]craft instruction no art.; (Unterrichtsstunde) [handi]craft lesson -
115 artystyczny
adj* * *a.1. ( związany ze sztuką) artistic; język artystyczny teor.lit. literary language; nagroda artystyczna art prize, prize in arts; salon artystyczny art exhibition ( wystawa), salon ( zebranie towarzyskie z udziałem artystów); kierownik artystyczny artistic director; akademia artystyczna Academy of Arts.2. (= piękny, estetyczny) beautiful, esthetic, aesthetic; rzemiosło artystyczne arts and crafts; artystyczny nieład creative mess; artystyczna dusza artistic soul.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > artystyczny
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116 art
[ɑ:t, Am ɑ:rt] n1) (drawing, painting, sculpture) bildende Kunst\arts and crafts Kunsthandwerk nt, Kunstgewerbe ntthe \art of cooking die Kochkunstthe \arts Geisteswissenschaften fpl nmodifier (collection, collector, critic, dealer) Kunst- -
117 piso
m.1 floor (plant) (de edificio).un autobús de dos pisos a double-decker bus2 floor (suelo) (de habitación).3 layer (capa).un sandwich de dos pisos a double-decker sandwich4 apartment(flat). (peninsular Spanish)piso franco safe housepisos tutelados supported accommodation5 story, decker, floor, storey.6 apartment which occupies the whole floor.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: pisar.* * *1 (para vivir) flat2 (planta) floor■ ¿a qué piso va? what floor do you want?3 (suelo) floor4 (suela del zapato) sole5 (de una tarta) tier\piso amueblado furnished flatpiso de alquiler rented flatpiso franco safe housepiso piloto show flat* * *noun m.1) floor2) apartment* * *SM2) [de edificio] floor, storey, story (EEUU); [de autobús, barco] deck; [de cohete] stage; [de pastel] layer, tierprimer piso — first floor, second floor (EEUU)
ir en el piso de arriba — to travel on the top deck, travel upstairs
piso bajo — ground floor, first floor (EEUU)
3) (=apartamento) flat, apartment (EEUU)poner un piso a una — Esp to set a woman up in a flat
piso de seguridad, piso franco — Esp safe house
4) (Aut) [de neumático] tread5) [de zapato] sole7) (Min) set of workings; (Geol) layer, stratum* * *1)a) ( de edificio) floor, story*; ( de autobús) deckvivo en el primer piso — I live on the second (AmE) o (BrE) first floor
2) (AmL)a) ( suelo) floorserrucharle (RPl) or (Chi) aserrucharle el piso a alguien (fam) — to pull the rug out from under somebody's feet (colloq)
b) ( de carretera) road surface3) (Esp) ( apartamento) apartment (esp AmE), flat (BrE)4) (Chi) ( taburete) stool; ( alfombrita) rug; ( felpudo) doormat* * *1)a) ( de edificio) floor, story*; ( de autobús) deckvivo en el primer piso — I live on the second (AmE) o (BrE) first floor
2) (AmL)a) ( suelo) floorserrucharle (RPl) or (Chi) aserrucharle el piso a alguien (fam) — to pull the rug out from under somebody's feet (colloq)
b) ( de carretera) road surface3) (Esp) ( apartamento) apartment (esp AmE), flat (BrE)4) (Chi) ( taburete) stool; ( alfombrita) rug; ( felpudo) doormat* * *piso11 = apartment, high-rise flat, condominium, flat, high-rise apartment.Ex: She then said 'Thanks for the offer, but I've signed a contract and made a deposit on an apartment'.
Ex: Most of the larger cities have set up wholesale slum clearance programmes and rehousing in council housing and high-rise flats.Ex: Additional apartments and condominiums were quickly erected to accommodate the influx of employees in the new research park.Ex: This multi-functional community complex incorporates meeting rooms, sports hall, squash courts, old people's day centre, toy library, YMCA flats, a church centre and arts and crafts workshops.Ex: Previous research has demonstrated that frail elderly living in subsidized high-rise apartments have greater unmet needs than elderly who reside in traditional community housing.* bloque de pisos = block of flats, block of high-rise flats, tower block, apartment complex, apartment building, apartment block.* casa de pisos = tenement, apartment block, apartment building, apartment complex.* compañero de piso = flatmate, housemate.* complejo de pisos = condominium complex.* edificio de pisos = condominium building.* piso piloto = show home.piso22 = floor, level, storey [story, -USA], story [storey, -UK].Nota: Arquitectura.Ex: The library, which is of split-level design on 2 floors, includes a lending collection, children's library, study area, and audio-visual section.
Ex: The other rooms on the third, second and first levels have a mixture of stacking chairs with writing board arms.Ex: The library is situated on the top two floors of a six storey building.Ex: The vista of main street shows in addition to the jumble and squeeze of shops, a 12- story skyscraper, several impressive banks, and a few elderly housing units.* aparcamiento de varios pisos = multi-storey car park.* autobús de dos pisos = double-decker bus.* con varios pisos = multi-storey [multistorey/multistory].* de piso llano = flat-floor.* en el piso de abajo = downstairs.* en el piso de arriba = upstairs.* piso de diseño abierto = open floor.* piso húmedo = wet floor.* * *A1 (planta — de un edificio) floor, story*; (— de un autobús) deckuna casa de seis pisos a six-story buildingun autobús de dos pisos a double-decker bus2 (de una tarta) layerB ( AmL)1 (suelo) floorno entres, que está el piso mojado don't go in, the floor's wetserrucharle ( RPl) or ( Chi) aserrucharle el piso a algn ( fam) to do the dirty on sb ( colloq), to queer sb's pitch ( colloq)2 (de un zapato) solezapatos con piso de goma rubber-soled shoes3 (de una carretera) road surfaceCompuestos:( Esp) safe houseD ( Chi)1 (taburete) stool2 (alfombrita) rug; (felpudo) doormatun piso de baño a bath mat* * *
Del verbo pisar: ( conjugate pisar)
piso es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
pisó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
pisar
piso
pisar ( conjugate pisar) verbo transitivo
1
‹ charco› to step in, tread in (esp BrE);◊ la pisó sin querer he accidentally stepped o (esp BrE) trod on her foot;
( on signs) prohibido pisar el césped keep off the grass
2 (RPl, Ven)a) (Coc) to mash
verbo intransitivo
to tread;
piso sustantivo masculino
1
( de autobús) deck;
un autobús de dos pisos a double-decker bus
2 (AmL)
3 (Esp) ( apartamento) apartment (esp AmE), flat (BrE);◊ piso piloto (Esp) show apartment o (BrE) flat
4 (Chi) ( taburete) stool;
( alfombrita) rug;
( felpudo) doormat
pisar
I verbo transitivo
1 to tread on, step on: le pisé el vestido, I stepped on her dress
prohibido pisar el césped, keep off the grass
Auto pisar el freno/acelerador, to put one's foot on the brake/accelerator
2 fig (ir a, estar en) to set foot in: nunca he pisado un restaurante japonés, I've never set foot in a Japanese restaurant
3 fam (adelantarse) me pisó la idea, he pinched the idea from me
4 (avasallar, humillar) to walk all over sb
II verbo intransitivo to tread, step: pisa con cuidado, be careful where you step
♦ Locuciones: estar pisando los talones a alguien, to be hot on the heels of sb
ir pisando fuerte, to be very self-confident
piso sustantivo masculino
1 flat
piso franco, safe house
piso piloto, show flat, US model apartment
2 (planta) floor: vive en el tercer piso, he lives on the third floor
un edificio de diez pisos, a ten-storey building
un autobús de dos pisos, a double-decker bus ➣ Ver nota en storey
En general, el inglés no diferencia entre piso y apartamento. Recuerda que en EE.UU. no se usa la palabra flat.
' piso' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acomodarse
- alcanzar
- alquilar
- alquiler
- apartamento
- arrendar
- arriba
- barata
- barato
- cara
- carga
- caro
- compañera
- compañero
- departamento
- escritura
- gorgotear
- interior
- piloto
- pisar
- planta
- superior
- trece
- última
- último
- vacía
- vacío
- vivienda
- bajar
- económico
- en
- inferior
- llegar
- mono
- mosaico
- pasar
- primero
- quinto
- tercero
- vacante
- zapatilla
English:
ambulatory
- apartment
- below
- central
- centrally
- condo
- condominium
- deck
- deposit
- fix up
- flat
- flatmate
- floor
- have
- live off
- mate
- need
- second floor
- storey
- tier
- top
- upkeep
- upstairs
- bath
- beneath
- downstairs
- ground
- room
- safe
- story
* * *piso nmpisos tutelados supported accommodationpiso franco safe house;2. [planta] [de edificio] floor;[de autobús] deck; [de teatro] circle;un autobús de dos pisos a double-decker bus3. [suelo] [de carretera] surface;[de habitación] floor; Amandar con el ánimo por el piso to be very down o low4. [capa] layer;un sandwich de dos pisos a double-decker sandwich5. [de zapato] sole* * *m1 apartment, Brflat2 ( planta) floor;second floor;piso principal second floor, Br first floor;* * *piso nm1) planta: floor, story2) suelo: floor* * *piso n1. (apartamento) flat¿vives en un piso o en una casa? do you live in a house or a flat?2. (planta) floor3. (de autobús, etc) deck -
118 Halske, Johann Georg
[br]b. 30 July 1814 Hamburg, Germanyd. 18 March 1890 Berlin, Germany[br]German engineer who introduced precision methods into the manufacture of electrical equipment; co-founder of Siemens \& Halske.[br]Halske moved to Berlin when he was a young man, and in 1844 was working for the university, at first independently and then jointly with F. Bötticher, developing and building electric medical appliances. In 1845 he met Werner von Siemens and together they became founder members of the Berlin Physics Society. It was in Halske's workshop that Siemens, assisted by the skill of the former, was able to work out his inventions in telegraphy. In 1847 the two men entered into partnership to manufacture telegraph equipment, laying the foundations of the successful firm of Siemens \& Halske. At the outset, before Werner von Siemens gave up his army career, Halske acted as the sole manager of the firm and was also involved in testing the products. Inventions they developed included electric measuring instruments and railway signalling equipment, and they installed many telegraph lines, notably those for the Russian Government. When gutta-percha became available on the market, the two men soon developed an extrusion process for applying this new material to copper conductors. To the disappointment of Halske, who was opposed to mass production, the firm introduced series production and piece wages in 1857. The expansion of the business, particularly into submarine cable laying, caused some anxiety to Halske, who left the firm on amicable terms in 1867. He then worked for a few years developing the Arts and Crafts Museum in Berlin and became a town councillor.[br]Further ReadingS. von Weihr and H.Götzeler, 1983, The Siemens Company. Its Historical Role in the Progress of Electrical Engineering 1847–1983, Berlin (provides a full account).Neue Deutsche Biographie, 1966, Vol. 7, Berlin, pp. 572–3.S.von Weiher, 1972–3, "The Siemens brothers, pioneers of the electrical age in Europe", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45:1–11.GW -
119 Poelzig, Hans
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 1869 Berlin, Germanyd. June 1936 Berlin, Germany[br]German teacher and practising architect, the most notable individualistic exponent of the German Expressionist movement in the modern school.[br]In the last decade of the nineteenth century and in the first of the twentieth, Poelzig did not, like most of his colleagues in Germany and Austria, follow the Jugendstil theme or the eclectic or fundamentalist lines: he set a path to individualism. In 1898 he began a teaching career at the Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland) Academy of Arts and Crafts, remaining there until 1916. He early introduced workshop practice into the curriculum, presaging Gropius's Bauhaus ideas by many years; the school's workshop produced much of the artisan needs for a number of his buildings. From Breslau Poelzig moved to Dresden, where he was appointed City Architect. It was there that he launched his Expressionist line: which was particularly evident in the town hall and concert hall in the city. The structure for which Poelzig is best known and with which his name will always be associated is the Großes Schauspielhaus in Berlin; he had returned to his native city after the First World War and this great theatre was his first commission there. Using modern materials, he created a fabulous interior to seat 5,000 spectators. It was in the form of a vast amphitheatre with projecting stage and with the curving area roofed by a cavernous, stalactited dome, the Arabic-style stalactites of which were utilized by Poelzig for acoustic purposes. In the 1920s Poelzig went on to design cinemas, a field for which Expressionism was especially suited; these included the Capitol Cinema in Berlin and the Deli in Breslau. For his later industrial commissions—for example, the administrative building for the chemical firm I.G.Far ben in Frankfurt—he had perforce to design in more traditional modern manner.Poelzig died in 1936, which spared him, unlike many of his contemporaries, the choice of emigrating or working for National Socialism.[br]Further ReadingDennis Sharp, 1966, Modern Architecture and Expressionism, Longmans.Theodor Heuss, 1966, Hans Poelzig: Lebensbild eines Baumeister, Tübingen, Germany: Wunderlich.DY -
120 piso1
1 = apartment, high-rise flat, condominium, flat, high-rise apartment.Ex. She then said 'Thanks for the offer, but I've signed a contract and made a deposit on an apartment'.Ex. Most of the larger cities have set up wholesale slum clearance programmes and rehousing in council housing and high-rise flats.Ex. Additional apartments and condominiums were quickly erected to accommodate the influx of employees in the new research park.Ex. This multi-functional community complex incorporates meeting rooms, sports hall, squash courts, old people's day centre, toy library, YMCA flats, a church centre and arts and crafts workshops.Ex. Previous research has demonstrated that frail elderly living in subsidized high-rise apartments have greater unmet needs than elderly who reside in traditional community housing.----* bloque de pisos = block of flats, block of high-rise flats, tower block, apartment complex, apartment building, apartment block.* casa de pisos = tenement, apartment block, apartment building, apartment complex.* compañero de piso = flatmate, housemate.* complejo de pisos = condominium complex.* edificio de pisos = condominium building.* piso piloto = show home.
См. также в других словарях:
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