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81 Russian-American Company
Российская акционерная компания, учрежденная по указу императора Павла I в 1799 в целях освоения земель в Северной Америке и на Дальнем Востоке, развития торговли и промыслов и объединения разрозненных русских поселений в этом регионе. Компания получила монопольное право на освоение территории западного побережья Северной Америки от 55 град. сев. шир. (с 1826 - от 54 град. 40 мин. сев. шир.) до Берингова пролива, а также Алеутских [ Aleutian Islands] и других островов. Компания продолжила освоение региона Русской Америки [ Russian America], включавшего большую часть Аляски [ Alaska] и районы Северной Калифорнии. Под руководством первого губернатора Русской Америки (1799-1818) А. А. Баранова были созданы несколько поселений с центром в Новоархангельске (ныне г. Ситка), позднее был построен форт Росс [ Fort Ross] в Калифорнии, в ряде районов развивалось сельское хозяйство, добыча угля. За период своего существования Компания организовала 25 экспедиций, в том числе 15 кругосветных плаваний (наиболее известна экспедиция И. Ф. Крузенштерна в 1803-06). Компания вела также активную миссионерскую деятельность на Аляске: строила церкви, открывала школы, обращала алеутов в православие. В 1794 был построен первый храм на о. Кадьяк [ Kodiak Island]. В результате этой деятельности большинство современных алеутов являются православными, в ряде пунктов штата Аляска действуют православные приходы, на о. Спрус [Spruce Island] - Нововалаамский монастырь [New Valaam Monastery]. Позднее, когда Компанией руководил Ф. П. Врангель, она постепенно стала сворачивать свою деятельность на континенте: сократилась добыча пушнины, снизился объем государственных субсидий. Конкуренция с англичанами, испанцами и американцами, а также инциденты с индейцами вынудили руководство Компании свернуть деятельность в Калифорнии и к 1841 забросить форт Росс. В марте 1867 по инициативе госсекретаря У. Сьюарда [ Seward, William Henry] США пошли на покупку Аляски, считавшуюся невыгодной. В 1868 Компания прекратила свое существование.English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Russian-American Company
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82 Unalaska
Остров в архипелаге Алеутских островов [ Aleutian Islands], второй по площади в Алеутской гряде. Расположен у юго-западного побережья штата Аляска. С начала XVIII в. поселок Уналашка на северной оконечности острова был крупным центром Российско-американской компании [ Russian-American Company] и играл важную роль как порт. Во время "золотой лихорадки" на Клондайке [ Klondike Gold Rush] выполнял роль таможенного поста. Ныне - один из наиболее важных незамерзающих рыболовецких портов штата. Военно-морская база Датч-Харбор [ Dutch Harbor] на о. Амакнак [Amaknak Island] соединена с Уналашкой мостом. Среди достопримечательностей - православная Церковь Вознесения [Church of Holy Ascention] (1825) и еловый парк [Sitka Spruce Plantation, Sitka spruce], в котором сохранились деревья, посаженные в 1805 русскими поселенцами. Высшая точка острова - вулкан Макушина [Makushin Volcano], 2036 м -
83 Islas Aleutas
m.Aleutian Islands. -
84 Islas Aleutinas
m.Aleutian Islands. -
85 Aleutians
[ə'l(j)uːʃənz] -
86 Aleutine
sfpl [aleu'tine] -
87 Morse, Samuel Finley Breeze
SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications[br]b. 27 April 1791 Charlestown, Massachusetts, USAd. 2 April 1872 New York City, New York, USA[br]American portrait painter and inventor, b est known for his invention of the telegraph and so-called Morse code.[br]Following early education at Phillips Academy, Andover, at the age of 14 years Morse went to Yale College, where he developed interests in painting and electricity. Upon graduating in 1810 he became a clerk to a Washington publisher and a pupil of Washington Allston, a well-known American painter. The following year he travelled to Europe and entered the London studio of another American artist, Benjamin West, successfully exhibiting at the Royal Academy as well as winning a prize and medal for his sculpture. Returning to Boston and finding little success as a "historical-style" painter, he built up a thriving portrait business, moving in 1818 to Charleston, South Carolina, where three years later he established the (now defunct) South Carolina Academy of Fine Arts. In 1825 he was back in New York, but following the death of his wife and both of his parents that year, he embarked on an extended tour of European art galleries. In 1832, on the boat back to America, he met Charles T.Jackson, who told him of the discovery of the electromagnet and fired his interest in telegraphy to the extent that Morse immediately began to make suggestions for electrical communications and, apparently, devised a form of printing telegraph. Although he returned to his painting and in 1835 was appointed the first Professor of the Literature of Art and Design at the University of New York City, he began to spend more and more time experimenting in telegraphy. In 1836 he invented a relay as a means of extending the cable distance over which telegraph signals could be sent. At this time he became acquainted with Alfred Vail, and the following year, when the US government published the requirements for a national telegraph service, they set out to produce a workable system, with finance provided by Vail's father (who, usefully, owned an ironworks). A patent was filed on 6 October 1837 and a successful demonstration using the so-called Morse code was given on 6 January 1838; the work was, in fact, almost certainly largely that of Vail. As a result of the demonstration a Bill was put forward to Congress for $30,000 for an experimental line between Washington and Baltimore. This was eventually passed and the line was completed, and on 24 May 1844 the first message, "What hath God wrought", was sent between the two cities. In the meantime Morse also worked on the insulation of submarine cables by means of pitch tar and indiarubber.With success achieved, Morse offered his invention to the Government for $100,000, but this was declined, so the invention remained in private hands. To exploit it, Morse founded the Magnetic Telephone Company in 1845, amalgamating the following year with the telegraph company of a Henry O'Reilly to form Western Union. Having failed to obtain patents in Europe, he now found himself in litigation with others in the USA, but eventually, in 1854, the US Supreme Court decided in his favour and he soon became very wealthy. In 1857 a proposal was made for a telegraph service across the whole of the USA; this was completed in just over four months in 1861. Four years later work began on a link to Europe via Canada, Alaska, the Aleutian Islands and Russia, but it was abandoned with the completion of the transatlantic cable, a venture in which he also had some involvement. Showered with honours, Morse became a generous philanthropist in his later years. By 1883 the company he had created was worth $80 million and had a virtual monopoly in the USA.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsLLD, Yale 1846. Fellow of the Academy of Arts and Sciences 1849. Celebratory Banquet, New York, 1869. Statue in New York Central Park 1871. Austrian Gold Medal of Scientific Merit. Danish Knight of the Danneborg. French Légion d'honneur. Italian Knight of St Lazaro and Mauritio. Portuguese Knight of the Tower and Sword. Turkish Order of Glory.BibliographyE.L.Morse (ed.), 1975, Letters and Journals, New York: Da Capo Press (facsimile of a 1914 edition).Further ReadingJ.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph (discusses his telegraphic work and its context).C.Mabee, 1943, The American Leonardo: A Life of Samuel Morse; reprinted 1969 (a detailed biography).KFBiographical history of technology > Morse, Samuel Finley Breeze
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88 Aleuten-Inseln
plAleutian Islands -
89 северная часть Тихого океана
северная часть Тихого океана
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
North Pacific Ocean
An ocean north of the equator between the eastern coast of Asia and the western coasts of the Americas, extending northward to the arctic region, with principal arms including the Gulf of Alaska, the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan and the Bering, Yellow, East China, South China and Philippine seas, and islands including the Aleutian, Midway, Marshall and Hawaiian islands, the Japanese island arc and the Malay Archipelago. (Source: INP)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
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DE
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Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > северная часть Тихого океана
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90 océan pacifique nord
северная часть Тихого океана
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
North Pacific Ocean
An ocean north of the equator between the eastern coast of Asia and the western coasts of the Americas, extending northward to the arctic region, with principal arms including the Gulf of Alaska, the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan and the Bering, Yellow, East China, South China and Philippine seas, and islands including the Aleutian, Midway, Marshall and Hawaiian islands, the Japanese island arc and the Malay Archipelago. (Source: INP)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
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Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > océan pacifique nord
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91 Nordpazifik
северная часть Тихого океана
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
North Pacific Ocean
An ocean north of the equator between the eastern coast of Asia and the western coasts of the Americas, extending northward to the arctic region, with principal arms including the Gulf of Alaska, the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan and the Bering, Yellow, East China, South China and Philippine seas, and islands including the Aleutian, Midway, Marshall and Hawaiian islands, the Japanese island arc and the Malay Archipelago. (Source: INP)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
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Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Nordpazifik
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92 северная часть Тихого океана
северная часть Тихого океана
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
North Pacific Ocean
An ocean north of the equator between the eastern coast of Asia and the western coasts of the Americas, extending northward to the arctic region, with principal arms including the Gulf of Alaska, the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan and the Bering, Yellow, East China, South China and Philippine seas, and islands including the Aleutian, Midway, Marshall and Hawaiian islands, the Japanese island arc and the Malay Archipelago. (Source: INP)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
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DE
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Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > северная часть Тихого океана
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93 северная часть Тихого океана
северная часть Тихого океана
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
North Pacific Ocean
An ocean north of the equator between the eastern coast of Asia and the western coasts of the Americas, extending northward to the arctic region, with principal arms including the Gulf of Alaska, the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan and the Bering, Yellow, East China, South China and Philippine seas, and islands including the Aleutian, Midway, Marshall and Hawaiian islands, the Japanese island arc and the Malay Archipelago. (Source: INP)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
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DE
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Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > северная часть Тихого океана
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94 North Pacific Ocean
северная часть Тихого океана
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
North Pacific Ocean
An ocean north of the equator between the eastern coast of Asia and the western coasts of the Americas, extending northward to the arctic region, with principal arms including the Gulf of Alaska, the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan and the Bering, Yellow, East China, South China and Philippine seas, and islands including the Aleutian, Midway, Marshall and Hawaiian islands, the Japanese island arc and the Malay Archipelago. (Source: INP)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
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Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > North Pacific Ocean
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95 Алеутские острова
мн.Aleutian [ə'luːʃən] Islands pl
См. также в других словарях:
Aleutian Islands — chain of islands extending c. 1,200 mi (1,931 km) southwest from the tip of the Alaska Peninsula: constituting, with the W half of the Alaska Peninsula, a district of Alas.: 15,501 sq mi (40,147 sq km); pop. 8,200: also Aleutians … English World dictionary
Aleutian Islands — Infobox Islands name = Aleutian Islands image caption = image size = locator map custom = no native name = native name link = nickname = location = Pacific Ocean coordinates = archipelago = total islands = >300 major islands = Unalaska Island… … Wikipedia
Aleutian Islands — an archipelago extending SW from the Alaska Peninsula: part of Alaska. Also called Aleutians. * * * Chain of small islands, Alaska, U.S. They form a border of the Bering Sea, extending in an arc about 1,100 mi (1,800 km) west from the tip of the… … Universalium
Aleutian Islands — Sp Aleùtų sãlos Ap Aleutian Islands Sp Aleùtai Ap Aleutians L Š Ramiajame vand., JAV (Aliaska) … Pasaulio vietovardžiai. Internetinė duomenų bazė
Aleutian Islands Campaign — Infobox Military Conflict conflict=Aleutian Islands Campaign caption=American troops hauling supplies on Attu in May 1943. Their vehicles could not move across the island s rugged terrain. partof=World War II, Pacific War date=June 3 1942 ndash;… … Wikipedia
Aleutian Islands Wilderness — Infobox protected area | name = Aleutian Islands Wilderness iucn category = Ib caption = locator x = 17 locator y = 162 location = Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA nearest city = Atka, Alaska lat degrees = 52 lat minutes = 05 lat seconds = 24 lat… … Wikipedia
Aleutian Islands — geographical name islands SW Alaska extending in an arc 1700 miles (2735 kilometers) SW & W from Alaska Peninsula see Andreanof Islands, Fox Islands, Near Islands, Rat Islands … New Collegiate Dictionary
Aleutian Islands — noun /æliːuːʃən ɑɪlændz/ An archipelago of more than 300 small volcanic islands forming an island arc in the Northern Pacific Ocean, between Alaska and the Kamchatka Peninsula of Asia. They are part of the United States. Syn … Wiktionary
Aleutian Islands — A|leu|tian Is|lands a group of islands off the southwest coast of Alaska … Dictionary of contemporary English
Aleutian Islands — chain of approximately 200 small volcanic islands that extend over a thousand miles westward from the tip of the Alaska Peninsula … English contemporary dictionary
Aleutian Islands — Alaska … Bryson’s dictionary for writers and editors