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41 ეტიოლოგია
naetiologies, aetiology, etiology -
42 Goldberger, Joseph
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 16 July 1874 Giralt, Hungaryd. 17 January 1929 Washington, DC, USA[br]American physician, virologist and epidemiologist, pioneer of egg viral culture and of the social approach to the aetiology of disease.[br]Of immigrant stock, Goldberger entered the College of New York in 1890 as an engineering student. In 1892 he transferred to medicine, and in 1895 he qualified at Bellevue Hospital. Following an internship and unhappy experience of private medical practice in Pennsylvania, he qualified for the US Public Health Service in 1899, remaining there until his death.By 1910 he had been involved in field investigations of yellow fever, dengue and typhus. It was during this time that, with J.F.Anderson, he developed the egg culture techniques which enabled the demonstration of the filter-passing measles virus. The work with which he was most identified, however, was in connection with pellagra, at that time thought to be of microbial or protozoal origin. Using epidemiological techniques, he was able to demonstrate that it was in fact a nutritional deficiency disease, inducing the disease in prison volunteers on an abundant but protein-deficient diet.[br]Bibliography1910, with J.Anderson, Experimental Measles in the Monkey, Public Health Report RG90, US Public Health Service, National Archives.Further ReadingR.P.Parsons, 1943, Trail to Light. A Biography of Joseph Goldberger, New York.MG -
43 Hunter, John
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 14 (registered 13) February 1728 East Kilbride, Lanarkshire, Scotlandd. 16 October 1793 London, England[br]Scottish surgeon and anatomist, pioneer of experimental methods in medicine and surgery.[br]The younger brother of William Hunter (1718–83), who was of great distinction but perhaps of slightly less achievement in similar fields, he owed much of his early experience to his brother; William, after a period at Glasgow University, moved to St George's Hospital, London. In his later teens, John assisted a brother-in-law with cabinet-making. This appears to have contributed to the lifelong mechanical skill which he displayed as a dissector and surgeon. This skill was particularly obvious when, after following William to London in 1748, he held post at a number of London teaching hospitals before moving to St George's in 1756. A short sojourn at Oxford in 1755 appears to have been unfruitful.Despite his deepening involvement in the study of comparative anatomy, facilitated by the purchase of animals from the Tower menagerie and travelling show people, he accepted an appointment as a staff surgeon in the Army in 1760, participating in the expedition to Belle Isle and also serving in Portugal. He returned home with over 300 specimens in 1763 and, until his appointment as Surgeon to St George's in 1768, was heavily involved in the examination of this and other material, as well as in studies of foetal testicular descent, placental circulation, the nature of pus and lymphatic circulation. In 1772 he commenced lecturing on the theory and practice of surgery, and in 1776 he was appointed Surgeon-Extraordinary to George III.He is rightly regarded as the founder of scientific surgery, but his knowledge was derived almost entirely from his own experiments and observations. His contemporaries did not always accept or understand the concepts which led to such aphorisms as, "to perform an operation is to mutilate a patient we cannot cure", and his written comment to his pupil Jenner: "Why think. Why not trie the experiment". His desire to establish the aetiology of gonorrhoea led to him infecting himself, as a result of which he also contracted syphilis. His ensuing account of the characteristics of the disease remains a classic of medicine, although it is likely that the sequelae of the condition brought about his death at a relatively early age. From 1773 he suffered recurrent anginal attacks of such a character that his life "was in the hands of any rascal who chose to annoy and tease him". Indeed, it was following a contradiction at a board meeting at St George's that he died.By 1788, with the death of Percival Pott, he had become unquestionably the leading surgeon in Britain, if not Europe. Elected to the Royal Society in 1767, the extraordinary variety of his collections, investigations and publications, as well as works such as the "Treatise on the natural history of the human teeth" (1771–8), gives testimony to his original approach involving the fundamental and inescapable relation of structure and function in both normal and disease states. The massive growth of his collections led to his acquiring two houses in Golden Square to contain them. It was his desire that after his death his collection be purchased and preserved for the nation. It contained 13,600 specimens and had cost him £70,000. After considerable delay, Par-liament voted inadequate sums for this purpose and the collection was entrusted to the recently rechartered Royal College of Surgeons of England, in whose premises this remarkable monument to the omnivorous and eclectic activities of this outstanding figure in the evolution of medicine and surgery may still be seen. Sadly, some of the collection was lost to bombing during the Second World War. His surviving papers were also extensive, but it is probable that many were destroyed in the early nineteenth century.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1767. Copley Medal 1787.Bibliography1835–7, Works, ed. J.F.Palmer, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London.MG -
44 Ätiologie
f[Kausalität]1. aetiology spv. Am.2. etiology Am. -
45 Ursachenforschung
f1. aetiology2. cause study
См. также в других словарях:
AEtiology — [AE] ti*ol o*gy, n. [L. aetologia, Gr. ?; ? cause + ? description: cf. F. [ e]tiologie.] 1. The science, doctrine, or demonstration of causes; esp., the investigation of the causes of any disease; the science of the origin and development of… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
aetiology — [ēt΄ē äl′ə jē] n. alt. sp. of ETIOLOGY … English World dictionary
Aetiology — The study of the causes. For example, of a disorder. The word aetiology is mainly used in medicine, where it is the science that deals with the causes or origin of disease, the factors which produce or predispose toward a certain disease or… … Medical dictionary
aetiology — UK [ˌiːtɪˈɒlədʒɪ] / US [ˌɪtɪˈɑlədʒɪ] noun Word forms aetiology : singular aetiology plural aetiologies medical 1) [countable/uncountable] the cause of a disease 2) [uncountable] the study of the causes of diseases … English dictionary
aetiology — An aetiological story professes to explain causes. The Pentateuch, especially Genesis, is rich in stories designed to give explanations about the origin of natural phenomena and of customs in religious worship. How did the rainbow come into… … Dictionary of the Bible
aetiology — /itiˈɒlədʒi / (say eetee oluhjee) noun 1. the systematic study of the causes of anything, especially of diseases. 2. the body of knowledge relating to this study. 3. Medicine cause or origin: a disease of unknown aetiology. Also, etiology. {Latin …
Aetiology (blog) — Aetiology is a web log, or blog that is written by Tara C. Smith, PhD, a faculty member with an expertise in epidemiology working in the College of Public Health at the University of Iowa. Its stated goal is to discuss causes, origins, evolution… … Wikipedia
aetiology — pathology pa*thol o*gy ( j[y^]), n.; pl. {pathologies} ( j[i^]z). [Gr. pa qos a suffering, disease + logy: cf. F. pathologie.] 1. (Med.) The science which treats of diseases, their nature, causes, progress, symptoms, etc. [1913 Webster] Note:… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
aetiology — chiefly British variant of etiology … New Collegiate Dictionary
aetiology — see etiology … Dictionary of invertebrate zoology
aetiology — aetiologic /ee tee euh loj ik/, aetiological adj. aetiologically, adv. aetiologist, n. /ee tee ol euh jee/, n., pl. aetiologies. etiology. * * * … Universalium
