(forget)

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(-da, -dr), v.

1) to make a merry noise (glaumr);

2) with dat. to forget (gleymt hefi ek þessu).

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d, [glaumr, q. v.; Swed. glömma; Dan. glemme; but unknown to Germ. and Saxon]

I. prop. to make a merry noise; this sense is almost obsolete, but occurs in Bret., þeir gleymdu þar yfir, they held a bout around the horse, 94: reflex. to be merry, Merl. 1. 52.

II. metaph. to forget, with dat.; at hann gleymi öllum Guðs boðorðum, Fms. v. 217, xi. 235, Barl. 7, 56, Al. 12, Sks. 743, passim: absol., Edda 154 (pref.), Sks. 238: with acc., Karl. 524 (rare): with infin., freq. in mod. usage, eg gleymdi að taka það: with gen., a Latinism, Stj. 78.

2. in a pass. sense, to be forgotten, Th. 79.

(and ey-muni), a, m. an ever-memorable thing; þat er þeim eimuni, they will never forget, Fms. iv. 249; þat man þér eymuni, thou wilt never forget it, Bjarn. 25 (in a verse); eymuni hinn mikli (name of a very severe winter), Ann. 1291.

β. nickname of a Dan. king, the everbeloved, Fms. xi; vide ein-muni.

(hygg, hugða, hugðr and hugaðr), v.

1) to think, believe;

hugðu þó mjök sér hvárir-tveggju, they were of different opinions;

2) to guess;

fár hyggr þegjanda þörf, few can guess the needs of him that is silent;

3) to intend, purpose (sóknargögn þau, er hann hugði fram at fœra);

mæla fagrt, ok flátt hyggja, to speak fair and mean false;

mæla hugat (af hugðu), to speak sincerely;

4) hyggja e-m e-t, to intend a thing for one, to have in store for one (þóttist þann vita, at honum mundi slíkr kostr hugaðr);

hyggja e-m vel, to be well disposed towards a person;

hyggja e-u illa, to be ill pleased with;

ok munu þau vel hyggja ( they will be glad), er þau hafa akrinn;

5) with preps.:

hyggja af e-u, to leave off thinking about, forget or drop (hyggja af harmi, heimsku);

hyggja af um leitina, to give up the search;

hyggja at e-u, to attend to, mind, look at;

konungr hugði vandliga at manninum, the king looked closely at the man;

hyggja á e-t, to think of (hyggja á flótta);

ef hann á grið hygði, if he thought of any breach of faith;

hyggja fyrir e-u, to look to, take heed to (hygg nú svá fyrir hag þínum);

hyggja til e-s, to look forward to with pleasure, etc. (hversu hyggr þú til at deyja? gott hygg ek til bana míns);

hyggja um e-t, to think about a thing;

hyggja um með e-m, to deliberate with one about a thing;

6) refl., hyggjast, to think;

hyggst þú betr gøra munu? thinkst thou thou canst do it better? hyggjast fyrir, to hesitate;

hyggst vætr hvatr fyrir, a valiant man flinches for nought.

f. thought, mind, opinion.

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pres. hygg, pl. hyggjum; pret. hugði; part. hugt or hugat; pres. reflex. hyggjumk, Stor. 13; pret. hugðumk, Em. 1; pres. 1st pers. hykk = hygg ek, Lex. Poët. passim; and with neg. hykk-at, id.; [Goth. hugjan]:—to think, mean, believe; hugðu þó mjök sér hvárir-tveggju, were of different opinions, Fms. vii. 176; ek hygg at á ekki kaupskip hafi komit jafnmikit fé, Eg. 72; ferr þetta mjök annan veg en ek hugða, 127; minni þurðr en hann kvaðsk hugat hafa, Bs. i. 778; hugði ( suspected) því hestvörðrinn úfrið, Fms. ix. 351: to guess, far hyggr þegjanda þörf, a saying, none can make out the wants of the silent, Sól. 28; þær of hugði, made out, Sdm. 13: to observe, muse, sat ek ok hugðak, Hm. 11.

2. to intend, purpose; sóknar-gagna þeirra sem hann hugði fram at færa, Nj. 110; at hann hafi fram færða sókn sem hann hyggr, Grág. i. 60; mæla fagrt en h. flátt, Fms. ii. 91, Hm. 44, 90.

3. to imagine, apprehend; fleiri en þat of hyggi hverr ósviðra apa, Gm. 34; er eigi má eyra heyra né hjarta manns hyggja, Blas. 44; máka ek hyggja hvé …, Korm., Am. 12; þat hugðum vér, at vér hefðim þá höndum himin tekit, Fms. i. 33; hyggja e-m vel, to be well-disposed towards a person, Sturl. iii. 150; h. e-m gott, Am. 33; h. vel ráði e-s, to he pleased with, Eb. 206 (in a verse); h. vel, to be of good comfort, Gísl. 71 (in a verse); ok munu þau vel hyggja ( they will be glad) er þau hafa akrinn, Glúm. 343; h. e-u ílla, to be ill-disposed, dislike, Fas. ii. 486, Skv. i. 24, 40: with infin., er hann hygði úhætt fjörvi sínu vera munu, Grág. ii. 32.

II. with prepp.; hyggja af e-u, to ‘think off’ a thing i. e. leave off thinking of it, drop or forget it; h. af heimsku, Hkr. 1. 103; h. af harmi, Fms. vi. 389; hann hugði seint af andláti hans, vii. 17; af hyggja um e-t, to give up, vi. 381: hyggja at, to ‘think to,’ attend to, mind, behold, Rm. 25, Am. 3, Hým. 3, Hm. 23, Stor. 13, Höfuðl. 3; hugði hann at vandliga hvat þar var á markat, Fms. i. 134; konungr hugði vandlega at manninum, Nj. 6; var þá vandliga at hugt siðum allra þeirra, Sks. 245 B, 278 B; Flosi gékk í lögréttu at hyggja at fénu, Nj. 190; hón hugði at spámanna bókum, Mar.; hón hugði at sér vel um messuna sem hón var vön, Bs. i. 435; h. at eigi spilltisk, Fms. ix. 308; hugðu þeir at eldinum, Bs. i. 669:—hyggja á e-t, to ‘think on’ (as in North. E.), attend to a thing; hyggja á flótta, to think of flight, Fms. ii. 306, Am. 101, Ed. 88 (in a verse):—hyggja fyrir e-u, to take thought for; eiga bú ok bórn fyrir at h., Fms. v. 24; h. fyrir orði ok eiði = Lat. mentis compos, Grág. i. 461:—hyggja um e-t, to think about a thing; h. um með e-m, to deliberate with one about a thing, Fms. vii. 139; h. um sik, to think about oneself, Fm. 35: e-m er um hugat um e-t, to have a thing at heart, be concerned about it, Glúm. 332.

III. reflex., hyggjask, to bethink oneself, suppose, deem; ek hugðumk rísa, me thought I rose, Fm. 1; einn rammari hugðomk öllum vera, Fm. 16, Ísl. ii. 249 (in a verse); hann hugðisk við Esau mæla, 655 vii. 2; ef maðr er kvaddr þess vættis er hann hyggsk eigi í vera, Grág. i. 44; hann hygðisk eiga, 415; hyggstú betr göra munu, dost thou think that thou canst do it better? Nj. 19; hugðusk menn þaðan mundu föng fá, Fms. i. 86: to intend, þú hugðisk ræna mundu Þorstein landeign sinni, Eg. 737; hann hugðisk til áreiðar, Fms. x. 413; hyggjask fyrir, to think on before, premeditate, Ls. 15:—impers., hugðisk honum svá, it appeared to him so, Landn. 57.

IV. part. hugðr, as adj.; nauðleytar-manna, eðr annarra hugðra manna, or other beloved person, 625. 192; af hugðu, intimately, Bjarn. 58; hann ræddi ekki af hugðu, 40; ræða hugat mál, to speak what one has at heart, Korm. (in a verse); mæla hugat, to speak sincerely, Skv. 1. 10, Höfuðl. 13; hugðan hróðr, a song of praise, encomium, Jd. 1.

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prep. w. dat.

I. Of place:

1) off, from;

G. hljóp af hesti sínum, G. jumped off his horse;

ganga af mótinu, to go away from the meeting;

Flosi kastaði af sér skikkjunni, threw off his cloak;

Gizzur gekk af útsuðri at gerðinu, from the south-west;

hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína, he had taken off his shoes;

Steinarr vildi slíta hann af sér, throw him off;

tók Gísli þá af sér vápnin, took off his arms;

bréf af Magnúsi konungi, a letter from king Magnus;

land af landi, from one land to the other;

hverr af öðrum, one after another, in succession;

vil ek þú vinnir af þér skuldina, work off the debt;

muntu enga sætt af mér fá, no peace at my hand;

rísa af dauða, to rise from the dead;

vakna af draumi, to awaken from a dream;

lúka upp af hrossi, to open a gate from off a horse;

vindr stóð af landi, the wind blew from the land;

2) out of;

verða tekinn af heimi, to be taken out of the world;

gruflar hón af læknum, she scrambles out of the brook;

Otradalr var mjök af vegi, far out of the way.

Connected with út; föstudaginn fór út herrinn af borginni, marched out of the town.

II. Of time; past, beyond:

af ómagaaldri, able to support oneself, of age;

ek em nú af léttasta skeiði, no longer in the prime of life;

þá er sjau vikur eru af sumri, when seven weeks of summer are past;

var mikit af nótt, much of the night was past.

III. In various other relations:

1) þiggja lið af e-m, to receive help from one;

hafa umboð af e-m, to be another’s deputy;

vera góðs (ills) maklegr af e-m, to deserve good (bad) of one;

féll þar lið mart af Eyvindi, many of Eyvind’s men fell there;

þá eru þeir útlagir ok af goðorði sínu, have forfeited their goðorð;

þá skalt þú af allri fjárheimtunni, forfeit all the claim;

ek skal stefna þér af konunni, summon thee to give up;

2) off, of;

höggva fót, hönd, af e-m, to cut off one’s foot, hand;

vil ek, at þú takir slíkt sem þér líkar af varningi, whatever you like of the stores;

þar lá forkr einn ok brotit af endanum, with the point broken off;

absol., beit hann höndina af, bit the hand off;

fauk af höfuðit, the head flew off;

3) of, among;

hinn efniligasti maðr af ungum mönnum, the most promising of the young men;

4) with;

hláða, (ferma) skip af e-u, to load (freight) a ship with;

fylla heiminn af sínu kyni, to fill the world with his offspring;

5) of (= ór which is more frequent);

húsit var gert af timbr stokkum, was built of trunks of trees;

6) fig., eigi vita menn hvat af honum er orðit, what has become of him;

hvat hefir þú gert af Gunnari, what hast thou done with Gunnar?;

7) denoting parentage, descent, origin;

ok eru af þeim komnir Gilsbekkingar, are descended from them;

kominn af Trójumönnum, descended from the Trojans;

8) by, of (after passive);

ek em sendr hingat af Starkaði, sent hither by;

ástsæll af landsmónnum, beloved of;

9) on account of, by reason of, by;

úbygðr at frosti ok kulda, because of frost and cold;

ómáli af áverkum, speechless from wounds;

af ástæld hans, by his popularity;

af því, therefore;

af hví, wherefor why;

af því at, because;

10) by means of, by;

framfœra e-n af verkum sínum, by means of his own labour;

af sínu fé, by one’s own means;

absol., hann fekk af hina mestu sœmd, derived great honour from it;

11) with adjectives, in regard to;

mildr af fé, liberal of money;

góðr af griðum, merciful;

fastr af drykk, close (stingy) in regard to drink;

12) used absol. with a verb, off away;

hann bað hann þá róa af fjörðinn, to row the firth off;

ok er þeir höfðu af fjörðung, when they had covered one forth of the way;

sofa af nóttina, to sleep the night away.

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prep. often used elliptically by dropping the case, or even merely adverbially, [Ulf. af; A. S. and Engl. of, off; Hel. ab; Germ. ab; Gr. άπό; Lat. a, ab.] With dat. denoting a motion a loco; one of the three prepp. af, ór, frá, corresponding to those in loco—á, í, við, and ad locum—á, í, at. It in general corresponds to the prepp. in loco—á, or in locum— til, whilst ór answers more to í; but it also frequently corresponds to yfir, um or í. It ranges between ór and frá, generally denoting the idea from the surface of, while ór means from the inner part, and frá from the outer part or border. The motion from a hill, plain, open place is thus denoted by af; by ór that from an enclosed space, depth, cavity, thus af fjalli, but ór of a valley, dale; af Englandi, but ór Danmörk, as mörk implies the notion of a deep wood, forest. The wind blows af landi, but a ship sets sail frá landi; frá landi also means a distance from: af hendi, of a glove, ring; ór hendi, of whatever has been kept in the hand (correl. to á hendi and í hendi). On the other hand af is more general, whilst frá and ór are of a more special character; frá denoting a departure, ór an impulse or force; a member goes home af þingi, whereas ór may denote an inmate of a district, or convey the notion of secession or exclusion from, Eb. 105 new Ed.; the traveller goes af landi, the exile ór landi: taka e-t af e-m is to take a thing out of one’s hand, that of taka frá e-m to remove out of one’s sight, etc. In general af answers to Engl. of, off, ór to out of, and frá to from: the Lat. prepp. ab, de, and ex do not exactly correspond to the Icelandic, yet as a rule ór may answer to ex, af sometimes to ab, sometimes to de. Of, off, from among; with, by; on account of by means of, because of concerning, in respect of.

A. Loc.

I. With motion, off, from:

1. prop. corresp. to á,

α. konungr dró gullhring af hendi sér (but á hendi), Ld. 32; Höskuldr lætr bera farm af skipi, unload the ship (but bera farm á skip), id.; var tekit af hestum þeirra, they were unsaddled, Nj. 4; Gunnarr hafði farit heiman af bæ sínum, he was away from home, 82; Gunnarr hljóp af hesti sínum, jumped off his horse (but hl. á hest), 83; hlaupa, stökkva af baki, id., 112, 264 ; Gunnarr skýtr til hans af boganum, from the bow, where af has a slight notion of instrumentality, 96; flýja af fundinum, to fly from off the battle-field, 102; ríða af Þríhyrningshálsum, 206; út af Langaholti, Eg. 744 ; sunnan ór Danmörk ok af Saxlandi, 560; ganga af mótinu, to go from the meeting, Fms. vii. 130; af þeirra fundi reis María upp ok fór, 625. 85 ; Flosi kastaði af ser skikkjunni, threw his cloak off him (but kasta á sik),Nj. 176; taka Hrungnis fót af honum, of a load, burden, Edda 58; land þat er hann fiskði af, from which he set off to fish, Grág. i. 151, is irregular, frá would suit better; slíta af baki e-s, from off one’s back, ii. 9 ; bera af borði, to clear the table, Nj. 75.

β. where it more nearly answers to í; þeir koma af hafi, of sailors coming in (but leggja í haf), Nj. 128 ; fara til Noregs af Orkneyjum (but í or til O.), 131; þeim Agli fórst vel ok komu af hafi i Borgarfjörð, Eg. 392 ; hann var útlagi ( outlawed) af Noregi, where ór would be more regular, 344; af Islandi, of a traveller, Fms. x. 3; búa her af báðum ríkjunum, to take a levy from, 51; hinir beztu bændr ór Norðlendingafjórðungi ok af Sunnlendingafjórðungi, the most eminent Southerners and Northerners, 113; Gizzurr gékk af útsuðri at gerðinu, from south-west, Sturl. ii. 219; prestar af hvárutveggja biskupsdæmi, from either diocess, Dipl. ii. 11; verða tekinn af heimi, to be taken out of the world, 623. 21; gruflar hon af læknum, scrambles out of the brook, Ísl. ii. 340; Egill kneyfði af horninu í einum drykk, drained off the horn at one draught, literally squeezed every drop out of it, Eg. 557; brottuaf herbúðunurn, Fms. x. 343.

γ. of things more or less surrounding the subject, corresp. to yfir or um; láta þeir þegar af sér tjöldin, break off, take down the tents in preparing for battle, Eg. 261; kyrtillinn rifnaði af honum, his coat burst, caused by the swollen body, 602; hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína, he untied his shoes (but binda á sik), 716; Steinarr vildi slíta hann af sér, throw him off, of one clinging to one’s body, 747; tók Gísli þá af sér vápnin, took off his arms, Fms. vii. 39. Of putting off clothes; fara af kápu, Nj. 143; far þú eigi af brynjunni, Bs. i. 541; þá ætlaði Sigurðr at fara af brynjunni, id.; þá var Skarphéðinn flettr af klæðunum, Nj. 209: now more usually fara or klæðum, fötum, exuere, to undress.

δ. connected with út; föstudaginn for út herrinn af borginni, marched out of the town, Nj. 274; ganga út af kirkjunni, to go out of the church, now út úr, Fms. vii. 107: drekki hann af þeirri jörðunni, of something impregnated with the earth, Laekn. 402.

ε. more closely corresponding to frá, being in such cases a Latinism (now frá); bréf af páfa, a pope’s bull, Fms. x. 6; rit af hánum, letter from him, 623. 52; bréf af Magnúsi konungi, a letter from king Magnus, Bs. i. 712; farið þér á brautu af mér í eilífan eld, Hom. 143; brott af drottins augliti, Stj. 43.

ζ. denoting an uninterrupted continuity, in such phrases as land aflandi, from land to land, Eg. 343, Fas. ii. 539; skip af skipl. from ship to ship, Fms. v. 10; brann hvat af öðru, one after another, of an increasing fire, destroying everything, i. 128; brandr af brandi brenn, funi kveykist af funa, one from another, Hm. 56; hverr af öðrum, one after another, in succession, also hverr at öðrum, Eb. 272, 280 (where at in both passages).

2. metaph., at ganga af e-m dauðum, to go from, leave one dead on the spot, of two combatants; en hann segiz bani hins ef hann gekk af dauðum manni, Grág. ii. 88, Hkr. 1. 327; undr þykir mér er bróðir þinn vildi eigi taka af þér starf þetta, would not take this toil from thee, Nj. 77; þegnar hans glöddust af honum, were fain of him, Fms. x. 380; at koma þeim manni af sér er settr var á fé hans, to get rid of, Ld. 52; vil ek þú vinriir af þér skuldina, work off the debt, Njarð. 366; reka af sér, to repel, Sturl. ii. 219; hann á þá sonu er aldri munu af oss ganga, who will never leave us, whom we shall never get rid of, Fas. i. 280; leysa e-n af e-u, to relieve, 64; taka e-n af lífi, to kill, Eg. 48, 416, Nj. 126; af lífdögum, Fms. vii. 204; ek mun ná lögum af því máli, get the benefit of the law in this case, Eg. 468; muntu enga sætt af mér fá, no peace at my hand, 414; rísa af dauða, to rise from death, Fms. ii. 142; guð bætti honum þó af þessi sótt, healed him of this sickness, ix. 390; vakna af sýn, draumi, svefni, to awaken from a vision, dream, sleep, 655 xxxii. I, Gísl. 24, Eb. 192, Fas. i. 41. Rather with the notion out of, in the phrase af sér etc., e. g. sýna e-t af scr, to shew, exhibit a disposition for or against, Ld. 18; gera mikit af sér, to shew great prowess, Ísl. ii. 368; éf þú gerir eigi meira af þér um aðra leika, unless you make more of thyself, Edda 32; Svipdagr hafði mikit af sér gert, fought bravely, Fas. i. 41; góðr (illr) af sér, good ( bad) of oneself, by nature; mikill af sjálfum sér, proud, bold, stout, Nj. 15; ágætastr maðr af sjálfum sér, the greatest hero, Bret.: góðr af ser, excellent, Hrafn. 7; but, on the contrary, af sér kominn, ruinous, in decay; this phrase is used of old houses or buildings, as in Bs. i. 488 = Sturl. l. c.; af sér kominn af mæði can also be said of a man fallen off from what he used to be; kominn af fotum fram, off his legs from age, Sturl. i. 223, Korm. 154 (in a verse).

II. WITHOUT MOTION:

1. denoting direction from, but at the same time continuous connection with an object from which an act or thing proceeds, from; tengja skip hvárt fram af stafni annars, to tie the ships in a line, stem to stern, Fms. i. 157, xi. 111; svá at þeir tóku út af borðum, jutted out of the boards, of rafters or poles, iv. 49; stjarna ok af sem skaft, of a comet, ix. 482; lúka upp af hrossi, to open a gate from off a horse, Grág. ii. 264; hon svarar af sínu sæti sem álpt af baru, Fás. i. 186; þar er sjá mátti utau af firði, af þjóðleið, that might be seen from the fareway on the sea when sailing in the firth, Hkr. ii. 64; þá mun hringt af (better at) Burakirkju, of bells rung at the church, Fms. xi. 160; gengr þar af Meðalfellsströnd, projects from, juts out, of a promontory, Ld. 10.

2. denoting direction alone; upp af víkinni stóð borg mikil, a burg inland from the inlet, Eg. 161; lokrekkja innar af seti, a shut bed inward from the benches in the hall, Ísl. ii. 262; kapella upp af konungs herbergjum, upwards from, Fms. x. 153; vindr stóð af landi, the wind stood off the land, Bárð. 166.

β. metaph., stauda af e-u, vide VI. 4.

γ. ellipt., hallaði af norðr, of the channel, north of a spot, Boll. 348; also, austr af, suðr af, vestr af, etc.

3. denoting absence; þingheyendr skulu eigi vera um nótt af þingi ( away from the meeting), eðr lengr, þá eru þeir af þingi ( away from (be meeting) ef þeir eru or ( out of) þingmarki, Grág. i. 25; vera um nótt af várþingi, 115; meðan hann er af landi héðan, abroad, 150.

β. metaph., gud hvíldi af öllum verkum sínum á sjaunda degi, rested from his labours, Ver. 3.

4. denoting distance; þat er komit af þjóðleið, out of the high road, remote, Eg. 369; af þjóðbraut, Grág. ii. 264, i. 15; Otradalr (a farm) var mjök af vegi, far out of the way, Háv. 53.

B. TEMP, past, from, out of, beyond:

1. of a person’s age, in the sense of having past a period of life; af ómaga aldri, of age, able to support oneself, Grág. i. 243; af aeskualdri, stricken in years, having past the prime of life, Eg. 202; lítið af barnsaldri, still a child, Ld. 74; ek em nú af léttasia skeiði, no longer in the prime of life, Háv. 40.

2. of a part or period of time, past; eigi síðar en nótt er af þingi, a night of the session past, Grág. i. 101; þá er sjau vikur eru af sumri, seven weeks past of the summer, 182; tíu vikur af sumri, Íb. 10; var mikit af nótt, much of the night was past, Háv. 41; mikið af vetri, much of the winter was past, Fas. ii. 186; þriðjungr af nótt, a third of the night past, Fms. x. 160; stund af degi, etc.; tveir mánoðr af sumri, Gþl. 103.

3. in adverbial phrases such as, af stundu, soon; af bragði, at once; af tómi, at leisure, at ease; af nýju, again; af skyndingu, speedily; af bráðungu, in a hurry, etc.

C. In various other relations:

I. denoting the passage or transition of an object, concrete or abstract, of, from.

1. where a thing is received, derived from, conferred by a person or object; þiggja lið af e-m, to derive help from, Edda 26; taka traust af e-m, to receive support, comfort from, Fms. xi. 243; taka mála af e-m, to be in one’s pay, of a soldier, Eg. 266; halda land af e-m, to hold land of any one, 282; verða viss af e-m, to get information from, 57, Nj. 130; taka við sök af manni (a law term), to undertake a case, suit, Grág. i. 142; hafa umboð af e-m, to be another’s deputy, ii. 374; vera góðs (ills) maklegr af e-m, to deserve good (bad) of, Vd. 88 (old Ed., the new reads frá), Fs. 45; afla matar af eyjum, to derive supplies from, Eb. 12.

2. where an object is taken by force:

α. prop. out of a person’s hand; þú skalt hnykkja smíðit af honum, wrest it out of his hand, Nj. 32; cp. taka, þrífa, svipta e-u (e-t) af e-m, to wrest from.

β. metaph. of a person’s deprival of anything in general; hann tók af þér konuna, carried thy wife off, Nj. 33; tók Gunnarr af þér sáðland þitt, robbed thee of seedland, 103; taka af honum tignina, to depose, degrade him, Eg. 271; vinna e-t af e-m, to carry off by force of arms, conquer, Fms. iii. 29; drepa menn af e-m, for one, slay one’s man, Eg. 417; fell þar lið mart af Eyvindi, many of Eyvind’s people fell there, 261.

γ. in such phrases as, hyggja af e-u (v. afhuga), hugsa af e-u, to forget; hyggja af harmi; sjá af e-u, to lose, miss; var svá ástúðigt með þeim, at livargi þóttist mega af öðrum sjá, neither of them could take his eyes off the other, Sturl. i. 194; svá er mörg við ver sinn vær, at varla um sér hon af hoiuun nær, Skálda 163.

3. denoting forfeiture; þá eru þeir útlagir, ok af goðorði sínu, have forfeited their priesthood, Grág. i. 24; telja hann af ráðunum fjár síns alls, to oust one, on account of idiocy or madness, 176; verða af kaupi, to be off the bargain, Edda 26; þá skalt þú af allri fjárheimtunni, forfeit all the claim, Nj. 15; ek skal stefna þér af konunni, summon thee to forfeit, a case of divorce, id.; ella er hann af rettarfari um hana, has forfeited the suit, Grág. i. 381.

β. ellipt., af ferr eindagi ef, is forfeited, Grág. i. 140.

II. denoting relation of a part to a whole, off, of, Lat. de; höggva hönd, höfuð, fót af e-um, to cut one’s hand, head, foot off, Nj. 97, 92, Bs. i. 674; höggva spjót af skapti, to sever the blade from the shaft, 264; hann lét þá ekki hafa af föðurarfi sínum, nothing of their patrimony, Eg. 25; vil ek at þú takir slíkt sem þér líkar af varningi, take what you like of the stores, Nj. 4; at þú eignist slíkt af fé okkru sem þú vili, 94.

β. ellipt., en nú höfum vér kjörit, en þat er af krossinum, a slice of, Fms. vii. 89; Þórðr gaf Skólm frænda sínum af landnámi sínu, a part of, Landn. 211; hafði hann þat af hans eigu er hann vildi, Sturl. ii. 169; þar lá forkr einn ok brotið af endanum, the point broken off, Háv. 24, Sturl. i. 169.

γ. absol. off; beit hann höndina af, þar sem nú heitir úlfliðr, bit the hand off, Edda 17; fauk af höfuðit, the head flew off, Nj. 97; jafnt er sem þér synist, af er fótrinn, the foot is off, id.; af bæði eyru, both ears off, Vm. 29.

2. with the notion of—among; mestr skörungr af konum á Norðrlöndum, the greatest heroine in the North, Fms. i. 116; hinn efniligasti maðr af ungum mönnum í Austfjörðum, the most hopeful of youths in the Eastfirths, Njarð. 364; af ( among) öllurn hirðmönnuni virði konungr mest skáld sín, Eg. 27; ef hann vildi nokkura kaupa af þessum konum, Ld. 30; ör liggr þar útiá vegginum, ok er sú af þeirra örum, one of their own arrows, Nj. 115.

β. from, among, belonging to; guð kaus hana af ollum konum sér til móður, of the Virgin Mary, Mar. A. i. 27.

γ. metaph., kunna mikit (lítið) af e-u, to know much, little of, Bragi kann mest af skáldskap, is more cunning of poetry than any one else, Edda 17.

δ. absol. out of, before, in preference to all others; Gunnarr bauð þér góð boð, en þú vildir eingi af taka, you would choose none of them, Nj. 77; ráða e-t af, to decide; þó mun faðir minn mestu af ráða, all depends upon him, Ld. 22; konungr kveðst því mundu heldr af trúa, preferred believing that of the two, Eg. 55; var honum ekki vildara af ván, he could expect nothing better, 364.

3. with the additional sense of instrumentality, with; ferma skip af e-u, to freight a ship with, Eg. 364; hlaða mörg skip af korni, load many ships with corn, Fms. xi. 8; klyfja tvá hesta af mat, Nj. 74; var vágrinn skipaðr af herskipum, the bay was covered with war ships, 124; fylla ker af glóðum, fill it with embers, Stj. 319; fylla heiminn af sínu kyni, to fill the world with his offspring, Ver. 3.

III. denoting the substance of which a thing is made, of; used indifferently with ór, though ór be more frequent; þeir gerðu af honum jörðina, af blóði hans sæinn ok vötnin, of the creation of the world from the corpse of the giant Ymir; the poem Gm. 40, 41, constantly uses ór in this sense, just as in modern Icelandic, Edda 5; svá skildu þeir, at allir hlutir væri smíðaðir af nokkru efni, 147 (pref.); húsit var gert af timbrstokkum, built of trunks of timber, Eg. 233; hjöhin vóru af gulli, of gold, golden, Fms. i. 17; af osti, of cheese, but in the verse 1. c. ór osti, Fms. vi. 253; línklæði af lérepti, linen, Sks. 287.

2. metaph. in the phrases, göra e-t af e-n ( to dispose of), verða af ( become of), hvat hefir þú gört af Gunnari, what hast thou done with Gunnar? Njarð. 376; hvat af motrinuni er orðit, what has become of it? of a lost thing, Ld. 208; hverfr Óspakr á burt, svá eigi vita menn hvat af honum er orðit, what has become of him? Band. 5.

IV. denoting parentage, descent, origin, domicile, abode:

1. parentage, of, from, used indifferently with frá; ok eru af þeim komnir Gilsbekkingar, descend from them, but a little below—frá honum eru konmir Sturlungar, Eb. 338, cp. afkvæmi; af ætt Hörðakára, Fms. i. 287; kominn af Trojumönnum, xi. 416; af Ása-ætt (Kb. wrongly at), Edda I.

β. metaph., vera af Guði (theol.), of God, = righteous, 686 B. 9; illr ávöxtr af íllri rót, Fms. ii. 48; Asia er kölluð af nafni nokkurar konu, derives her name from, Stj. 67; af honum er bragr kallaðr skáldskapr, called after his name, Edda 17.

2. of domicile; af danskri tungu, of Danish or Scandinavian origin, speaking the Danish tongue, Grág. ii. 73; hvaðan af löndum, whence, native of what country? Ísl.

β. especially denoting a man’s abode, and answering to á and í, the name of the farm (or country) being added to proper names, (as in Scotland,) to distinguish persons of the same name; Hallr af Síðu, Nj. 189; Erlingr af Straumey, 273; Ástríðr af Djúpárbakka, 39; Gunnarr af Hlíðarenda (more usual frá); þorir haklangr konungr af Ögðum, king of Agdir, Eg. 35, etc.; cp. ór and frá.

V. denoting a person with whom an act, feeling, etc. originates, for the most part with a periphrastic passive:

1. by, the Old Engl. of; as, ek em sendr hingað af Starkaði ok sonum hans, sent hither by, Nj. 94; inna e-t af hendi, to perform, 257; þó at alþýða væri skírð af kennimönnum, baptized of, Fms. ii. 158; meira virðr af mönnum, higher esteemed, Ld. 158; ástsæll af landsmönnum, beloved, íb. 16; vinsæll af mönnum, Nj. 102; í allgóðu yfirlæti af þeim feðgum, hospitably treated by them, Eg. 170; var þá nokkut drukkið af alþjóð, there was somewhat hard drinking of the people, Sturl. iii. 229; mun þat ekki upp tekið af þeim sükudólgum mínum, they will not clutch at that, Nj. 257; ef svá væri í hendr þér búit af mér, if í had so made everything ready to thy hands, Ld. 130; þá varð fárætt um af föður hans, his father said little about it, Fms. ii. 154.

2. it is now also sometimes used as a periphrase of a nom., e. g. ritað, þýtt af e-m, written, translated, edited by, but such phrases scarcely occur in old writers.

VI. denoting cause, ground, reason:

1. originating from, on account of, by reason of; af frændsemis sökum, for kinship’s sake, Grág. ii. 72; ómáli af áverkum, speechless from wounds, 27; af manna völdum, by violence, not by natural accident, of a crime, Nj. 76; af fortölum Halls, through his pleading, 255; af ástsæld hans ok af tölum þeirra Sæmundar, by his popularity and the eloquence of S., Íb. 16; af ráðum Haralds konungs, by his contriving, Landn. 157; úbygðr af frosti ok kulda, because of frost and cold, Hkr. i. 5.

β. adverbially, af því, therefore, Nj. 78; af hví, why? 686 B. 9; þá verðr bóndi heiðinn af barni sínu, viz. if he does not cause his child to be christened, K. Þ. K. 20.

2. denoting instrumentality, by means of; af sinu fé, by one’s own means, Grág. i. 293; framfæra e-n af verkum sinum, by means of one’s own labour, K. Þ. K. 142; draga saman auð af sökum, ok vælum ok kaupum, make money by, 623. I; af sínum kostnaði, at hi s own expense, Hkr. i. 217.

β. absol., hún fellir á mik dropa svá heita at ek brenn af öll, Ld. 328; hann fékk af hina mestu sæmd, derived great honotur from it, Nj. 88; elli sótti á hendr honum svá at hann lagðist í rekkju af, he grew bedridden from age, Ld. 54; komast undan af hlaupi, escape by running, Fms. viii. 58; spinna garn af rokki, spin off a wheel (now, spinna á rokk), from a notion of instrumentality, or because of the thread being spun out (?), Eb. 92.

3. denoting proceeding, originating from; lýsti af höndum hennar, her hands spread beams of light, Edda 22; allir heimar lýstust ( were illuminated) af henni, id.; en er lýsti af degi, when the day broke forth, Fms. ii. 16; lítt var lýst af degi, the day was just beginning to break, Ld. 46; þá tók at myrkja af nótt, the ‘mirk-time’ of night began to set in, Eg. 230; tók þá brátt at myrkva af nótt, the night grew dark, Hkr. ii. 230.

4. metaph., standa, leiða, hljótast af, to be caused by, result from; opt hlýtst íllt af kvenna hjali, great mischief is wrought by women’s gossip (a proverb), Gísl. 15, 98; at af þeim mundi mikit mein ok úhapp standa, be caused by, Edda 18; kenna kulda af ráðum e-s, to feel sore from, Eb. 42; þó mun her hljótast af margs manns bani, Nj, 90.

5. in adverbial phrases, denoting state of mind; af mikilli æði, in fury, Nj. 116; af móð, in great emotion, Fms. xi. 221; af áhyggju, with concern, i. 186; af létta, frankly, iii. 91; af viti, collectedly, Grág. ii. 27; af heilu, sincerely, Eg. 46; áf fári, in rage; af æðru, timidly, Nj. (in a verse); af setning, composedly, in tune, Fms. iii. 187; af mikilli frægð, gallantly, Fas. i. 261; af öllu afli, with all might, Grág. ii. 41; af riki, violently, Fbr. (in a verse); af trúnaði, confidently, Grág. i. 400.

VII. denoting regard to, of, concerning, in respect of, as regards:

1. with verbs, denoting to tell of, be informed, inquire about, Lat. de; Dioscorides segir af grasi því, speaks of, 655 xxx. 5; er menn spurðu af landinu, inquired about it, Landn. 30; halda njósn af e-u, Nj. 104; er þat skjótast þar af at segja, Eg. 546, Band. 8.

β. absol., hann mun spyrja, hvárt þér sé nokkut af kunnigt hversu for með okkr, whether you know anything about, how, Nj. 33; halda skóla af, to hold a school in a science, 656 A. i. 19 (sounds like a Latinism); en ek gerða þik sera mestan mann af öllu, in respect of all, that you should get all the honour of it, Nj. 78.

2. with adjectives such as mildr, illr, góðrafe-u, denoting disposition or character in respect to; alira manna mildastr af fo, very liberal, often-banded, Fms. vii. 197; mildr af gulli, i. 33; góðr af griðum, merciful, Al. 33; íllr af mat en mildr af gulli, Fms. i. 53; fastr af drykk, close, stingy in regard to, Sturl. ii. 125; gat þess Hildigunnr at þú mundir góðr af hestinum, that you would be good about the horse, Nj. 90, cp. auðigr at, v. at, which corresponds to the above phrases; cp. also the phrase af sér above, p. 4, col. I, ll. 50 sqq.

VIII. periphrasis of a genitive (rare); provincialis af öllum Predikaraklaustrum, Fms. x. 76; vera af hinum mesta fjandskap, to breathe deep hatred to, be on bad terms with, ix. 220; af hendi, af hálfu e-s, on one’s behalf, v. those words.

IX. in adverbial phrases; as, af launungu, secretly; af hljóði, silently; v. those words.

β. also used absolutely with a verb, almost adverbially, nearly in the signification off, away; hann bað þá róa af fjörðinn, pass the firth swiftly by rowing, row the firth off, Fms. ix. 502; var pá af farit þat seni skerjóttast var, was past, sailed past, Ld. 142; ok er þeir höfðu af fjórðung, past one fourth of the way, Dropl. 10: skína af, to clear up, of the skv, Eb. 152; hence in common language, skína af sér, when the sun breaks forth: sofa af nóttina, to sleep it away, Fms. ii. 98; leið af nóttin, the night past away, Nj. 53; dvelja af stundir, to kill the time, Band. 8; drepa af, to kill; láta af, to slaughter, kill off;

γ. in exclamations; af tjöldin, off with the awnings, Bs. i. 420, Fins, ix. 49.

δ. in the phrases, þar af, thence; hér af, hence, Fms. ii. 102; af fram, straight on, Nj. 144; now, á fram, on, advance.

X. it often refers to a whole sentence or to an adverb, not only like other prepp. to hér, hvar, þar, but also redundantly to hvaðan, héðan, þaðan, whence, hence, thence.

2. the preposition may sometimes be repeated, once elliptically or adverbially, and once properly, e. g. en er af var borit at borðinu, the cloth was taken off from the table, Nj. 176; Guð þerrir af (off, away) hvert tár af ( from) augum heilagra manna, God wipes off every tear from the eyes of his saints, 655 xx. vii. 17; skal þó fyrst bætr af lúka af fé vegaiula, pay off, from, Gþl. 160, the last af may be omitted—var þá af borið borðinu—and the prep. thus be separated from its case, or it may refer to some of the indecl. relatives er or sem, the prep. hvar, hér, þar being placed behind them without a case, and referring to the preceding relative, e. g. oss er þar mikit af sagt auð þeim, we have been told much about these riches, Band. 24; er þat skjótast þar af at segja, in short, shortly. Eg. 546; þaðan af veit ek, thence í infer, know, Fms. i. 97.

XI. it is moreover connected with a great many verbs besides those mentioned above, e. g. bera af, to excel, whence afbragð, afbrigði; draga af, to detract, deduct, hence afdráttr; veita ekki af, to be hard with; ganga at, to be left, hence afgangr; standast af um e-t, to stand, how matters stand; sem af tekr, at a furious rate; vita af, to be conscious, know about (vide VII).

D. As a prefix to compounds distinction is to be made between:

I. af privativum, denoting diminution, want, deduction, loss, separation, negation of, etc., answering indifferently to Lat. ab-, de-, ex-, dis-, and rarely to re- and se-, v. the following COMPDS, such as segja, dicere, but afsegja, negare; rækja, colere, but afrækja, negligere; aflaga, contra legem; skapligr, normalis, afskapligr, deformis; afvik, recessus; afhús, afhellir, afdalr, etc.

II. af intensivum, etymologically different, and akin to of, afr-, e. g. afdrykkja = ofdrykkja, inebrietas; afbrýði, jealously; afbendi, tenesmus; afglapi, vir fatuus, etc. etc. Both the privative and the intensive af may be contracted into á, esp. before a labial f, m, v, e. g. á fram = af fram; ábrýði = afbrýði; ávöxtr = afvöxtr; áburðr = afburðr; ávíta = afvíta (?). In some cases dubious. With extenuated and changed vowel; auvirðiligr or övirðiligr, depreciated, = afv- etc., v. those words.

adj. ind. averse, having turned one’s mind from; verða a. e-u or við e-t, to forget, mind no more, Ísl. ii. 274, Stj. 202, Fs. 47, Bs. i. 78, 655 xi. 3.

að, dep. gov. dat. to forget, Fms. viii. 252; part. afhugaðr við e-t = afhuga, having put it out of one’s mind, ii. 336.

* * *

(gen. pl. augna), n.

1) eye;

lúka (bregða) upp augum, bregða augum í sundr, to open (lift up) the eyes;

lúka aptr augum, to shift the eyes;

renna (bregða, leiða) augum til e-s, to turn the eyes to;

leiða e-n augum, to measure one with the eyes;

berja augum í e-t, to take into consideration;

koma augum á e-t, to set eyes on, become aware of;

hafa auga á e-u, t have, keep, an eye upon;

segja e-t í augu upp, to one’s face, right in the face;

unna e-m sem augum í höfði sér, as one’s own eye-balls;

e-m vex e-t í augu, one has scruples about;

náit er nef augum, the nose is neighbor to the eyes;

gløggt er gests augat, a guest’s eye is sharp;

mörg eru dags augu, the day has many eyes;

eigi leyna augu, ef ann kona manni, the eyes cannot hide it if a woman loves a man;

2) hole, aperture in a needle (nálarauga), in a millstone (kvarnarauga) or an axe-head;

3) pit full of water.

* * *

n., gen. pl. augna, [Lat. oculus, a dimin. of an obsolete ocus; Gr. οφθαλμός (Boeot. οκταλμός); Sanskr. aksha: the word is common to Sanskrit with the Slavonic, Greek, Roman, and Teutonic idioms: Goth. augo; Germ, auge; A. S. eâge; Engl. eye; Scot. ee; Swed. öga; Dan. öje, etc. Grimm s. v. suggests a relationship to Lat. acies, acutus, etc. The letter n appears in the plur. of the mod. northern languages; the Swedes say ‘ögon,’ oculi, the Danes ‘öjne;’ with the article ‘ögonen’ and ‘öjnene;’ Old Engl. ‘eyne;’ Scot. ‘een’]

I. an eye. It is used in Icel. in a great many proverbs, e. g. betr sjá augu en auga, ‘two eyes see better than one,’ i. e. it is good to yield to advice: referring to love, unir auga meðan á sér, the eye is pleased whilst it can behold (viz. the object of its affection), Fas. i. 125, cp. Völs. rím. 4. 189; eigi leyna augu, ef ann kona manni, the eyes cannot bide it, if a woman love a man, i. e. they tell their own tale, Ísl. ii. 251. This pretty proverb is an απ. λεγ. l. c. and is now out of use; it is no doubt taken from a poem in a dróttkvætt metre, (old proverbs have alliteration, but neither rhymes nor assonance, rhyming proverbs are of a comparatively late date): medic., eigi er sá heill er í augun verkir, Fbr. 75; sá drepr opt fæti ( slips) er augnanna missir, Bs. i. 742; hætt er einu auganu nema vel fari, he who has only one eye to lose will take care of it (comm.); húsbóndans auga sér bezt, the master’s eye sees best; glögt er gests augat, a guest’s eye is sharp; mörg eru dags augu, the day has many eyes, i. e. what is to be hidden must not be done in broad daylight, Hm. 81; náið er nef augum, the nose is near akin to the eyes (tua res agitur paries quum proximus ardet), Nj. 21; opt verðr slíkt á sæ, kvað selr, var skotinn í auga, this often happens at sea, quoth the seal, when he was shot in the eye, of one who is in a scrape, Fms. viii. 402. In many phrases, at unna ( to love) e-m sem augum í höfði sér, as one’s own eye-balls, Nj. 217; þótti mér slökt it sætasta ljós augna minna, by his death the sweetest light of my eyes was quenched, 187: hvert grætr þú nú Skarphéðinn? eigi er þat segir Skarphéðinn, en hitt er satt at súrnar í augum, the eyes smart from smoke, 200: renna, líta augum, to seek with the eyes, to look upon: it is used in various connections, renna, líta ástaraugum, vánaraugum, vinaraugum, trúaraugum, öfundaraugum, girndarauga, with eyes of love, hope, friendship, faith, envy, desire: mæna a. denotes an upward or praying look; stara, fixed; horfa, attentive; lygna, blundskaka, stupid or slow; blína, glápa, góna, vacant or silly; skima, wandering; hvessa augu, a threatening look; leiða e-n a., to measure one with the eyes; gjóta, or skjóta hornauga, or skjóta a. í skjálg, to throw a side glance of dislike or ill-will; gjóta augum is always in a bad sense; renna, líta mostly in a good sense: gefa e-u auga, oculum adjicere alicui; hafa auga á e-u, to keep an eye on it; segja e-m e-t í augu upp, to one’s face, Orkn. 454; at augum, adverb. with open eyes, Hervar. S. (in a verse), etc. As regards various movements of the eyes; ljúka upp augum, to open the eyes; láta aptr augun, to shut the eyes; draga auga í pung, to draw the eye into a purse, i. e. shut one eye; depla augum, to blink; at drepa titlinga (Germ. äugeln, blinzen), to wink, to kill tits with the suppressed glances of the eye; glóðarauga, a suffusion on the eye, hyposphagma; kýrauga. proptosis; vagl á auga, a beam in the eye; skjálgr, Lat. limus; ský, albugo; tekinn til augnanna, with sunken eyes, etc., Fél. ix. 192; a. bresta, in death: hafa stýrur í augum, to have prickles in the eyes, when the eyes ache for want of sleep: vatna músum, ‘to water mice,’ used esp. of children weeping silently and trying to hide their tears. As to the look or expression of the eyes there are sundry metaph. phrases, e. g. hafa fékróka í augum, to have wrinkles at the corners of the eyes, of a shrewd money getting fellow, Fms. ii. 84, cp. Orkn. 330, 188, where krókauga is a cognom.; kvenna-króka, one insinuating with the fair sex; hafa ægishjalm í augum is a metaphor of one with a piercing, commanding eye, an old mythical term for the magical power of the eye, v. Grimm’s D. Mythol. under Ægishjalmr: vera mjótt á milli augnanna, the distance between the eyes being short, is a popular saying, denoting a close, stingy man, hence mjóeygr means close: e-m vex e-t í augu (now augum), to shrink back from, of a thing waxing and growing before one’s eyes so that one dares not face it. As to the shape, colour, etc. of the eye, vide the adj. ‘eygr’ or ‘eygðr’ in its many compds. Lastly we may mention the belief, that when the water in baptism touches the eyes, the child is thereby in future life prevented from seeing ghosts or goblins, vide the words úfreskr and skygn. No spell can touch the human eye; en er harm sá augu hans (that of Loki in the shape of a bird), þá grunaði hann (the giant) at maðr mundi vera, Edda 60; í bessum birni þykist hón kenna augu Bjarnar konungs sonar, Fas. i. 51, vide Ísl. Þjóðs.

II. meton. and metaph. auga is used in a great many connections:

α. astron.; þjaza augu, the eyes of the giant Thiazi, is a constellation, probably the Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux; the story is told in the Edda 47, cp. Harbarðsljóð 19; (Snorri attributes it to Odin, the poem to Thor.)

β. botan., auga = Lat. gemma, Hjalt. 38; kattarauga, cat’s eye, is the flower forget-me-not.

γ. the spots that form the numbers on dice, Magn. 530.

δ. the hole in a millstone; kvarnarauga, Edda 79, 221, Hkr. i. 121: the opening into which an axe handle is fastened, Sturl. ii. 91: a pit full of water, Fs. 45: nálarauga, a needle’s eye: vindauga, wind’s eye or window (which orig. had no glass in it), A. S. eag-dura (eye-door); also gluggi, q. v.: gleraugu, spectacles.

ε. anatom., the pan of the hip joint, v. augnakarl, Fms. iii. 392: gagnaugu, temples.

ζ. hafsauga, the bottom of the ocean, in the popular phrase, fara út í hafsauga, descendere ad tartara.

η. poët. the sun is called heimsauga, dagsauga, Jónas 119.

COMPDS either with sing. auga or pl. augna; in the latter case mod. usage sometimes drops the connecting vowel a, e. g. augn-dapr, augn-depra, augn-fagr, etc. auga-bragð (augna-), n. the twinkling of an eye, Hm. 77; á einu a., in the twinkling of an eye, Ver. 32, Edda (pref.) 146, Sks. 559, Rb. 568: a glance, look, snart a., Fms. ii. 174; mikit a., v. 335; úfagrligt a., Fs. 43; hafa a. af e-u, to cast a look at, Fbr. 49, Fms. xi. 424: in the phrase, at hafa e-n (or verða) at augabragði, metaph. to make sport of, to mock, deride, gaze at, Stj. 627, 567, Hm. 5, 29. auga-brun, f. the eye-brow. auga-staðr, m. an eye-mark; hafa a. á e-u, to mark with the eye. auga-steinn (augna-), m. the eye-ball, Hkr. iii. 365, Fms. v. 152. augna-bending, f. a warning glance, Pr. 452. augna-blik, n. mod. = augnabragð, s. augna-bólga, u, f. ophthalmia. augna-brá, f. the eye-lid, D. N. i. 216. augna-fagr and aug-fagr, adj. fair-eyed, Fas. ii. 365, Fms. v. 200. augna-fró, f. a plant, eye-bright, euphrasia, also augna-gras, Hjalt. 231. augna-fræ, n. lychnis alpina. augna-gaman, n. a sport, delight for the eyes to gaze at, Ld. 202, Bær. 17, Fsm. 5 (love, sweetheart). augna-gróm, n. (medic.) a spot in the eye; metaph., ekki a., no mere speck, of whatever can easily be seen. augna-hár, n. an eye-lash. augna-hvannr, m. the eye-lid. augna-hvita, u, f. albugo. augna-karl, n. the pan of the hip joint; slíta or slitna or augnaköllunum, Fas. iii. 392. augna-kast, n. a wild glance, Barl. 167. augna-kláði, a, m. psorophthalmi. augna-krókr, n. the corner of the eye. augna-lag, n. a look, Ld. 154. augna-lok, n. ‘eye-covers,’ eye-lids. augna-mein, n. a disease of the eye. augna-mjörkvi, a, m. dimness of the eye, Pr. 471. augna-ráð, n. expression of the eye. augna-skot, n. a look askance, Gþl. 286, Fs. 44 (of cats). augna-slím, n. glaucoma. augna-staðr, m. the socket of the eye, Magn. 532. augna-sveinn, m. a lad leading a blind man, Str. 46. augn-tepra, u, f. hippus. augna-topt, f. the socket of the eye. augna-verkr, m. pain in the eye, Hkr. ii. 257, Bs. i. 451, Pr. 471, Bjarn. 58. augna-vik, n. pl. = augnakrókr. augna-þungi, a, m. heaviness of the eye, Hkr. ii. 257.

d, to forget, Barl. (rare.)

(-ar, -ir), m.

1) mind;

í hug eða verki, in mind or act;

vera í hug e-m, to be in one’s mind;

koma e-m í hug, to come into one’s mind, occur to one;

leiða e-t hugum, to consider;

ganga (líða, hverfa) e-m ór hug, to pass out of one’s memory, to be forgotten;

snúa hug sínum eptir (at, frá) e-u, to turn one’s mind after (to, from);

mæla um hug sér, to feign, dissemble;

orka tveggja huga um e-t, to be of two minds about a thing;

orkast hugar á e-t, to resolve;

ef þér lér nökkut tveggja huga um þetta, if thou be of two minds about the matter;

2) mood, heart, temper, feeling;

góðr hugr, kind heart;

illr hugr, ill temper, spite;

heill hugr, sincerity;

reynast hugi við, to make close acquaintance;

hugir þeirra fóru saman, they loved each other;

3) desire, wish;

leggja hug á e-t, to lay to heart, take interest in;

leggja lítinn hug á e-t, to mind little, neglect;

leggja hug á konu, to fall in love with a woman;

mér leikr hugr á e-u, I long (wish) for a thing;

e-m rennr hugr til e-s, to have affection for one;

mér er engi hugr á at selja hann, I have no mind to sell him;

4) foreboding;

svá segir mér hugr um, I forebode;

hann kvað sér illa hug sagt hafa ( he had evil forebodings) um hennar gjaforð;

mér býðr hugr um e-t, I anticipate (eptir gekk mér þat, er mér bauð hugr um);

mér býðr e-t í hug, it enters my mind, I think;

gøra sér í hug, to imagine;

5) courage;

hugr ræðr hálfum sigri, a stout heart is half the battle;

herða huginn (hug sinn), to take heart, exert oneself.

* * *

m., gen. hugar, dat. hugi and hug, pl. hugir; an older form hogr occurs in very old MSS., e. g. hog-gði, 655 xxv. 2, and still remains in the compds hog-vrr etc., see p. 280: [Ulf. hugs = νους, but only once, in Ephes. iv. 17, whereas he usually renders νους etc. by other words, as fraþi, aha, muns; A. S. hyge; Hel. hugi; O. H. G. hugu; Dan. hu; Swed. håg; hyggja, hugga, hyggð, -úð (q. v.) are all kindred words and point to a double final]:—mind, with the notion of thought, answering to Germ. gedanke; hugr er býr hjarta nær, Hm. 94; engi hugr má hyggja, Fms. v. 241; enn er eptir efi í hug mínum, 623. 26; í hug eða verki, in mind or act, Fms. vi. 9; koma e-m í hug, to come into one’s mind, to bethink one, iv. 117, Fb. ii. 120, 325; vera í hug e-m, to be in one’s mind; þat mun þér ekki í hug, thou art not in earnest, Nj. 46, Fms. iv. 143; hafa e-t í hug, to have a thing in mind, intend; renna hug sínum, to run in one’s mind, consider, vii. 19; renna hug or hugum til e-s, Hom. 114; koma hug á e-t, to call to mind, remember, 623. 16; leiða e-t hugum, to consider, Sks. 623; leiða at huga, Skv. 1; ganga, líða, hverfa e-m ór hug, to forget, Ó. H. 157, Fms. vi. 272; snúa hug sínum eptir (at, frá) e-u, to turn one’s mind after (to, from) a thing, iv. 87, Eb. 204; mæla um hug sér, to feign, dissimulate, Fær. 33 new Ed., Hkv. 2. 15, Am. 70; orka tveggja huga um e-t, to be of two minds about a thing, Þjal. 31; orkask hugar á e-t, to resolve, Grett. 207 new Ed.; ef þér lér nokkut tveggja huga um þetta mál, if thou be of two minds about the matter, Odd. 112 new Ed.; ok ljær mér þess hugar (thus emend.) at né einn fái fang af honum, I ween that none will be a match for him, Fms. xi. 96.

II. denoting mood, heart, temper, feeling, affection; góðr h., a good, kind heart, Hm. 118; íllr h., ill temper, spite, id.; heill h., sincerity, Sól. 4; horskr h., Hm. 90; í góðum hug, in a good mood, Fms. vi. 110, ix. 500 (v. l.), Stj. 453; in plur., vera í hugum góðum, Fas. i. 441 (in a verse); or simply, í hugum, ‘in one’s mind,’ cheerful, Hkm. 9, Hým. 11; bæði reiðr ok í hugum, both when angry and when glad, Post. 168; í reiðum hug, in angry mood, Fms. vi. 4; í hörðum hug, in hard ( sad) mood, distressed, 655 xii. 3; í íllum hug, in evil mood; af öllum hug, from all one’s heart, 686 B. 2 (Matth. xxii. 37), cp. Hm. 125: and adverb., alls hugar, from all one’s heart, Hom. 68; all hugar feginn, Hom. (St.): reynask hugi við, to try one another’s mind, make close acquaintance, Fb. iii. 446; því at hón vildi reynask hugum við hann ( examine him), Fs. 128; hugir þeirra fóru saman, their minds went together, they loved one another, 138.

III. denoting desire, wish; leggja hug á e-t, to lay to heart, take interest in, Nj. 46; leggja mikinn hug á um e-t, Eg. 42; leggja allan hug á e-t, Ó. H. 44, 55; leggja lítinn hug á e-t, to mind little, Fms. x. 61; to neglect, 96; leggja hug á konu, to love a woman, Fs. 137, Fb. i. 303; leika hugr á e-u, to long, wish for a thing, hón er svá af konum at mér leikr helzt hugr á, Fms. vii. 103, Rd. 254; hugir þínir standa til þess mjök, Hom. 53; e-m rennr hugr til e-s, to have affection for one, Fb. i. 279; e-m er hugr á e-u, to have a mind for a thing, be eager for, have at heart; mér er engi hugr á at selja hann, I have no mind to sell him, Fms. i. 80, iv. 30, vii. 276; er þér nú jammikill hugr á at heyra draum minn sem í nótt? Dropl. 22, Nj. ii.

2. in plur., personified, almost like fylgja or hamingja, q. v., a person’s ill-will or good-will being fancied as wandering abroad and pursuing their object; for this belief see the Sagas passim, esp. in dreams; þá vakti Torfi mik, ok veit ek víst, at þetta eru manna hugir, Háv. 55; þetta eru íllra manna hugir til þín, Þórð. 65; hvárt syfjar þik, Járnskjöldr faðir? Eigi er, Járndís dóttir, liggja á mér hugir stórra manna, art thou sleepy, father? Not so, daughter, but the minds of mighty men weigh upon me, Fb. i. 258: popular sayings referring to the travelling of the mind, e. g. fljótr sem hugr manns, swift as thought (Germ. gedankenschnell), cp. the tale of the race of Hugi and Thjalfi, Edda, and of Odin’s ravens Hugin and Munin.

IV. with the notion of foreboding; svá segir mér hugr um, ‘so says my mind to me,’ I forebode, Fs. 127; kveðsk svá hugr um segja, sem konungr myndi úmjúklega taka því, Ó. H. 51; kvað sér ílla hug sagt hafa um hennar gjaforð, her wedlock had boded him evil, Ísl. ii. 19; en kvaðsk þó úvíst hugr um segja, hver …, i. e. he had little hope, how …, Fb. i. 360; e-m býðr e-t í hug, it bodes one, Ísl. ii. 32; bauð konungi þat helzt í hug, at …, Ó. H. 195, Eg. 21 (see bjóða IV); göra sér í hug, to imagine, Fms. viii. 338; telja sér í hug, id., Fb. ii. 322, Eb. 204.

V. denoting courage; hugr ræðr hálfum sigri, a stout heart is half the battle, a saying, Fms. vi. 429 (in a verse); hugr ok áræði, Stj. 71; með hálfum hug, half-heartedly, faintly; með öruggum hug, fearlessly; herða huginn, Eg. 407, Ó. H. 241; engi er hugr í Dönum, Hkr. i. 338; treysta hug sínum, Odd. 112 new Ed.; hugar eigandi, bold, Fas. i. 522 (in a verse), Korm. 200; bregðask at hug, Þórð. 48; þat segi þér, at mér fylgi engi hugr, Fms. vii. 297; engi hugr mun í vera, Glúm. 356, passim.

VI. COMPDS: hugarangr, hugarbeiskleikr, hugarbót, hugarburðr, hugarekki, hugarfar, hugarfýst, hugarglöggr, hugargóðr, hugarhræring, hugarhvarf, hugarkraptr, hugarlátliga, hugarlund, hugarótti, hugarreikan, hugarspeki, hugarstyrkr, hugarstyrkt, hugarválað, hugarvíl, hugaræði.

B. COMPDS: hugást, hugblauðr, hugbleyði, hugblíðr, hugboð, hugboðit, hugborð, hugborg, hugbót, hugbrigðr, hugdirfð, hugdirfl, hugdjarfr, hugdyggr, hugfallast, hugfastliga, hugfastr, hugfár, hugfeldr, hugfesta, hugfróun, hugfró, hugfullr, huggóðr, huggæði, hughraustr, hughreysta, hughreysti, hughryggr, hughvarf, hughægr, hugkvæmi, hugkvæmiligr, hugkvæmr, huglauss, hugleggja, hugleiða, hugleiðing, huglétt, hugléttir, hugleikit, hugleysa, hugleysi, huglítill, hugljúfi, hugljúfr, hugmaðr, hugmannliga, hugmóðr, hugmynd, hugprúðr, hugprýði, hugrakkr, hugraun, hugreifr, hugrekki, hugrenning, hugreynandi, hugró, hugrúnar, hugsjó, hugsjón, hugsjúkr, hugskot, hugsnjallr, hugsótt, hugspakligr, hugspakr, hugspeki, hugspæi, hugsteinn, hugsterkr, hugstiginn, hugstoltr, hugstórr, hugstyrkr, hugstæðr, hugsvala, hugsvalan, hugsvinnr, Hugsvinnsmál, hugsýki, hugsýkja, hugtregi, hugtrúr, hugveikr, hugvekja, hugvit, hugvitr, hugvitsmaðr, hugværr, hugþekkliga, hugþekkr, hugþokkaðr, hugþokkan, hugþokki, hugþótti, hugþungt.

II. in pl. in a few words, mostly poëtical: hugum-prúðr, adj. = hugprúðr; Hjálmarr inn h., a nickname, Fas. hugum-sterkr, -stórr, -strangr, adj. = hugstórr, etc., Hkv. 1. 1, Korm., Jd. 38, Fas. i. 418.

(hygg, hugða, hugðr and hugaðr), v.

1) to think, believe;

hugðu þó mjök sér hvárir-tveggju, they were of different opinions;

2) to guess;

fár hyggr þegjanda þörf, few can guess the needs of him that is silent;

3) to intend, purpose (sóknargögn þau, er hann hugði fram at fœra);

mæla fagrt, ok flátt hyggja, to speak fair and mean false;

mæla hugat (af hugðu), to speak sincerely;

4) hyggja e-m e-t, to intend a thing for one, to have in store for one (þóttist þann vita, at honum mundi slíkr kostr hugaðr);

hyggja e-m vel, to be well disposed towards a person;

hyggja e-u illa, to be ill pleased with;

ok munu þau vel hyggja ( they will be glad), er þau hafa akrinn;

5) with preps.:

hyggja af e-u, to leave off thinking about, forget or drop (hyggja af harmi, heimsku);

hyggja af um leitina, to give up the search;

hyggja at e-u, to attend to, mind, look at;

konungr hugði vandliga at manninum, the king looked closely at the man;

hyggja á e-t, to think of (hyggja á flótta);

ef hann á grið hygði, if he thought of any breach of faith;

hyggja fyrir e-u, to look to, take heed to (hygg nú svá fyrir hag þínum);

hyggja til e-s, to look forward to with pleasure, etc. (hversu hyggr þú til at deyja? gott hygg ek til bana míns);

hyggja um e-t, to think about a thing;

hyggja um með e-m, to deliberate with one about a thing;

6) refl., hyggjast, to think;

hyggst þú betr gøra munu? thinkst thou thou canst do it better? hyggjast fyrir, to hesitate;

hyggst vætr hvatr fyrir, a valiant man flinches for nought.

f. thought, mind, opinion.

* * *

u, f. thought, mind, opinion; h. ok hugleiðing, MS. 4. 7; at sinni hyggju, N. G. L. ii. 173; Guðleg h., Róm. 308: understanding, mannleg h., Stj.; fyrr fullkominn at hyggju en vetra-tölu, Ld. 18: á-hyggja, care, anxiety; fyrir-h., forethought; van-h., want of forethought; um-hyggja, concern.

COMPDS: hyggjulauss, hyggjuleysi.

n. cat’s eye, botan. forget-me-not.

* * *

(ligg; lá, lágum; leginn), v.

1) to lie (ör liggr þar úti á vegginum);

liggja sjúkr, to lie sick (hann liggr sjúkr heima);

þeir lágu í sárum, they lay ill of their wounds;

2) to lie buried (hér liggr skáld);

3) to lie at anchor (hann lagði til hafnar ok lá þþþþþþar um hríð);

liggja veðrfastr, to lie weather-bound;

4) to lie, be situated, of a place (þorp ok borgir, er lágu við ríki hans);

5) to lie, go, lead, of a road (liggr gata til bœjarins);

6) to be covered with ice, ice-bound (vetrar-ríki var á mikit ok lágu firðir allir);

7) to lie with, have sexual intercourse with, = liggja hjá konu;

8) with preps. and advs.:

liggja á e-m, to lie heavy on, weigh upon, oppress (liggja á mér hugir stórra manna);

liggja á hálsi e-m, to hang on one’s neck, blame one;

liggja á e-m, to be fated to one (þat lá á konungi, at hann skyldi eigi lifa um tíu vetr);

liggja á e-u, to attend, be connected with (á þessum ráðum liggja stórmeinbugir);

to be urgent, of importance, pressing (A. kvað honum eigi á liggja þat at vita);

liggr honum ekki á, it does not matter to him;

liggja á úknyttum, to pursue wicked courses;

liggja eptir, to be left undone (skal ekki eptir liggja þat, sem vér megum þeim veita);

liggja fyrir e-m, to lie in wait for;

liggja fyrir, to be in store for, or open to, one;

þœtti mér þat ráð fyrir liggja, at þú sendir menn, that the best thing would be to send men;

liggja hjá e-rri, to lie with (lá ek hjá dóttur þinni);

liggja í e-u, to stick or sink in (lágu hestarnir á kafi í snjónum);

liggja í, to stick fast in mire or bog (liggr í hestrinn undir þeim);

liggja í hernaði, víkingu, to be engaged in warfare;

liggja niðri, to lie untold (nú skal þat eigi niðri liggja, er honum er þó mest vegsemd í);

liggja saman, to be adjacent (lágu saman skógar þeirra Lopts);

liggja til e-s, to belong to (naut ok sauðir, lá þat til Atleyjar);

bœtr liggja til alls, there is atonement for every case;

to be due or proper (þótti þat til liggja at taka af honum tignina);

liggja til byrjar, to lie by for a fair wind;

liggja til hafs, to lie ready for sea (lá biskup til hafs sex vikur);

liggja um e-n, to lie in wait for;

liggja um e-t, to be bent upon (hann liggr um þat nótt ok dag at veita yðr líflát);

liggja undir e-n or e-m, to be subject to, belong to (þessi lönd liggja undir Danakonung);

hlutr e-s liggr undir, one is worsted;

liggja úti, to lie out, not in a house (sumir lágu úti á fjöllum með bú sín);

liggja við, to lie at stake (líf mitt liggr við);

þá muntu bezt gefast, er mest liggr við, when the need is greatest;

e-m liggr við e-u, one is on the verge of;

mörgum lá við bana, many lay at death’s door;

lá við sjálft, at, ti was just on the point of.

* * *

pres. ligg, pl. liggja; pret. lá, 2nd pers. látt, mod. lást; subj. lægi; imperat. ligg and liggðú; part. leginn: [Ulf. ligan = κεισθαι; A. S. licgan; Chauc. to ligge; North. E. and Scot. to lig; Engl. to lie; Germ. liegen; Dan. ligge]:—to lie; ör liggr þar úti á vegginum, Nj. 115, Fas. i. 284; þeir vógu at honum liggjanda ok úvörum, 332; hann liggr á hauginum, Fb. i. 215; lá hann inni meðan þeir börðusk, Nj. 85; legsk hann niðr í runna nokkura ok liggr þar um stund, 132; Rafn lá í bekk, Sturl. i. 140; sveinar tveir er lengi höfðu úti legit á fjöllum, to lie out in the cold, Fms. ii. 98; sumir lágu úti á fjöllum með bú sín, lay out on the fells with their cattle, Sturl. iii. 75: of robbers, cp. úti-legu-maðr, an ‘outlying-man,’ outlaw; l. úti á fjöllum, Ld. 250: of freebooters, víkingar tveir, ok lágu úti bæði vetr ok sumar, Grett. 83; l. í hernaði, víkingu, to be out on a raid, Fs. 120, Eg. 1, Fms. xi. 44:—to lie, rest, þú skalt liggja í lopti hjá mér í nótt, Nj. 6; lágu þau þar tvau ein í loptinu, 7; þú skalt ríða um nætr en liggja ( but lie abed) um daga, 34; Gunnarr lá mjök langa hríð, 94; þeir lágu úti um nóttina, lay out by night, Fms. ix. 364: the phrase, liggja á gólfi, to lie on the floor, to lie in labour, Fb. ii. 263: of carnal intercourse, to lie with, hefir Guðrún dóttir mín legit hjá þér, Nj. 94; lá ek hjá dóttur þinni, 130: liggja með e-m, id., Grág. i. 128; hón hefir legit sekt í garð konungs, N. G. L. i. 358: with acc., liggja konu, stuprare, Gþl. 203, N. G. L. i. 20; at þú hafir legit dóttur Ísólfs, Lv. 78: of animals (rare), en veðrarnir ok bukkarnir lágu þær, Stj. 178:—to lie sick, hann liggr sjúkr heima at búð …, lá hann sjúkr um allt þingit, Nj. 80; Þórólfr ok Bárðr lágu í sárum, lay sick of their wounds, Eg. 34; Helga tók þá ok þyngd ok lá þó eigi, H. lay sick, but not bedridden, Ísl. ii. 274; ef griðmaðr liggr af verkum sínum, lies sick from his work, Grág. i. 154; ef hann liggr í helsótt, 201:—to lie, be buried, Björn liggr í Farmanns-haugi, Fms. i. 12; hér liggr skald, Fb. i. 215 (in a verse):—to lie at anchor, Bs. i. 713; þar lagði hann til hafnar ok lá þar um hríð, Fms. i. 145; lágu langskip konungs með endilöngum bryggjum, ix. 478; þeir lágu þar nokkura hríð undir nesi einu, Nj. 43; hann lá í Gautelfi austr, 122; þar lá fyrir í höfninni knörr einn mikill, Eg. 79; en er hann kom fyrir Elfina þá lágu þeir þar ok biðu nætr, 80; Haraldr konungr lá liði sínu út fyrir Hreinsléttu, Fms. i. 12; liggja til byrjar, to lie by for a fair wind, 135; liggja til hafs, id., Bs. i. 66, Bjarn. 4, Gísl. 7, Landn. 223: l. veðr-fastr, to lie weather-bound:—lágu hvelpar í hundunum, they were big with whelps, Fms. xi. 10: l. í kafi, to sink deep; þá liggr í hestrinn undir þeim, sank in a quagmire, Fs. 65; Gregorius lá í ísinum, Fms. vii. 273; also, lágu hestarnir á (í) kafi, Eg. 546.

II. to be covered with ice, ice-bound (cp. leggja); vötnin lágu öll, Fbr. 13; til Vigra-fjarðar, ok lá hann allr, Eb. 84 new Ed.; lágu allir firðir, 306.

III. to lie idle, of capital; enda er heimting til fjárins, hversu lengi sem liggr, Grág. i. 209; enda liggr féit hér alldregi, 220; erfðir liggi sem áðr er skilt um, Gþl. 254; liggja úslegit, to lie unmown, Grág. ii. 284; láta sum orð liggja (to let them lie, leave out) þau er máli eigu at skipta, þat er ljúgvitni, i. 43; l. niðri, to lie down, lie dormant, lie untold, or the like, Fagrsk, 126, Nj. 88, Ó. H. 233, Grett. 192 new Ed.; opt má satt kyrt liggja, truth may often be left alone, a saying: liggja eptir, to be left behind, untold, Fms. viii. 4: spec. usages, liggja lauss fyrir, to lie loose, lie at one’s hand; fylg þú nú virðing þinni er þér liggr laus fyrir, Boll. 360; þótti eigi svá laust fyrir liggja sem þeir hugsuðu, Fms. viii. 357: liggja undir e-m (or e-n), of power, lands, to belong to; jörðu þeirri er legit hefir undir oss langfeðrum, Gþl. 296; þat er mikit ríki, ok liggr undir biskup í Skáni, Fms. xi. 231.

IV. to take, hold, of a measure; vatns-ker þau er í lágu matskjólur tvennar, Hom. (St.): the phrase, liggja í miklu, litlu rúmi, to take a great, a little space, metaph. to think much, little of a thing, Ld. 210, Al. 152; liggja í léttu rúmi, to care little for: e-m liggja vel (ílla) orð til e-s, to speak well ( ill) of a thing or person, Konr.; honum lágu vel orð til hans, he spoke favourably of him.

V. to lie, be situated, of a place, road, of direction; slá er lá um þvert skipit, Nj. 125; liggja saman garðar, Gísl. 10; liggr sá steinn þar enn, Eg. 142, Gm. 4, 12; þær (the Scilly Islands) liggja vestr í hafit fra Englandi, Fms. i. 145; at garði þeim sem liggr ofan eptir mýrinni, Dipl. v. 25; er sagt er at liggi sex dægra sigling í norðr frá Bretlandi, Landn. (begin.); en Finnmörk liggr fyrir ofan öll þessi lönd, Eg. 58; Ey liggr í Hitará, Bjarn. 22; eyin liggr við þjóðleið fyrir útan, Ó. H. 116; veiði-stöð sú liggr á Breiða-firði er Bjarneyjar heita, Ld. 38; þar liggr til hafs útver, lies on the sea-side, Ó. H. 149; veginn þann er um skóginn lá, Eg. 578; sem leið liggr, Eb. 306; liggr gata til bæjarins, Gísl. 28; en til góðs vinar liggja gagnvegir, Hm. 33; leiðin liggr fram með hálsinum, Eg. 582; tjaldstaði þá er þeim þóttu beztir, ok hæst lágu, Fms. vi. 135; þangat sem leiðin liggr lægra, Sturl. ii. 247: of the body, lá hátt tanngarðrinn, he had prominent teeth, Nj. 39: of the eyes, rauðlituð augu ok lágu fagrt ok fast, Fms. viii. 447; augu þau er liggja í ljósu líki, Kormak: ofarliga mun liggja ú-jafnaðr í þér, Grett. 135 new Ed.

B. Metaph. usages, esp. with prepp.; liggja á, to lie heavy on, to weigh upon, and metaph. to oppress; liggja á mér hugir stórra manna, Fb. i. 258, Sks. 276; l. á hálsi e-m, to hang on one’s neck, blame, Fms. xi. 336: of a fine, þar liggr ekki fégjald á, ’tis not finable, K. Þ. K. 164: to be bewitched, lie under a spell, þat lá á konungi, at hann skyldi eigi lifa um tíu vetr, Fms. x. 220 (cp. leggja á e-n and á-lög): to pursue, liggja á úknyttum, to pursue wicked things, 172; liggja á úráði, Karl. 121: to be urgent, of importance, pressing, kvað honum eigi á liggja þat at vita, Grett. 37 new Ed.; eigi þykki mér á því liggja, segir Járnskjöldr, Fb. i. 259; mun þar stórt á liggja, ’tis a grave matter, Nj. 62; nú liggr honum ekki á ( it does not matter for him), þótt hann komi aldri til Íslands, Band. 10: mod., það liggr ekki á, it does not press, is not urgent; mér liggr á, it lies on me, is pressing for me: impers. to feel, be in spirits so and so, liggr vel á e-m, to be in good spirits; liggr ílla á e-m, to be in low spirits, the metaphor being taken from the pressure on the mind: leaving out the prep., lá honum þat ílla, it weighed heavily on hitn, Bs. i. 775:—liggja að, in the phrase, það lá að, that was just what was to be expected! an expression of dislike:—liggja fyrir e-m, to lie before one, of things to be done or to happen, of what is fated, doomed (see for-lög); þætti mér þat ráð fyrir liggja, faðir, at þú sendir menn, the best thing to be done would be to send men, Eg. 167; at þat mundi fyrir liggja at búask til orrostu, 283; en Bera kvað Egil vera víkings-efni, kvað þat mundu fyrir liggja, þegar hann hefði aldr til, 190: liggja fyrir e-m, to lie in one’s way, in ambush (cp. fyrirsát), Edda 148 (pref.), Eg. 240:—liggja um e-t, to lie in wait for, Fms. x. 287; l. um líf e-s, to seek one’s life, Stj. 550, Sks. 722:—liggja til, to be due to, deserved; þótti þat til liggja at taka af honum tignina, Eg. 271: to belong to, naut ok sauðir, lá þat til Atleyjar, 719: to fit to, til sumra meina liggr bruni (as a remedy), 655 xi. 28; bætr liggja til alls, there is atonement for every case, Fas. iii. 522; e-m liggr vel (ílla) orð til e-s, to speak well (or evil) of a person, Sturl. iii. 143:—liggja undir, to lie underneath, be worsted, of wrestling, Bárð. 166; fyrir hverjum liggr hlutr þinn undir, Eb. 156:—liggja við, to lie at slake; deildi … ok hafði einn þat er við lá, Ísl. ii. 215; en þeir köru at hætta til, er féfang lá við svá mikit, Eg. 57; skal þar liggja við mundrinn allr, Nj. 15; liggr þér nökkut við?—Líf mitt liggr við, segir hann, 116; þá muntú bezt gefask, er mest liggr við, when the need is greatest, 179; svá er ok at mikit liggr yðr þá við, 227; en mér liggr hér nú allt við, it is all important to me, 265; þótt ek vita at líf mitt liggi við, 115; lá við sjálft, at …, it was on the point of …, Al. 79: mod., það lá við, að …

C. Reflex. to lay oneself down, lie down; þá er þat étr ok er fullt liggsk þat ok söfr (of cattle), Best. 58, cp. Gm.

2. e-m liggsk e-t, to leave behind, forget; svínið lásk mér eptir, Skíða R. 185; legisk hefir mér nokkut í minni venju, ek gáða eigi at taka blezun af biskupi, Bs. i. 781: hence the mod. phrase, mér láðist ( I forgot) and mér hefir láðst, which is a corruption from mér lásk eptir; for lá mér eptir, read lásk mér eptir, I forgot, neglected (?), Skv. 1. 20; láskat þat dægr háski, it did not miss, did not fail, Arnór; láskat, be failed not, Bjarn. (in a verse).

(lið; leið, liðum; liðinn), v.

1) to go, pass, glide (er skipit leið fram hjá flotanum);

líða e-m ór hug, to pass out of one’s memory;

2) to pass by, go past (er þeir liðu nesit);

impers., en er líðr Euphrates á (acc.), when one has passed the E.;

sem leið jóladaginn, as the Yule-day passed;

þá (or þegar) er e-n líðr, when a person is omitted, passed over;

Úlfr jarl var ríkastr í Danmörku, þegar er konung leið, next to the king;

3) to pass away, elapse, of time (eigi munu margir vetur líða áðr en þér munuð þessa iðrast);

at liðnum vetri, when the winter had passed;

liðinn, dead, deceased;

at liðinn fylki, after my lord’s death;

4) impers. with dat., nú líðr, svá dögum, at, the days draw on;

þá var liðit degi, the day was far spent;

5) to go on, take place;

ek vil vita, hvat þeim líðr, how they are getting on;

ok sér, hvat leið drykkinum, and sees, how it had gone with his drinking;

6) with preps. and advs.:

líða af e-u, to depart from;

líða af heimi, to depart this life;

líða af, to pass away (líðr af vetrinn = líðr fram vetrinn);

impers., líða at e-u, to approach, draw near;

en er at leið jólunum, when it drew nigh Yule;

líða at e-m, faintness comes over one;

nú tók at líða at Ölvi, O. began to get drunk;

G. tók sótt, en er at honum leið, when he was far spent, near his end;

líðr at mætti e-s, one’s strength gives way;

impers., líðr á e-t, the time draws to a close;

ok er á leið daginn, when the day was far spent;

at áliðnu, in the latter part of a time (um haustit at áliðnu);

at áliðnum vetri, towards the end of the winter;

líða fram, to pass away, wear on (ok er várit leið fram);

also impers., líðr fram e-u = e-t líðr fram (er fram leið nóttinni ok dró at degi);

to advance, proceed (Egill tók at hressast svá sem fram leið at yrkja kvæðit);

impers., þá er frá líðr, when time passes on;

láta e-t hjá sér líða, to let it pass by unheeded;

impers., líðr í mót e-u = líðr at e-u (nú líðr í mót jólum);

líða um e-t, to pass by (eigi hœfir þá hluti um at líða, er);

hann spurði, hvat liði um kvæðit, he asked how the poem was getting on;

líða undan, to slip off, pass by;

líða undir lok, to pass away, die, perish;

líða yfir e-n, to pass over, happen to, befall (mart mun yfir þik líða);

eitt skal yfir oss alla líða, we shall all share the same fate.

(líddi), v., rare, = prec.

* * *

pres. líð (líð’k, Edda); pret. leið; 2nd pers. leitt, mod. leiðst; pl. liðu; subj. liði; imperat. líð, líddu; part. liðinn; a weak pret. líddi occurs, Am. 50, Pr. 438, Ó. H. 167, Mirm. 167: [Ulf. ga-leiþan = ἔρχεσθαι; A. S. lîðan; O. H. G. lîdan; Engl. lithe; Germ. and Engl. glide.]

A. Loc. to go, pass, move, with the notion to glide, slip, of ships, passage through the air, riding, sliding on ice, and the like; ok er skipit leið fram hjá flotanum, Hkr. ii. 54: er lauss Loki líðr or böndum, Vtkv. 15; baðtu heilan líða, thou badest him fare (speed) well, Ó. H. (in a verse); áðr héðan líðir, ere thou passest from here, Fas. i. 519 (in a verse); líða yfir úrig fjöll, Hðm. 11; líða lönd yfir, Gsp.; hvat þar ferr, eða at lopti líðr?—Né ek ferr, þó ek flýg, ok at lopti líð’k, Edda (in a verse); líðandi ( sliding) um langan veg, Vkv. 8; hverjar ‘ro þær meyjar er líða mar yfir, Vþm. 48, (mar-líðendr, q. v. = sea gliders); nú viltusk hundarnir farsins þegar þeir liðu at honum, Hom. 120; ok er skipit leið fram hjá flotanum, Hkr. ii. 57; líða hægt og hægt, of a vapour, of a ghost in tales, and the like.

II. even used as transitive, to pass, pass by, esp. as a naut. term; hann um leið ( passed by) Israels sona hús, Stj. 281; ok er þeir liðu nesit, when they slipped by the ness, Fms. ix. 503, v. l.; ok er þeir líðu ( passed through) Frekeyjar-sund, Fb. iii. 85.

III. impers., en er líðr Euphrates-á (acc.), when one passes the Euphrates, Hb. (1865) 8; meðan at leið boðanum, þá rak skipið ákafliga, ok svá síðan boðana leið, when the breakers were passed by, Fb. iii. 85:—metaph., hann var einnhverr mestr maðr ok ríkastr í Danmörku, þegar er konunginn líðr sjálfan, i. e. the greatest man in Denmark next to the king, Fms. xi. 51; Úlfr var maðr ríkastr í Danmörku þegar er konung líddi, Ó. H. 167; hann var einna mestr höfðingi er konunga líddi, Pr. 438.

IV. in prose the word is esp. freq. in a metaph. sense; líðr at e-m, faintness comes over one; nú tók at líða at Ölvi, O. began to get drunk, Eg. 213; but esp. of one in his last gasp, to be slipping away; Guthormr tók sótt, en er at honum leið, sendi hann menn á fund Haralds konungs, 118; Örlygr tók sótt, ok er at honum tók at líða, Eb. 160; leið þá bæði at kuldi ok mæði, he fainted away from cold and exhaustion, Fms. ix. 24; nú líðr opt at barni ( the infant may suddenly faint away) á vegum úti, svá at hætt er við dauða, N. G. L. i. 339; líðr at mætti e-s, one grows faint, Fms. viii. 258, Sturl. iii. 77, Bs. i. 819:—líða af, to pass; en er ljósit leið af, sá þeir hvergi Ólaf konung, Fms. ii. 332:—þá er hugr líðr ór brjósti manns, Mar.; liða ór huga e-m, to slip out of one’s mind, Fms. ii. 266, vi. 272; líða ór minni, to forget:—líða undan. to slip off, pass by, K. Á. 222, Fms. xi. 108:—líða um, to pass by, leave; margir eru þér betri helgir menn, ek liðu vér um þá, and yet we pass them by, 655 xiv, B. 2; eigi hæfir þá hluti um at liða, er …, Fms. x. 314: ellipt., því látu vér þat líða, at eigi verðr allt ritað, viii. 406, v. l.:—þó lætr konungr þetta hjá sér líða, he lets it pass by unheeded, xi. 60:—líða undir lok, to pass away, die, perish, Nj. 156, Sturl. ii. 113:—líða yfir, to pass over, happen, come to pass; hann er vinsæll ok ungr at aldri, mun fátt yfir liðit, Hkr. iii. 254; Ólafr sagði honum allt um ferðir sínar, þat er yfir hann hafði liðit, O. told him all that had come to pass, Fms. i. 79; eitt skal yfir oss liða alla, one fate shall befall us all, Nj. 191: of sleep, liðr yfir hann léttr höfgi, Th. 77: hann spurdi hvat liði um kvæðit, he asked how it went on with the poem, Eg. 420; also, hvað líðr kvæðinu? fréttir hann nú hvat liði bónorðs-málum, Ld. 92; hvat mun nú líða, ef þú tekr kerti þitt? Fb. i. 358; hvat líðr um mál Odds sonar míns? Band. 5; síðan hón leið ór mestri barnæsku, passed out of her early youth, Hom. 122; svefnhöfgi leið á hann, Fms. vi. 229: to swoon, metaphor prob. from the belief that some evil spirit passed over one’s head, það leið yfir hana, she swooned; also, líða í ómegin, to fall into a swoon, to faint, Fas. iii. 441.

B. Temp. to pass; líðr nú várit, Nj. 74; liðu svá þau misseri, 94; líðr af vetrinn, Eg. 340; ok er várit leið fram, 467; lengra skaltú renna áðr vika sé liðin, 745; þaðan líða ellifu vetr, ár, Rb. 70; liðr nú sjá stund er þeir höfðu á kveðit, Ld. 266; líðr fram vetrinn, 298; Egill tók at hressask svá sem fram leið at yrkja kvæðit, 644; leið svá fram aðra þrjá vetr, Fms. i. 57; liðu nú svá fram stundir, xi. 84.

2. with prepp.; þegar frá líðr, in the course of time, after a while; hón nærðisk svá sem frá leið, Fms. vi. 353; þvíat at því verðr spurt, hverr kvað, þegar frá líðr ( when time passes on), en eigi hversu lengi var at verit, Skálda 160; en er at leið Jólunum, when it drew nigh Yule, Fms. i. 36; ok er leið at þeirri stundu, Ld. 308; eigi líðr langt héðan, áðr, Fms. xi. 84; nú líðr í mót Jólum, iv. 82.

II. impers., líða á e-t, the time draws to a close, is far spent; ok er á leið daginn, Eg. 93; unz miðjan dag líddi, Am. 50; nú líddi fram nökkurar stundir, Mirm. 167; ok er á leið um kveldit, Eg. 206; er leið á várit (acc.), Nj. 12; nú liðr á sumarit til átta vikna, 93; þeir sváfu til þess er á leið nóttina, Ld. 44; en er á líðr daginn, 76; ok er á leið dag, úmætti konung, Fms. i. 46; en nú er á stundina líðr, x. 404; þá er á leið upp, towards the close of his life, 418; til þess er líðr fimmta dag viku, Grág. i. 142; þá er upp leið á æfi konunga, Rb. 388.

2. with dat.; nú líðr svá dögum, at …, the days draw on, Fms. xi. 422; hans lífdögum leið mjök fram, Stj. 134; sögðu at þá var liðit degi, the day was far spent, Fms. ix. 299; ok er fram leið nóttinni, x. 271; hann segir at tímanum liði, Bs. i. 910: of other things, er fram tók at líða smíðinni, Fb. ii. 463: freq. in mod. usage, hvað líðr þér? hvað líðr þessu? i. e. how goes it with it? how far have you got on? as also, hvernig líðr þér, how goes it with you? how do you do? answer, mér líðr, vel, bæriliga, ílla, and the like.

III. part., at áliðnu, in the latter part of a time; at áliðnum vetri, degi, towards the end of the winter, Ld. 234; um haustið at áliðnu, Fms. iv. 286; ok er svá var liðit ( the time was so far gone) bjósk Egill til ferðar, Eg. 394.

IV. part. líðandi, passing, fleeting:—pass. liðinn, past, dead, deceased; at liðinn fylki, Hkv. Hjörv. 42; hjá oss liðnum, Hkv. 2. 44: in mod. usage, of one who has just ceased to breathe, hann er liðinn, liðinn líkami, Pass. 17. 26: in allit., lífs og liðinn, living and lifeless, i. e. in life and in death: dead, dæmi liðinna feðra, Hom. 85; sælli væri liðnir en lifendr, the dead is more blessed than the living, Bs. i. 724: allit., hann er liðinn sem ljós, he is gone out like a light, i. e. quite gone.

d, to forget. Art. 52.

m. ‘mouse-ear,’ forget-me-not, a plant, Germ. maus-öhrlein. myosotis.

v. refl. to lay oneself;

leggjast niðr, to lie down; to pass out of use, cease;

þeir höfðu lagizt til svefns, they were gone to sleep;

leggjast í sótt, to fall sick, take to bed (from illness);

leggjast á e-t, to fall upon (of robbers, beasts of prey);

leggjast á, to arise (mun sá orðrómr á leggjast, at);

leggjast fyrir, to take rest, lie down (lögðust þá fyrir bæði menn ok hestar af úviðri);

fyrir leggjast um e-t, to give it up;

leggjast or leggjast til sunds, to swim (Grettir lagðist nú inn á fjörðinn);

leggjast í hernað víking, to set out on a freebooting expedition;

leggjast út, to set out into the wilderness (as a highwayman);

leggjast e-t eigi undir höfuð, not to lay it under one’s pillow, not to neglect or forget it;

eigi lagðist mjök á með þeim brœðrum, they were not on good terms;

lítit leggst fyrir e-n, one has but a poor destiny (lítit lagðist nú fyrir kappann, því at hann kafnaði í stofureyk sem hundr);

recipr., leggjast hendr á, to lay hands on one another;

leggjast hugi á, to take a liking for each other;

leggjast nær, to run close up to one another (of two boats);

leggjast niðr fé, to slaughter sheep (haf frjálst þat, sem þú hefir niður lagt af fé váru).