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1 elder
أسَنّ \ elder: (of people, esp. in a family) older: my elder brother; her elder son. \ See Also أكبر (أَكْبَر) -
2 elder
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3 elder
I [ˈeldə]1. adjective(often of members of a family) older; senior:أكْبَرُ سِنّاًHe is the elder of the two.
2. noun1) a person who is older:من يَكْبُرُك سِنّاTake the advice of your elders.
2) an office-bearer in Presbyterian churches.شَيْخ الكَنيسَه II [ˈeldə] nouna kind of shrub or tree with purple-black fruit. (ˈelderberries).شَجَرَة البَيْلَسان -
4 elder
I.iz. ( adurra) drool, slobber; \elderra dariola droolingII.iz. ( mormoia) elder; \elderren quoruma elders' quorum -
5 Elder, John
[br]b. 9 March 1824 Glasgow, Scotlandd. 17 September 1869 London, England[br]Scottish engineer who introduced the compound steam engine to ships and established an important shipbuilding company in Glasgow.[br]John was the third son of David Elder. The father came from a family of millwrights and moved to Glasgow where he worked for the well-known shipbuilding firm of Napier's and was involved with improving marine engines. John was educated at Glasgow High School and then for a while at the Department of Civil Engineering at Glasgow University, where he showed great aptitude for mathematics and drawing. He spent five years as an apprentice under Robert Napier followed by two short periods of activity as a pattern-maker first and then a draughtsman in England. He returned to Scotland in 1849 to become Chief Draughtsman to Napier, but in 1852 he left to become a partner with the Glasgow general engineering company of Randolph Elliott \& Co. Shortly after his induction (at the age of 28), the engineering firm was renamed Randolph Elder \& Co.; in 1868, when the partnership expired, it became known as John Elder \& Co. From the outset Elder, with his partner, Charles Randolph, approached mechanical (especially heat) engineering in a rigorous manner. Their knowledge and understanding of entropy ensured that engine design was not a hit-and-miss affair, but one governed by recognition of the importance of the new kinetic theory of heat and with it a proper understanding of thermodynamic principles, and by systematic development. In this Elder was joined by W.J.M. Rankine, Professor of Civil Engineering and Mechanics at Glasgow University, who helped him develop the compound marine engine. Elder and Randolph built up a series of patents, which guaranteed their company's commercial success and enabled them for a while to be the sole suppliers of compound steam reciprocating machinery. Their first such engine at sea was fitted in 1854 on the SS Brandon for the Limerick Steamship Company; the ship showed an improved performance by using a third less coal, which he was able to reduce still further on later designs.Elder developed steam jacketing and recognized that, with higher pressures, triple-expansion types would be even more economical. In 1862 he patented a design of quadruple-expansion engine with reheat between cylinders and advocated the importance of balancing reciprocating parts. The effect of his improvements was to greatly reduce fuel consumption so that long sea voyages became an economic reality.His yard soon reached dimensions then unequalled on the Clyde where he employed over 4,000 workers; Elder also was always interested in the social welfare of his labour force. In 1860 the engine shops were moved to the Govan Old Shipyard, and again in 1864 to the Fairfield Shipyard, about 1 mile (1.6 km) west on the south bank of the Clyde. At Fairfield, shipbuilding was commenced, and with the patents for compounding secure, much business was placed for many years by shipowners serving long-distance trades such as South America; the Pacific Steam Navigation Company took up his ideas for their ships. In later years the yard became known as the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company Ltd, but it remains today as one of Britain's most efficient shipyards and is known now as Kvaerner Govan Ltd.In 1869, at the age of only 45, John Elder was unanimously elected President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland; however, before taking office and giving his eagerly awaited presidential address, he died in London from liver disease. A large multitude attended his funeral and all the engineering shops were silent as his body, which had been brought back from London to Glasgow, was carried to its resting place. In 1857 Elder had married Isabella Ure, and on his death he left her a considerable fortune, which she used generously for Govan, for Glasgow and especially the University. In 1883 she endowed the world's first Chair of Naval Architecture at the University of Glasgow, an act which was reciprocated in 1901 when the University awarded her an LLD on the occasion of its 450th anniversary.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland 1869.Further ReadingObituary, 1869, Engineer 28.1889, The Dictionary of National Biography, London: Smith Elder \& Co. W.J.Macquorn Rankine, 1871, "Sketch of the life of John Elder" Transactions of theInstitution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland.Maclehose, 1886, Memoirs and Portraits of a Hundred Glasgow Men.The Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Works, 1909, London: Offices of Engineering.P.M.Walker, 1984, Song of the Clyde, A History of Clyde Shipbuilding, Cambridge: PSL.R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (covers Elder's contribution to the development of steam engines).RLH / FMW -
6 Elder Dempster Lines Nigerian National Line
Railway term: WAJUУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Elder Dempster Lines Nigerian National Line
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7 Elder Geek
Position ( job): EG -
8 Elder High School
School: EHS -
9 elder shoot borer
Entomology: Achatodes zeae -
10 Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus)
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. c. 23 AD Como, Italyd. 25 August 79 AD near Pompeii, Italy[br]Roman encyclopedic writer on the natural world.[br]Pliny was well educated in Rome, and for ten years or so followed a military career with which he was able to combine literary work, writing especially on historical subjects. He completed his duties c. 57 AD and concentrated on writing until he resumed his official career in 69 AD with administrative duties. During this last phase he began work on his only extant work, the thirty-seven "books" of his Historia Naturalis (Natural History), each dealing with a broad subject such as astronomy, geography, mineralogy, etc. His last post was the command of the fleet based at Misenum, which came to an end when he sailed too near Vesuvius during the eruption that engulfed Pompeii and he was overcome by the fumes.Pliny developed an insatiable curiosity about the natural world. Unlike the Greeks, the Romans made few original contributions to scientific thought and observation, but some made careful compilations of the learning and observations of Greek scholars. The most notable and influential of these was the Historia Naturalis. To the ideas about the natural world gleaned from earlier Greek authors, he added information about natural history, mineral resources, crafts and some technological processes, such as the extraction of metals from their ores, reported to him from the corners of the Empire. He added a few observations of his own, noted during travels on his official duties. Not all the reports were reliable, and the work often presents a tangled web of fact and fable. Gibbon described it as an immense register in which the author has "deposited the discoveries, the arts, and the errors of mankind". Pliny was indefatigable in his relentless note-taking, even dictating to his secretary while dining.During the Dark Ages and early Middle Ages in Western Europe, Pliny's Historia Naturalis was the largest known collection of facts about the natural world and was drawn upon freely by a succession of later writers. Its influence survived the influx into Western Europe, from the twelfth century, of translations of the works of Greek and Arab scholars. After the invention of printing in the middle of the fifteenth century, Pliny was the first work on a scientific subject to be printed, in 1469. Many editions followed and it may still be consulted with profit for its insights into technical knowledge and practice in the ancient world.[br]BibliographyThe standard Latin text with English translation is that edited by H.Rackham et al.(1942– 63, Loeb Classical Library, London: Heinemann, 10 vols). The French version is by A.Further ReadingThe editions mentioned above include useful biographical and other details. For special aspects of Pliny, see K.C.Bailey, 1929–32, The Elder Pliny's Chapters on Chemical Subjects, London, 2 vols.LRDBiographical history of technology > Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus)
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11 Christian Elder Dispensations Arbitration Reconciliation
Religion: CEDARУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Christian Elder Dispensations Arbitration Reconciliation
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12 box-elder bug
Entomology: Leptocoris trivittatus -
13 box-elder leaf roller
Entomology: Gracillaria negundellaУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > box-elder leaf roller
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14 box-elder psyllid
Entomology: Psylla negundinis -
15 box-elder twig borer
Entomology: Proteoteras willinganaУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > box-elder twig borer
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16 western box-elder bug
Entomology: Leptocoris rubrolineatusУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > western box-elder bug
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17 вымышленное существо из вселенной The Elder Scrolls
Computer games: striderУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > вымышленное существо из вселенной The Elder Scrolls
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18 european red elder
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19 Auenbrugger, Leopold Elder von
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 19 November 1722 Graz, Austriad. 18 May 1809 Vienna, Austria[br]Austrian physician and the first to describe percussion as an aid to diagnosis of diseases of the chest.[br]The son of an innkeeper, Auenbrugger had originally learned to use percussion to ascertain the level of wine in casks. When later he became Physician to the Military Hospital of Vienna, he developed the technique, stating in the monograph that he published on the subject, "I here present the reader with a new sign which I have discovered for detecting disease of the chest. It consists in percussion of the human thorax whereby…an opinion is formed of the internal state of that cavity". The monograph attracted little attention until some twenty years later. Jean Corvisart, personal physician to Napoleon, translated it into French in 1808, giving full credit to its original author. Auenbrugger also had some musical expertise, and with Salieri composed an opera for Maria Theresa.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsEnnobled 1784.Bibliography1761, Inventum novumex percussione thoracis humani ut signo abstrusos interni pectoris morbos detegendi, Vienna.Further ReadingJ.Forbes (trans.), 1936, "On percussion of the chest"; a translation of Auenbrugger's original treatise, Bulletin of the History of Medicine.Z.Cope, 1957, Sidelights on the History of Medicine, London.MGBiographical history of technology > Auenbrugger, Leopold Elder von
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20 Chamberlen (the Elder), Peter
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. c. 1601 London, Englandd. 22 December 1683 Woodham Mortimer, Essex, England[br]English obstetrician who was a member of a family of obstetricians of the same name who made use of a secret design of obstetric forceps (probably designed by him).[br]Of Huguenot stock, his ancestor William having probably come to England in 1569, he was admitted to Cambridge University in 1615 at the age of 14. He graduated Doctor of Medicine in Padua in 1619, having also spent some time at Heidelberg. In 1628 he was elected a Fellow of the College of Physicians, though with some reservations on account of his dress and conduct; these appear to have had some foundation for he was dismissed from the fellowship for repeated contumacy in 1659. Nonetheless, he was appointed Physician in Ordinary to Charles I in 1660. There are grounds for suspecting that in later years he developed some signs of insanity.Chamberlen was engaged extensively in the practice of midwifery, and his reputation and that of the other members of the family, several of whom were also called Peter, was enhanced by their possession of their own pattern of obstetric forceps, hitherto unknown and kept carefully guarded as a family secret. The original instruments were discovered hidden at the family home in Essex in 1815 and have been preserved by the Royal Society of Medicine. Chamberlen appears to have threatened the physicians' obstetric monopoly by attempting to organize mid-wives into a corporate company, to be headed by himself, a move which was successfully opposed by the College of Physicians.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPhysician in Ordinary to King Charles I, King Charles II, King James II, Queen Mary and Queen Anne.Bibliography1662, The Accomplished Midwife. The Sober Mans Vindication, discovering the true cause and manner how Dr. Chamberlen came to be reported mad, London.Further ReadingMariceau, 1668, Des Malades des femmes grosses et accouchées, Paris. J.H.Aveling, 1883, The Chamberlens and the Midwifery Forceps, London.MGBiographical history of technology > Chamberlen (the Elder), Peter
См. также в других словарях:
Elder — is a surname. It may also refer to older people or to:In religion: * Elder (administrative title), position of authority * Elder (Christianity), person valued for his wisdom who accordingly holds a particular position of responsibility in a… … Wikipedia
Elder — ist die englische Form des Wortes Ältester und bezeichnet: ein Amt in verschiedenen christlichen Konfessionen, siehe dazu auch Presbyter ein Amt in der Kirche Jesu Christi der Heiligen der Letzten Tage, siehe Priestertum (Kirche Jesu Christi der… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Elder — El der, n. [OE. ellern, eller, AS. ellen, cf. LG. elloorn; perh. akin to OHG. holantar, holuntar, G. holunder; or perh. to E. alder, n.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs ({Sambucus}) having broad umbels of white flowers, and small black or red berries.… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
elder — elder, eldest, older, oldest 1. Elder and eldest mean the same as older and oldest but they are much narrower in their range of use, being applicable only to people and only as nouns or attributive adjectives (before nouns). You can say his elder … Modern English usage
Elder — Eld er, n. [AS. ealdor an elder, prince, fr. eald old. See {Old}, and cf. {Elder}, a., {Alderman}.] 1. One who is older; a superior in age; a senior. 1 Tim. v. 1. [1913 Webster] 2. An aged person; one who lived at an earlier period; a predecessor … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
ELDER — (Heb. זָקֵן, zaken). In Israel, as among all other ancient peoples, the elder is not only a person of advanced age, but also a man of distinct social grade (cf. šībum in Akkadian, senator in Latin, geron in Greek, and sheikh in Arabic). The… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Elder — Eld er, a. [AS. yldra, compar. of eald old. See {Old}.] 1. Older; more aged, or existing longer. [1913 Webster] Let the elder men among us emulate their own earlier deeds. Jowett (Thucyd. ) [1913 Webster] 2. Born before another; prior in years;… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
elder — elder1 [el′dər] adj. [ME < OE (Mercian) eldra, ældra, compar. < base of ald, eald, OLD] 1. born or brought forth earlier than another or others; exceeding another in age; senior; older 2. Obs. of longer standing or superior rank, position,… … English World dictionary
Elder — Elder, 1) Sir Thomas, austral. Großkaufmann und freigebiger Förderer der Erforschung von Süd und Westaustralien, geb. 1818 in Kirkcaldy (Schottland), gest. 7. März 1897 in Adelaïde (Südaustralien), wanderte 1854 nach Südaustralien aus, betrieb… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
elder — ‘older’ [OE] is not, of course, the same word as elder the tree name [OE]. The former began life in prehistoric Germanic as *althizon, the comparative form of *althaz ‘old’. Gradually, the vowel i had an effect on the preceding vowel a, and by… … The Hutchinson dictionary of word origins
elder — Ⅰ. elder [1] ► ADJECTIVE ▪ (of one or more out of a group of people) of a greater age. ► NOUN 1) (one s elder) a person of greater age than oneself. 2) a leader or senior figure in a tribe. 3) an official or minister in certain Protestant… … English terms dictionary
