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1 indifferent
[ɪn'dɪf(ə)r(ə)nt]прил.1) безразличный, равнодушный, индифферентныйHe is rather indifferent about this problem. — Он довольно равнодушно относится к этой проблеме.
Syn:2)а) беспристрастный, незаинтересованный, нейтральный; независимый ( о человеке)Syn:б) справедливый, непредвзятый, объективный (о высказывании, правиле)The law in that point is very good and indifferent. — В этом отношении закон хорош и справедлив.
3) маловажный, незначительный, не имеющий значенияSyn:4)б) разг. плохой, неважныйHer indifferent state of health unhappily prevents her being in town. — Из-за плохого самочувствия она не может находиться в городе.
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2 indifferent
Adj1. तटस्थShe appeared indifferent to their sufferings.2. तुच्छAs a viewer, I've seen hundreds of films, good, bad and indifferent. -
3 indifferent
удовлетворительныйgood, bad, and indifferent materials качественные, некачественные и удовлетворительные / приемлемые материалыEnglish-Russian dictionary of scientific and technical difficulties vocabulary > indifferent
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4 Indifferent
adj.Indifferent to, heedless of: P. ἀμελής (gen.) ὀλιγωρός (gen.), V. ἄφροντις (gen.), (Eur., frag.).Calm, peaceful: P. and V. ἀπράγμων.Be indifferent, v.: P. καταρρᾳθυμεῖν.Be indifferent to: see disregard. Callous, adj.: P. and V. ἀμβλύς, ἀνάλγητος.Poor in quality: P. and V. φαῦλος, μέτριος, φλαῦρος, εὐτελής.It is indifferent to me whether you desire to praise or blame me: V. σὺ δʼ αἰνεῖν εἴτε με ψέγειν θέλεις ὁμοῖον (Æsch., Ag. 1403).It is indifferent to me: P. and V. οὔ μοι μέλει.Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary. A vocabulary of the Attic language > Indifferent
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5 indifferent
{in'difrənt}
I. 1. безразличен, равнодушен, безучастен, незаинтересован (to)
to be/feel INDIFFERENT about someone някой ми е безразличен
to be INDIFFERENT to discomforts and dangers неудобствата и опасностите не ми правят впечатление
2. ост. неутрален, безпристрастен
3. посредствен, среден
4. ел., хим., физ. неутрален
5. биол. недиференциран
II. n неутрален/аполитичен/нерелигиозен и пр. човек* * *{in'difrъnt} I. а 1. безразличен, равнодушен, безучастен,* * *отчужден; посредствен; безпристрастен; безразличен; безучастен; равнодушен; незаинтересован; неутрален;* * *1. i. безразличен, равнодушен, безучастен, незаинтересован (to) 2. ii. n неутрален/аполитичен/нерелигиозен и пр. човек 3. to be indifferent to discomforts and dangers неудобствата и опасностите не ми правят впечатление 4. to be/feel indifferent about someone някой ми е безразличен 5. биол. недиференциран 6. ел., хим., физ. неутрален 7. ост. неутрален, безпристрастен 8. посредствен, среден* * *indifferent[in´difərənt] I. adj 1. безразличен, равнодушен, безучастен, незаинтересован, индиферентен (to); I am ( feel) \indifferent about him той ми е безразличен; 2. неутрален, безпристрастен; 3. посредствен; среден; 4. ел., хим., физ. неутрален; 5. биол. недиференциран; II. n неутрален (аполитичен, нерелигиозен) човек. -
6 Indifferent equillibrium
உதாசீன சமநிலை -
7 Pareto indifferent
эк. парето-безразличный (характеристика состояния мира по отношению к другому состоянию мира, в котором все индивиды получают точно такой же уровень полезности)If all households enjoy the same level of utility in state x and state y then states x and y are Pareto indifferent. — Если все домашние хозяйства получают одинаковый уровень полезности в состоянии Х и в состоянии У, тогда эти состояния являются парето-безразличными.
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8 Mistrust the man who finds everything good; the man who finds everything evil; and still more the man who is indifferent to everything.
<01> Не доверяй человеку, который во всем видит только хорошее, и человеку, который во всем видит только плохое, но больше всех тому, кто ко всему безразличен. Lavater (Лаватер).Англо-русский словарь цитат, пословиц, поговорок и идиом > Mistrust the man who finds everything good; the man who finds everything evil; and still more the man who is indifferent to everything.
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9 good
(КВП - не только хороший!)1) исправныйin good working order в исправном рабочем состоянии2) достоверный (напр., о результатах); надежныйgood communications надежная связь;a good indicator of particulate emissions надежный показатель выбросов аэрозолей3) корректный; проверенный; достаточно точный4) показательный; наглядный; убедительный ( пример)5) вескийgood arguments веские аргументы6) добротный; солидный ( о работе)7) кондиционный; качественный (об изделии, продукции)good, bad, and indifferent materials качественные, некачественные и удовлетворительные / приемлемые материалы8) высокий (о свойстве, характеристике)offer good support обладать высокой несущей способностью ( о грунте)9) совершенный10) уважительныйgood cause уважительная причина; ...unless the Commission determines that good cause existed for failure to provide timely notice..., если Комиссия не установит, что своевременное уведомление не было представлено по уважительной причине11) передовойgood engineering practice 1. передовой технический опыт;adherence to industry standards and good engineering practices соблюдение отраслевых норм / стандартов и передового технического опыта 2. передовые технические решения12) удачный13) примерныйgood safety behavior примерное отношение к ( вопросам) безопасности14) вполне приемлемыйEnglish-Russian dictionary of scientific and technical difficulties vocabulary > good
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10 mute
mju:t
1. прил.
1) немой She became mute after a shock. ≈ После потрясения она онемела. Syn: dumb
1.
2) а) безгласный, безмолвный, молчаливый, не высказанный вслух a mute look of appeal ≈ безмолвный умоляющий взгляд He touched her hand in mute sympathy. ≈ Он дотронулся до ее руки с молчаливым сочувствием. He was mute, distant, and indifferent. ≈ Он стоял безмолвный, удаленный и отрешенный. Syn: silent, dumb
1. б) отказывающийся отвечать The prisoner stands mute. ≈ Пленник отказывается отвечать. to stand mute of malice юр. ≈ отказываться отвечать на вопросы суда
3) фон. немой, не произносимый The 'b' in 'plumb' is mute. ≈ 'B' в слове 'plumb' не произносится. mute consonant
2. сущ.
1) фон. немой гласный, немой согласный
2) а) немой (человек) б) театр. статист в) наемный участник похоронной процессии
3) муз. сурдин(к) а
4) кино позитивная или негативная копия фильма без звуковой дорожки
3. гл.;
муз.
1) приглушать звук;
муз. надевать сурдин(к) у
2) заставить замолчать немой (человек) (театроведение) статист немой гласный или согласный;
непроизносимая буква (юридическое) молчание подсудимого в ответ на вопрос суда, признает ли он себя виновным (юридическое) (устаревшее) подсудимый, отказывающийся отвечать на вопрос суда, признает ли он себя виновным ( устаревшее) наемный участник похоронной процессии немой безмолвный, молчаливый, безгласный - * sorrow молчаливое горе - to stand * with wonder онеметь от изумления - to stare in * amazement смотреть с немым изумлением (охота) не подающий голоса (о собаках) - to run * бежать за добычей, не подавая голоса (кинематографический) немой, без звука - * negative негатив изображения - * print позитив изображения, немая копия (фонетика) немой;
не произносимый (о букве) - * consonant немой согласный > * as a fish нем как рыба( музыкальное) сурдина, сурдинка( музыкальное) вставлять сурдин(к) у (устаревшее) (диалектизм) мараться( о птицах) mute фон.: mute consonant немой согласный;
mute letter непроизносимая буква (как k, e в слове knife) ~ безмолвный, молчаливый, безгласный;
mute as a fish нем как рыба;
to stand mute of malice юр. отказываться отвечать на вопросы суда ~ муз. надевать сурдинку ~ наемный участник похоронной процессии ~ немой (человек) ~ немой ~ фон. немой согласный ~ театр. уст. статист ~ муз. сурдинка ~ безмолвный, молчаливый, безгласный;
mute as a fish нем как рыба;
to stand mute of malice юр. отказываться отвечать на вопросы суда mute фон.: mute consonant немой согласный;
mute letter непроизносимая буква (как k, e в слове knife) mute фон.: mute consonant немой согласный;
mute letter непроизносимая буква (как k, e в слове knife) ~ безмолвный, молчаливый, безгласный;
mute as a fish нем как рыба;
to stand mute of malice юр. отказываться отвечать на вопросы суда -
11 mute
[mjuːt] 1. прил.1) немойShe became mute after a shock. — После потрясения она онемела.
Syn:dumb 1.2)а) безгласный, безмолвный, молчаливый, не высказанный вслухHe touched her hand in mute sympathy. — Он дотронулся до её руки с молчаливым сочувствием.
He was mute, distant, and indifferent. — Он стоял безмолвный, отстранённый и равнодушный.
Syn:The prisoner stands mute. — Пленник отказывается отвечать.
3) лингв. немой, непроизносимый2. сущ.The "b" in "plumb" is mute. — "B" в слове "plumb" не произносится.
1) лингв. немой гласный или согласный2)а) уст.; пренебр. немой (человек)б) театр. статиств) ист. наёмный участник похоронной процессии3) муз. сурдин(к)а3. гл.; муз.2) муз. надевать сурдин(к)у -
12 the feet are slow when the head wears snow
Пословица: укатали бурку крутые горки (hard life and old age have made one's health poor, one's attitude indifferent to everything), укатали сивку крутые горки (hard life and old age have made one's health poor, one's attitude indifferent to everything), умыкали бурку крутые горки (hard life and old age have made one's health poor, one's attitude indifferent to everything), умыкали сивку крутые горки (hard life and old age have made one's health poor, one's attitude indifferent to everything), уходили бурку крутые горки (hard life and old age have made one's health poor, one's attitude indifferent to everything), уходили сивку крутые горки (hard life and old age have made one's health poor, one's attitude indifferent to everything), был конь, да изъездился (said of a person who lost his good abilities, gifts, influence)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the feet are slow when the head wears snow
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13 I am not my brother's keeper
1) Общая лексика: моя изба с краю, я (it may mean: I have nothing to do with it, and it is none of my business. it may also be used (critically) about a person who is indifferent and is not privy to a matter of public (community's) concern), моя хата с краю, я (it may mean: I have nothing to do with it, and it is none of my business. it may also be used (critically) about a person who is indifferent and is not privy to a matter of public (community's) concern)2) Шутливое выражение: моя изба с краю (it may mean: I have nothing to do with it, and it is none of my business. it may also be used (critically) about a person who is indifferent and is not privy to a matter of public (community's) concern), моя хата с краю (it may mean: I have nothing to do with it, and it is none of my business. it may also be used (critically) about a person who is indifferent and is not privy to a matter of public (community's) concern)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > I am not my brother's keeper
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14 state
- state
- nсостояние; положение; режим работы
- state of cracking
- state of deformation
- state of dynamic equilibrium
- state of equilibrium
- state of inertia
- state of plane deformation
- state of pure membrane stress
- state of rest
- state of stable equilibrium
- state of static equilibrium
- state of strain
- state of stress
- state of unstable equilibrium
- amorphous state
- basic stress state
- biaxial stress state
- colloidal state
- combined stress state
- cracking limit state
- critical limit state
- deformation state
- elastic state
- elastic-plastic state
- equilibrium state
- failure limit state
- free state
- gaseous state
- idle state
- indifferent state of equilibrium
- indifferent state
- initial stress state
- in-service state
- limit state
- limit state of cracking
- limit state of crack width
- limit state of deflection
- limiting state
- linear stress state
- liquid state
- nonhomogeneous state of stress
- non-operating state
- one-dimensional state of stress
- operating state
- plane deformation state
- plane stress state
- plastic state
- ramshackle state
- saturation state
- semifluid state
- serviceability limit state
- solid state
- strained state
- stress state at a point
- stress and strain state
- three-dimensional stress state
- transient state
- triaxial state of stress
- two-dimensional state of stress
- ultimate limit state
- uniaxial state of stress
- unstable state
- vaporous state
- yield state
Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.
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15 state
1) положение; состояние2) режим работы3) определять; устанавливать•- air state - asymmetric state - balanced state - breakdown state - building construction state - colloidal state - emergency state of a building - emergency maintenance state - equilibrum state - final state - forced state - green state - in-service state - isolated state - non-equilibrum state - ordered state - serviceable state - solid state - steady state - stressed state - water state* * *состояние; положение; режим работы- state of cracking
- state of deformation
- state of dynamic equilibrium
- state of equilibrium
- state of inertia
- state of plane deformation
- state of pure membrane stress
- state of rest
- state of stable equilibrium
- state of static equilibrium
- state of strain
- state of stress
- state of unstable equilibrium
- amorphous state
- basic stress state
- biaxial stress state
- colloidal state
- combined stress state
- cracking limit state
- critical limit state
- deformation state
- elastic state
- elastic-plastic state
- equilibrium state
- failure limit state
- free state
- gaseous state
- idle state
- indifferent state of equilibrium
- indifferent state
- initial stress state
- in-service state
- limit state
- limit state of cracking
- limit state of crack width
- limit state of deflection
- limiting state
- linear stress state
- liquid state
- nonhomogeneous state of stress
- non-operating state
- one-dimensional state of stress
- operating state
- plane deformation state
- plane stress state
- plastic state
- ramshackle state
- saturation state
- semifluid state
- serviceability limit state
- solid state
- strained state
- stress state at a point
- stress and strain state
- three-dimensional stress state
- transient state
- triaxial state of stress
- two-dimensional state of stress
- ultimate limit state
- uniaxial state of stress
- unstable state
- vaporous state
- yield state -
16 Theater, Portuguese
There are two types of theater in Portugal: classical or "serious" theater and light theater, or the Theater of Review, largely the Revistas de Lisboa (Lisbon Reviews). Modern theater, mostly but not exclusively centered in Lisbon, experienced an unfortunate impact from official censorship during the Estado Novo (1926-74). Following laws passed in 1927, the government decreed that, as a cultural activity, any theatrical presentations that were judged "offensive in law, in morality and in decent customs" were prohibited. One consequence that derived from the risk of prohibition was that directors and playwrights began to practice self-censorship. This discouraged liberal and experimental theatrical work, weakened commercial investment in theater, and made employment in much theater a risky business, with indifferent public support.Despite these political obstacles and the usual risks and difficulties of producing live theater in competition first with emerging cinema and then with television (which began in any case only after 1957), some good theatrical work flourished. Two of the century's greatest repertory actresses, Amélia Rey-Colaço (1898-1990) and Maria Matos (1890-1962), put together talented acting companies and performed well-received classical theater. Two periods witnessed a brief diminution of censorship: following World War II (1945-47) and during Prime Minister Marcello Caetano's government (1968-74). Although Portuguese playwrights also produced comedies and dramas, some of the best productions reached the stage under the authorship of foreign playwrights: Shakespeare, George Bernard Shaw, Arthur Miller, and others.A major new phase of Portuguese serious theater began in the 1960s, with the staging of challenging plays by playwrights José Cardoso Pires, Luis Sttau Monteiro, and Bernardo Santareno. Since the Revolution of 25 April 1974, more funds for experimental theater have become available, and government censorship ceased. As in so much of Western European theater, however, the general public tended to favor not plays with serious content but techno-hits that featured foreign imports, including musicals, or homegrown musicals on familiar themes. Nevertheless, after 1974, the theater scene was enlivened, not only in Lisbon, but also in Oporto, Coimbra, and other cities.The Theater of Review, or light theater, was introduced to Portugal in the 19th century and was based largely on French models. Adapted to the Portuguese scene, the Lisbon reviews featured pageantry, costume, comic skits, music (including the ever popular fado), dance, and slapstick humor and satire. Despite censorship, its heyday occurred actually during the Estado Novo, before 1968. Of all the performing arts, the Lisbon reviews enjoyed the greatest freedom from official political censorship. Certain periods featured more limited censorship, as cited earlier (1945-47 and 1968-74). The main venue of the Theater of Review was located in central Lisbon's Parque Mayer, an amusement park that featured four review theaters: Maria Vitória, Variedades, Capitólio, and ABC.Many actors and stage designers, as well as some musicians, served their apprenticeship in the Lisbon reviews before they moved into film and television. Noted fado singers, the fadistas, and composers plied their trade in Parque Mayer and built popular followings. The subjects of the reviews, often with provocative titles, varied greatly and followed contemporary social, economic, and even political fashion and trends, but audiences especially liked satire directed against convention and custom. If political satire was not passed by the censor in the press or on television, sometimes the Lisbon reviews, by the use of indirection and allegory, could get by with subtle critiques of some personalities in politics and society. A humorous stereotyping of customs of "the people," usually conceived of as Lisbon street people or naive "country bumpkins," was also popular. To a much greater degree than in classical, serious theater, the Lisbon review audiences steadily supported this form of public presentation. But the zenith of this form of theater had been passed by the late 1960s as audiences dwindled, production expenses rose, and film and television offered competition.The hopes that governance under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano would bring a new season of freedom of expression in the light theater or serious theater were dashed by 1970-71, as censorship again bore down. With revolution in the offing, change was in the air, and could be observed in a change of review show title. A Lisbon review show title on the eve of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, was altered from: 'To See, to Hear... and Be Quiet" to the suggestive, "To See, to Hear... and to Talk." The review theater experienced several difficult years after 1980, and virtually ceased to exist in Parque Mayer. In the late 1990s, nevertheless, this traditional form of entertainment underwent a gradual revival. Audiences again began to troop to renovated theater space in the amusement park to enjoy once again new lively and humorous reviews, cast for a new century and applied to Portugal today. -
17 Psychology
We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)"Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)The subject matter of psychology is as old as reflection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology
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18 Eads, James Buchanan
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 23 May 1820 Lawrenceburg, Indiana, USAd. 8 March 1887 Nassau, Bahamas[br]American bridge-builder and hydraulic engineer.[br]The son of an immigrant merchant, he was educated at the local school, leaving at the age of 13 to take on various jobs, eventually becoming a purser on a Mississippi steamboat. He was struck by the number of wrecks lying in the river; he devised a diving bell and, at the age of 22, set up in business as a salvage engineer. So successful was he at this venture that he was able to retire in three years' time and set up the first glassworks west of the Ohio River. This, however, was a failure and in 1848 he returned to the business of salvage on the Ohio River. He was so successful that he was able to retire permanently in 1857. From the start of the American Civil War in 1861 he recommended to President Lincoln that he should obtain a fleet of armour-plated, steam-powered gunboats to operate on the western rivers. He built seven of these himself, later building or converting a further eighteen. After the end of the war he obtained the contract to design and build a bridge over the Mississippi at St Louis. In this he made use of his considerable knowledge of the river-bed currents. He built a bridge with a 500 ft (150 m) centre span and a clearance of 50 ft (15 m) that was completed in 1874. The three spans are, respectively, 502 ft, 520 ft and 502 ft (153 m, 158 m and 153 m), each being spanned by an arch. The Mississippi river is subject to great changes, both seasonal and irregular, with a range of over 41 ft (12.5 m) between low and high water and a velocity varying from 4 ft (1.2 m) to 12 1/2 ft (3.8 m) per second. The Eads Bridge was completed in 1874 and in the following year Eads was commissioned to open one of the mouths of the Mississippi, for which he constructed a number of jetty traps. He was involved later in attempts to construct a ship railway across the isthmus of Panama. He had been suffering from indifferent health for some years, and this effort was too much for him. He died on 8 March 1887. He was the first American to be awarded the Royal Society of Arts' Albert Medal.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society of Arts Albert Medal.Further ReadingD.B.Steinman and S.R.Watson, 1941, Bridges and their Builders, New York: Dover Publications.T.I.Williams, Biographical Dictionary of Science.IMcN -
19 hard
1. n твёрдая мощёная или бетонированная дорожкаhard page break — «твёрдая» граница страницы
hard copy — удобочитаемый, печатный или машинописный текст
2. n твёрдый грунт, по которому можно пройти через топкое болотоhard court — твёрдое поле, корт с твёрдым покрытием
3. n звонкая монета4. n сл. каторгаimprisonment at hard labour — лишение свободы с каторжными работами; каторжные работы, каторга
5. n разг. прессованный табак6. a жёсткий, неприятный на ощупьa hard unwilling man — жёсткий, упрямый человек
7. a трудный, тяжёлый; требующий напряженияhard cases make bad law — трудные дела — плохая основа для законодательства, запутанные дела не могут служить прецедентом
8. a такой, с которым трудно; с трудом поддающийсяthings hard to imagine — вещи, которые трудно себе представить
9. a крепкий, закалённый, сильный10. a строгий, суровый; безжалостный, жестокий11. a тяжёлый, трудныйis hard — трудный; твердый
are hard — трудный; твердый
12. a тяжёлый, суровый, полный трудностей и лишений13. a суровый, холодный14. a резкий; грубый; неприятный15. a усердный, упорный; прилежный16. a не знающий удержу, усиленно предающийся17. a стойкий, устойчивыйhard fault — устойчивая неисправность; отказ
18. a спец. стойкий, не поддающийся биологическому распаду19. a звонкий20. a реальный; практичный, лишённый романтики; приземлённыйhard common sense — грубый практицизм; жёсткий рационализм
21. a жёсткий, частыйshe abbreviated so much that it was hard to understand her letters — она так часто сокращала слова, что её письма было трудно понимать
22. a крепко завязанный23. a амер. крепкий; алкогольный24. a разг. кислый, терпкий25. a спец. контрастныйhard light — фото, кино «жёсткий» свет
26. a густой, тягучий27. a физ. проникающий, жёсткий28. a фон. твёрдый29. a создающий привыканиеno hard feelings? — вы не обиделись?; вы не будете на меня обижаться?
hard knocks — удары судьбы; напасти, несчастья
he took some hard knocks — ему не везло; несчастья сваливались на него одно за другим
hard lines — незадача, невезение; полоса неудач
hard and fast — непоколебимый; твёрдый; жёсткий ; строго определённый; незыблемый, раз навсегда установленный
hard of hearing — тугоухий; тугой на ухо, глуховатый
30. adv сильно, интенсивно; энергичноextremely hard — настойчиво; энергичный
31. adv настойчиво, упорно; усердноhard sell — навязывание товара; настойчивое рекламирование; броская реклама
32. adv твёрдо, крепко; накрепкоto hold hard — крепко держать или держаться, не отпускать
33. adv вкрутую34. adv тяжело, с трудомto take hard — принимать близко к сердцу; тяжело переживать
35. adv неумеренно, чрезмерноto drink hard — крепко выпивать; пить запоем
36. adv близко, на небольшом расстоянии; околоhard at hand — близко, рядом
hard by — близко; рядом
37. adv мор. круто, до отказаСинонимический ряд:1. actual (adj.) absolute; actual; factual; genuine; positive; sure-enough2. alcoholic (adj.) alcoholic; ardent; inebriating; intoxicating; spirituous; stimulating; strong3. arduous (adj.) arduous; difficile; exhausting; fatiguing; labored; operose; serious; slavish; sticky; strenuous; terrible; toilful; toilsome; uphill; wearisome4. complicated (adj.) complex; complicated; effortful; enigmatic; formidable; intricate; perplexing; puzzling5. cruel (adj.) cruel; grinding; oppressive; rough; stony; unmerciful; unrelenting; unsparing6. grim (adj.) austere; bitter; bleak; brutal; dour; grim; stringent7. hardy (adj.) casehardened; hardened; hardy; rugged; tough8. heavy (adj.) heavy; hefty9. insensible (adj.) anesthetic; bloodless; dull; impassible; insensate; insensible; insensitive; rocky10. intense (adj.) intense; powerful; violent11. intensive (adj.) blood-and-guts; deep; intensive; profound12. irrefutable (adj.) incontrovertible; irrefutable; undeniable13. realistic (adj.) down-to-earth; earthy; hard-boiled; hardheaded; hard-headed; matter-of-fact; objective; practic; practical; pragmatic; pragmatical; realistic; sober; tough-minded; unfantastic; unidealistic; unromantic; utilitarian14. severe (adj.) adamant; exacting; hard hearted; indifferent; intemperate; relentless; rigorous; severe15. shrewd (adj.) callous; shrewd; unsentimental; unsympathetic16. solid (adj.) adamantine; compact; firm; flinty; impenetrable; inflexible; resistant; resisting; rigid; solid17. stormy (adj.) inclement; stormy; tempestuous; vigorous; vigourous18. taxing (adj.) backbreaking; burdensome; demanding; difficult; knotty; laborious; onerous; taxing; trying; weighty19. unfriendly (adj.) harsh; unfriendly; unkind; unpleasant20. arduously (other) arduously; burdensomely; difficultly; laboriously; onerously; toilsomely21. assiduously (other) assiduously; dingdong; exhaustively; intensely; intensively; painstakingly; thoroughly; unremittingly22. badly (other) badly; gallingly; harshly; painfully; rigorously; roughly; severely; with difficulty23. bitterly (other) bitterly; keenly; rancorously; resentfully; sorely24. close (other) at close hand; close; near; nearby; nigh25. closely (other) closely; searchingly; sharply26. earnestly (other) earnestly; incessantly; intently27. energetically (other) energetically; forcefully; forcibly; hammer and tongs; might and main; mightily; powerfully; strongly; vigorously; with might and main28. fast (other) fast; firm; firmly; fixedly; hardly; solid; solidly; steadfastly; tight; tightly29. fiercely (other) fiercely; frantically; frenziedly; furiously; madly; stormily; tumultuously; turbulently; vigourously; violently; wildlyАнтонимический ряд:brittle; compassionate; delicate; ductile; easy; effeminate; elastic; fair; feeble; fluid; frail; gentle; impressible; intelligible; lenient; mild; simple; soft -
20 Pascal, Blaise
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 19 June 1623 Clermont Ferrand, Franced. 19 August 1662 Paris, France[br]French mathematician, physicist and religious philosopher.[br]Pascal was the son of Etienne Pascal, President of the Court of Aids. His mother died when he was 3 years old and he was brought up largely by his two sisters, one of whom was a nun at Port Royal. They moved to Paris in 1631 and again to Rouen ten years later. He received no formal education. In 1654 he was involved in a carriage accident in which he saw a mystical vision of God and from then on confined himself to philosophical rather than scientific matters. In the field of mathematics he is best known for his work on conic sections and on the laws of probability. As a youth he designed a calculating machine of which, it is said, some seventy were made. His main contribution to technology was his elucidation of the laws of hydrostatics which formed the basis of all hydrostatic machines in subsequent years. Pascal, however, did not put these laws to any practical use: that was left to the English cabinet-maker and engineer Joseph Bramah more than a century later. Suffering from indifferent health, Pascal persuaded his brother-in-law Périer to repeat the experiments of Evangelista Torricelli on the pressure of the atmosphere. This involved climbing the 4,000 ft (1,220 m) of the Puy de Dôme, a mountain close to Clermont, with a heavy mercury-in-glass barometer. The experiment was reported in the 1647 pamphlet "Expériences nouvelles touchant le vide". The Hydrostatic Law was laid down by Pascal in Traité de l'équilibre des liqueurs, published a year after his death. In this he established the fact that in a fluid at rest the pressure is transmitted equally in all directions.[br]Bibliography1647, "Expériences nouvelles touchant le vide". 1663, Traité de l'équilibre des liqueurs.Further ReadingJ.Mesnard, 1951, Pascal, His Life and Works.I.McNeil, 1972, Hydraulic Power, London: Longmans.IMcN
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