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21 adobe
(Sp. model spelled same [aðóβe] < Arabic at-tub 'the brick')DARE: 1759.1) Sundried brick made of clay, straw, and water.2) A structure, usually a house, made from the same material.3) Clay suitable for fashioning such bricks.The first definition is attested to in the DRAE; Santamaría confirms the usage of the second in the Southwest, providing the example "She lived in her old adobe," also noting that the lot or grounds on which such a structure was to be built could be referred to as "an adobe sole." ( Sole, according to the OED, is an obsolete term meaning "the foundation of a building; the site of a city, etc.") Spanish architecture was also greatly influenced by the Moors who introduced styles and materials now intimately associated with the Southwest.4) As an adjective, several English sources note that the term denotes Mexican origin and usually connotes inferiority. For instance, the Mexican dollar or silver peso was called a "dobie dollar," or "dobie," for short. Cowboys were familiar with adobe as building material on the ranches and haciendas where they worked. Cowboy English is the source of the expression dobe wall listed below, according to Bentley, Adams, and Watts.5) Hendrickson's contention that adobe is the model for doughboy (military personnel) is not supported by any of the sources consulted. See the OED for possible etymologies. Doughboy is attested, however, by the OED as slang for (1). Common compounds: adobe brick, adobe block, adobe house.Alternate forms: adabe, adaube, adaubi, adobey, adobi, adobie, adoby, 'dobe, 'dobie, dob, doba, dobbey, dobby, dobie, doby, dogie, doughboy. -
22 aguardiente
(Sp. model spelled same [agwarðjénte] compound, agglutinated Spanish form < Latin aqua 'water' and arder < Latin ardere 'to burn, be on fire' plus the Spanish suffix - iente equivalent to the English - ing, in this case, literally burning water; hence, fire, or fiery, water)DARE: 1818. According to the OED, it originally referred to "a coarse kind of brandy made in Spain and Portugal" and was extended to native whiskey in the Southwest. Watts notes the continued evolution of the term: it also came to refer to spirits distilled from Mexican red wine or rum. As the Spanish sources note, it can refer to any distilled drink where the resultant alcohol is diluted with water. Hence it is a generic term translatable as booze (Blevins), strong (alcoholic) drink, or liquor (Hendrickson). It is likely that this generic meaning was the one used by cowboys and American Indians alike.Alternate forms: agua ardiente, aguadiente, aguadinte, aguardent, aquadiente, aquadinte, aquardiente, aquedent, aquediente, argadent, awerdente, awerdenty. -
23 alcalde
(Sp. model spelled same [alkájde] < Arabic al-quadl 'the judge')DARE: 1821 (Texas). Hoy notes that in colonial times this term referred to a town leader who wore several hats. He could act as judge in both civil and some minor criminal matters. He was also the presiding authority in the alcaldía, holding a higher position than the regidores, city legislators who collected tribute along with the alcalde. In Texas, during the 1830s, the term broadened significantly in meaning. Watts indicates that what it signified was roughly equivalent to a combination of mayor, chief of police and judge in the Southwest, particularly among the Mexican poblados. Clark adds that the term was also used to refer to a "somewhat important or self-important local person." Bentley notes that the term is sometimes confused with Spanish alcaide, meaning "the officer charged with the defense of a fort or castle." According to the DRAE, the term can refer to the president of a town council (or mayor) or to a municipal judge.Alternate forms: alcade, alcaide.Although Hollywood has greatly exaggerated the type and frequency of criminal activities that cowboys engaged in, no doubt a few renegades appeared before an alcalde to answer to the demands of justice. -
24 alfilaria
( alfilería [alfilería] < alfilerillo < alfiler < Arabic al-hhilel 'pin,' plus the diminutive suffix -illo; hence, 'small pin')OED: 1868. Acommon forage in the Southwest, also known as pin grass ( Erodium cicu-tarium). According to Cobos, alfilería (also alfilerillo) is used in New Mexican and Southern Colorado Spanish to denote a plant of the Cranesbill family called pinclover. He indicates that the term derives from alfilerillo, which the DRAE defines as an herbaceous plant used as forage in Argentina and Chile. It is likely that the Argentine and Chilean varieties are unrelated to the southwestern alfilaria or alfile-ria, but share the common characteristic of a pinlike shape. No doubt the cowboy distinguished among the various types of forage that cattle would eat, since there was always the danger that they might ingest locoweed or some other poisonous plant.Alternate forms: alfilena, alfileria, alfilerilla, filaree, fileree. -
25 alforja(s)
(Sp. model spelled same [alfórxa] < Arabic al-jurya 'the saddlebags')Bentley: 1847. A pair of bags or boxes made of rawhide, canvas, or wood suspended from a packsaddle; saddlebags. Spanish sources also register this meaning, among others. Another Arabic term introduced into Spanish in the Iberian Peninsula and brought to the New World by Spanish horsemen. Mexican vaqueros subsequently introduced alforja(s) to the ranchers, riders, and ropers in the Southwest. The range of spellings and pronunciations attests to the widespread usage of the term.Alternate forms: alfarga, alfarge, alfarky, alforche, alforga, alforge, alforka, alforki, alforje, alforkus. -
26 aparejo
(Sp. model spelled same [aparéxo] < Spanish verb aparejar 'to prepare' < Spanish prefix a- plus parejo < Latin pariculum, dimuni-tive of parem 'equal')SW: 1844. A type of packsaddle consisting of a large stuffed leather or canvas pad attached to a wide cinch and an exceptionally wide breeching that fits under the animal's tail. It is especially designed for awkward heavy loads and may be used on horses, mules, and other animals. Spanish sources define it both as a packsaddle or riding gear. Bentley notes this item became so common that the U.S. Army has its own official version of the aparejo. Such packsaddles were common on long trail drives.Alternate forms: aparayho, arapaho.
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27 arroyo
(Sp. model spelled same [arójo] < Latin arrugia 'mining trench or riverbed')Northwestern Texas: 1806. A deep-cut channel made by a creek or rivulet. It may be filled with water or be dry. Dry arroyos are referred to as arroyos secos in Arizona. According to Hendrickson, the term may refer to a "brook, creek, channel, gully, dry wash, stream bed, or valley." Bentley notes that the terms cañon and arroyo may substitute for each other, in a non- technical sense. Spanish sources concur with all the meanings listed except 'valley' and 'canyon,' which are clearly extensions of the original meanings. This term, along with others such as canyon and mesa, is used frequently in literature and films depicting the cowboy in the Southwest.Alternate forms: aroya, arroya, royo.Also called a wash, often pronounced with an intrusive /r/. -
28 basto
(Sp. model spelled same [básto] < Vulgar Latin * bastum 'packsaddle')Mexico and California: 1881. According to the DARE, "the skirt of a saddle; also, the leather lining of a saddle." The DRAE notes the American usage of this term and defines it as the cushions that make up the saddle pads. Santamaría mentions that the term is usually plural, bastos, and that it refers to two pieces of leather that rest on the frame of a saddle and protect the backside of the horse. They can be made several ways and are generally lined with coarse woolen cloth or unshorn sheepskin. Cobos defines basto as a "saddle skirt made of sole leather lined with undressed lambskin."Alternate forms: bastas, bastos.Also sometimes referred to as sudadero. -
29 bayeta
(Sp. model spelled same [bajéta], probably from Old French baiette, diminutive of bai 'gray; brown')DARE: 1852. Watts indicates that bayeta refers to a woolen yarn as well as fabric composed of the same produced by the Pueblo Indians. The DRAE describes bayeta as a loosely woven wool cloth or a sort of flannel used to mop floors and other surfaces. Cobos defines it as "woolen homespun." No doubt a few cowpokes were familiar with this fabric.Alternate forms: bay-jeta, vayeta. -
30 bosal
New Mexico: 1844. A rope; a leather, or rawhide halter; or a metal ring that fits around the nose of a horse and is used as part of a hackamore in place of a bit. It can also refer to the rope used for such a halter. A bosal is often used when breaking a horse or riding an unruly horse. The DRAE gives several definitions for bozal, but notes that in the Americas it refers to a rope that, when tied to the neck of an animal, functions as a halter. In Spain, the more common term is bozo. Santamaría expands on the definition found in the DRAE and indicates that a bozal is made by loosely looping a rope around an animal's neck and securing it with a knot, then tying the rest of the rope around the horse's nose, using the end as a single rein.Alternate forms: bonsal, bosaal, bozal. -
31 buffalo
West: 1848. The North American bison ( Bison americanus). According to Watts, Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca was the first to apply erroneously the Spanish term búfalo to the American bison because it was similar in appearance to the Indian or African wild ox or buffalo. The buffalo played an important role in the exploration and settlement of the Old West. According to Josiah Gregg ( Commerce of the Prairies), it was a primary source of meat for early expeditions. It was also widely hunted by Indians for its meat and hide. As a result of the animal's importance in the Southwest, the term, originally applied by the Spaniards, became highly integrated into English. This is evidenced by its use as a verb (first referenced in English in central Texas in 1896), meaning to frighten or confuse (or, by extension, to strike on the head with the barrel of a gun), as well as by its use in more than thirty compounds that refer to Southwestern plant life (buffalo berry, buffalo clover, buffalo pea) and animal life (buffalo fish, buffalo wolf). Some compounds containing buffalo also pertain to the history of the Southwest: "buffalo cider" or "buffalo gall" was a liquid found in the buffalo's stomach that could save a thirsty explorer, "buffalo fever" was the excitement felt at the onset of a "buffalo hunt," and "buffalo wood," "buffalo fuel" or "buffalo chips" referred to dried buffalo manure, used to start fires. Santamaría and the DRAE both point out the erroneous use of búfalo in North America to refer to the American bison.Alternate forms: buff, buffler, bufler. -
32 caballo
(Sp. model spelled same [kaβájo]] < Latin caballum [see above])Texas: 1843. General Spanish term for 'horse.' Clark indicates that this term was in common use "in Southwest Texas, Southern Arizona, and Southern California." Adams and Blevins note that it is often used "lightly or mockingly." This is due to a popular belief that things of Mexican or Spanish origin are substandard.Alternate forms: cavallo, cavoya. -
33 cabeza
(Sp. model spelled same [kaβésa] < Hispanic Vulgar Latin * capi-tia 'head')Northern California: 1868. This General Spanish term for 'head' is often used jocularly by cowboys and others. See below for an example.Alternate forms: cabase, kerbase. -
34 cacique
(Sp. model spelled same [kasíke]; from the Taino word for 'chief or petty king')A term used in the Southwest to apply to an Indian village chieftain or a local political boss. This term is used outside of the Southwest and originated in the West Indies, where it referred to a native chief or prince. The DRAE notes that the principal meaning of this term is a lord or chief in an Indian community. By extension, it may also be used in Spanish to refer to an influential political boss or to any person who abuses his authority over others. Cobos references it as a "Pueblo Indian chief and ceremonial leader." Santamaría indicates that in Mexico it is used contemptuously to mean a despot or no-account tyrant.Alternate forms: casick, casique. -
35 cattalo
Watts: 1944. A cross between a cow (longhorn or fully domesticated one) and a buffalo. Adams says that Charles Goodnight was the first to produce a hybrid between these species, but Watts indicates that Spanish colonists attempted to breed cattle and buffalo as early as 1750 and that the idea was suggested in 1598. The original reason for breeding the two animals is disputed. Hendrickson cites Ferber, who suggests it was to make cattle more resistant to heat and ticks. Watts says that it was to produce a new kind of meat, which unfortunately proved to be inferior to beef. These hybrid animals are said to be difficult to domesticate and often sterile, but some believe there may yet be a market for them.Alternate forms: catalo, cattlo. -
36 chaparral
(Sp. model spelled same [t∫aparal] < chaparro 'short, stubby' probably of pre-Roman origin, and apparently related to the dialectal Basque term txapar(ra), a diminutive of saphar(ra) 'thicket' or 'hedge' plus the Spanish collective suffix -al)Texas: 1842. As Watts observes, it appears that this term originally applied exclusively to the scrub oak. It now refers to a number of thicket-forming, often thorny shrubs or small trees, and to a large dense thicket formed by these plants. It may also refer to a plain covered with such unruly brush (see also brasada). Clark indicates that this term applies especially to shrubs and trees of the genera Acacia, Ceanothus, Condalia, Forestiera, and Quercus. Hendrickson notes that this term has become recognized throughout the United States because of its use in western films. The DRAE references chaparral as a place covered in chaparros, which may be either a variety of shrublike oak trees with many branches, or a Central American malpighiaceous bush with clustered flowers, round fruit, and opposite leaves that are thick and petiolate. This second plant grows on dry plains and has thick, knotty, resistant branches used to make walking sticks. Santamaría defines chaparral as either the common name of a wild rhamnaceous plant native to central and northern Mexico ( Condalia obovata), or a place abounding in chaparros. Santamaría gives several definitions for chaparro. It is generally a bush found in tropical regions in the Americas whose rough-textured leaves are sometimes used as sandpaper and whose bark is rich in tannin. On the southern coast of Mexico, it refers to several varieties of oak trees of the genus Quercus. In Tabasco, Mexico, it is an isolated mass of vegetation formed by vines and short trees, and in all of Mexico it is the common name given to the Aythia collaris, a plant native to the northern part of the continent. Islas concurs with the definition given by Santamaría for chaparro in Tabasco, Mexico, but he says that it is a low-lying thicket.Alternate forms: chaparrelle, chaparro, chaperelle, chapparal, chapparall, chapparo, chapparral, chapperell, chapporal.Glossed by Watts as a type of live-oak brush native to southwest Texas. Chaparro prieto is glossed in the DM as a plant of the genus Mimosa. Also known ( in English) as chaparro prieto. -
37 chaps
( chaparreras [t∫aparéras] < chaparro [see above] plus the Spanish suffix -era 'utensil'; the preferred pronunciation in English is [Jaéps]; this pronunciation was probably influenced by the Spanish spoken along the border, where speakers often pronounce the digraph {ch} as [ J] or {sh})Wyoming: 1884 (chaps); DARE: 1887 ( chaparajos); Texas: 1892 ( chaparreras). Leather leggings worn by cowboys over regular trousers to protect their legs from brush or chaparral. They are generally made from the hides of goat, sheep, calves, bulls, and deer, but they can be made from any type of leather. They also come in many lengths and varieties, ranging from simple and practical ones to highly decorated ones with silver ornaments and animal hair left on the outside. Spanish sources reference chaparreras, but only Cobos references chaparejos (he says the word is a blend of chaparro 'shrub' and aparejo 'gear' and refers to leather leggings or chaps). However, the DARE suggests that chaparejos may be a blend of chaparreras and aparejo. The DRAE defines chaparreras as a type of tanned leather breeches used in Mexico. Santamaría adds that they are a type of pants without a seat consisting of two separate coverings for the legs that are attached to the belt by straps. They are often made of goatskin with the hair left on, and as such are also known as chivarras. They are worn over the pants and serve as a protection against rain and mud. They may also be made of puma or jaguar skin, chamois, or canvas. Islas adds that they are often open along the seams and are fastened to the legs with buckles.Alternate forms: chaparajos, chaparejos, chapareras, chapareros, chaparraros, chaparras, chaparreros, chaparro, chaparros, chaperajos, chapparejos, schapps, schaps, shaps.Clark: 1930s. A variety of chaps with short, wide leggings. Also known as buzzard wings. -
38 chinks
(Spanish source uncertain; the original etymon may have been chincaderos [tfi^kaSéros] or chigaderos [tfigaSéros])DARE: 1936. A short variety of chaps that extended only to the knees. Not glossed in Spanish sources.Alternate forms: chigaderos, chinkaderos.Also called armitas. -
39 cigarito
A cigarette or small cigar. OED: 1844. Not referenced in Spanish sources; however, the DRAE references cigarrillo as a small cigar made of shredded tobacco wrapped in a piece of smoking paper, i.e., a cigarette.Alternate forms: cigarillo, cigarrillo, cigarrito, segarrito. -
40 cimarrón
( cimarrón [simaron], probably < cima 'summit, top' because cimarrones fled to the mountaintops < Latin cyma)1) Southwest: 1844. A bighorn or mountain sheep ( Ovis canadensis)2) According to Watts, the cimarrones were "the wild black cattle of Texas."3) Texas: 1892. Any wild or solitary creature. Blevins notes that it sometimes referred to a runaway slave or a person who separated himself from civilized society. This term is often used in place names in the Southwest. The DRAE gives several meanings for cimarrón. It is used in America to mean a tame animal that has escaped and become wild or a wild animal that has never been domesticated. It also means a runaway slave. Santamaría notes that it means wild or untame in general and that it is used in Mexico to refer to a wild plant or animal when there is a domesticated breed of the same name. For instance, a wild duck is called a pato cimarrón.Alternate forms: cimmaron, simarron.
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