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1 History of volleyball
________________________________________William G. Morgan (1870-1942) inventor of the game of volleyball________________________________________William G. Morgan (1870-1942), who was born in the State of New York, has gone down in history as the inventor of the game of volleyball, to which he originally gave the name "Mintonette".The young Morgan carried out his undergraduate studies at the Springfield College of the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) where he met James Naismith who, in 1891, had invented basketball. After graduating, Morgan spent his first year at the Auburn (Maine) YMCA after which, during the summer of 1896, he moved to the YMCA at Holyoke (Massachusetts) where he became Director of Physical Education. In this role he had the opportunity to establish, develop, and direct a vast programme of exercises and sports classes for male adults.His leadership was enthusiastically accepted, and his classes grew in numbers. He came to realise that he needed a certain type of competitive recreational game in order to vary his programme. Basketball, which sport was beginning to develop, seemed to suit young people, but it was necessary to find a less violent and less intense alternative for the older members.________________________________________________________________________________In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!The sport originated in the United States, and is now just achieving the type of popularity in the U.S. that it has received on a global basis, where it ranks behind only soccer among participation sports.Today there are more than 46 million Americans who play volleyball. There are 800 million players worldwide who play Volleyball at least once a week.In 1895, William G. Morgan, an instructor at the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Mass., decided to blend elements of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball to create a game for his classes of businessmen which would demand less physical contact than basketball. He created the game of Volleyball (at that time called mintonette). Morgan borrowed the net from tennis, and raised it 6 feet 6 inches above the floor, just above the average man's head.During a demonstration game, someone remarked to Morgan that the players seemed to be volleying the ball back and forth over the net, and perhaps "volleyball" would be a more descriptive name for the sport.On July 7, 1896 at Springfield College the first game of "volleyball" was played.In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.1900 - YMCA spread volleyball to Canada, the Orient, and the Southern Hemisphere.1905 - YMCA spread volleyball to Cuba1907 Volleyball was presented at the Playground of America convention as one of the most popular sports1909 - YMCA spread volleyball to Puerto Rico1912 - YMCA spread volleyball to Uruguay1913 - Volleyball competition held in Far Eastern Games1917 - YMCA spread volleyball to BrazilIn 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be struck by another player (the set and spike) were introduced. The Filipinos developed the "bomba" or kill, and called the hitter a "bomberino".1916 - The NCAA was invited by the YMCA to aid in editing the rules and in promoting the sport. Volleyball was added to school and college physical education and intramural programs.In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points.1919 American Expeditionary Forces distributed 16,000 volleyballs to it's troops and allies. This provided a stimulus for the growth of volleyball in foreign lands.In 1920, three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.In 1922, the first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. 27 teams from 11 states were represented.In 1928, it became clear that tournaments and rules were needed, the United States Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S. Open was staged, as the field was open to non-YMCA squads.1930's Recreational sports programs became an important part of American lifeIn 1930, the first two-man beach game was played.In 1934, the approval and recognition of national volleyball referees.In 1937, at the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S. Volleyball Association as the official national governing body in the U.S.Late 1940s Forearm pass introduced to the game (as a desperation play) Most balls played with overhand pass1946 A study of recreation in the United States showed that volleyball ranked fifth among team sports being promoted and organizedIn 1947, the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded in Paris.In 1948, the first two-man beach tournament was held.In 1949, the first World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia.1949 USVBA added a collegiate division, for competitive college teams. For the first ten years collegiate competition was sparse. Teams formed only through the efforts of interested students and instructors. Many teams dissolved when the interested individuals left the college. Competitive teams were scattered, with no collegiate governing bodies providing leadership in the sport.1951 - Volleyball was played by over 50 million people each year in over 60 countries1955 - Pan American Games included volleyball1957 - The International Olympic Committee (IOC) designated volleyball as an Olympic team sport, to be included in the 1964 Olympic Games.1959 - International University Sports Federation (FISU) held the first University Games in Turin, Italy. Volleyball was one of the eight competitions held.1960 Seven midwestern institutions formed the Midwest Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (MIVA)1964Southern California Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (SCVIA) was formed in California1960's new techniques added to the game included - the soft spike (dink), forearm pass (bump), blocking across the net, and defensive diving and rolling.In 1964, Volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.The Japanese volleyball used in the 1964 Olympics, consisted of a rubber carcass with leather panelling. A similarly constructed ball is used in most modern competition.In 1965, the California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed.1968 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) made volleyball their fifteenth competitive sport.1969 The Executive Committee of the NCAA proposed addition of volleyball to its program.In 1974, the World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.In 1975, the US National Women's team began a year-round training regime in Pasadena, Texas (moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de Caza and Fountain Valley, CA in 1980, and San Diego, CA in 1985).In 1977, the US National Men's team began a year-round training regime in Dayton, Ohio (moved to San Diego, CA in 1981).In 1983, the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed.In 1984, the US won their first medals at the Olympics in Los Angeles. The Men won the Gold, and the Women the Silver.In 1986, the Women's Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed.In 1987, the FIVB added a Beach Volleyball World Championship Series.In 1988, the US Men repeated the Gold in the Olympics in Korea.In 1989, the FIVB Sports Aid Program was created.In 1990, the World League was created.In 1992, the Four Person Pro Beach League was started in the United States.In 1994, Volleyball World Wide, created.In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!In 1996, 2-person beach volleyball was added to the OlympicsThere is a good book, "Volleyball Centennial: The First 100 Years", available on the history of the sport.________________________________________Copyright (c)Volleyball World WideVolleyball World Wide on the Computer Internet/WWWhttp://www.Volleyball.ORG/ -
2 were
[weë:] pt e be● were [weë:] ishim, ishit, ishinbe [bi:, bi] v. ( was, were; been) 1. jam, ekzistoj, gjendem; the days of the cowboys are no more Koha e kaubojve nuk ekziston më, ka marrë fund. 2. ndodh, ngjan, zhvillohet; the competition was last month gara u zhvillua muajin e kaluar. 3. vazhdoj të rri, qëndroj; he will be here all year ai do të qëndrojë gjithë vitin. 4. (cilësi, gjendje) jam; I am sad jam i trishtuar; he is wrong ai e ka gabim. 5. (si folje ndihmëse) a) po, jam duke; she was asking ajo po pyeste; she was asked atë e pyetën, ajo u pyet. 6. (për të shprehurtë ardhmen) do të; he is to arrive here tomorrow ai pritet të/ do të vijë nesër; for two dollars the book is yours për dy dollarë libri (dotë) bëhet yti. 7. shkoj; have you ever been to Paris? ke shkuar/qenë ndonjëherë në Paris? 8. there is, there are ka, është, janë; there is a God ka/është një Zot. 9. (me paskajore) a) duhet, jam për të; you are to be congratulated ti je për të/duhesh përgëzuar; I am to inform you duhet t'ju njoftoj; b) (qëllim) they are to be married next year ata e kanë lënë për t'u martuar vitin tjetër; c) (mundësi) the car was not to be found makina s'qe e mundur të gjendej; d) (supozim) were I to tell you sikur të të thoja; if it were to rain sikur të binte shi; e) duhet; everybody was to pay his own expenses secili duhej të paguante shpenzimet e veta; he was never to see his wife again ai nuk do ta shihte më të shoqen; at what time am I to be there? në ç'orë duhet të jem atje? f) (qëllim) ka për qëllim; the telegram was to say that he had been delayed telegrami kishte për qëllim të shpjegonte se ai qe vonuar. 10. to-be i ardhshëm; the bride to-be nusja e ardhshme; a would-be poet i vetëquajturi poet; for the time being hë për hë, njëherë për njëherë.● as it were thua se; si të thuash; be able mundem, jam në gjendje; be about to përgatitem (jam gati) të; be afraid druaj se; be back kthehem; be going to dotë; be off shkoj, nisem per; be sorry më vjen keq; më fal; be sure jam i sigurt; so be it ashtu qoftë! what's up? ç'kemi? si është puna? ç'ka ngjarë?* * *ishin -
3 before
[bi'fo:] prep., adv.,conj. -prep 1. përpara; para; the year before last parvjet; in 52 BC (before Christ) në vitin 52 p.e. sonë; before then më përpara; before long së shpejti; since before the winter që para dimrit. 2. më përpara (në radhë); ladies before gentlemen zonjat të parat! 3. përpara, përballë; he was brought before the judge atë e çuan përpara gjykatësit; before everyone përpara gjithë botës, në sy të të gjithëve. 4. më mirë sesa, përpara; death before dishonor më mirë vdekja se humbja e nderit/ vdekjen përpara çnderimit- adv 1. përpara, më pare; it had been fine the day before një ditë më pare kishte qenë kohë e bukur; that happened long before kjo ndodhi shumë kohë më pare. 2. (vend) (më) përpara; we went before to see if the road was safe ne dolëm përpara për të parë nëse rruga ishte e sigurt.-conj 1. para se; before I go home para se të shkoj në shtëpi. 2. sesa, më mirë se, para se të; I'll give up the trip before I'll go with them më mire heq dorë nga udhëtimi sesa të shkoj me ta.● carry all before you më ecën, ia dal mbanë gjithmonë* * *para -
4 wish
[wish] v.,n. -v 1. dëshiroj, dua; what do you wish me to do? çfarë dëshiron që të bëj? I wish I hadn't said that më vjen keq që e thashë atë gjë; I wish it weren't so ah, sikur të mos ishte keshtu! 2. i dua; uroj, we wished them good luck u uruam mbaresi; I don't wish him any ill/harm nuk ia dua të keqen. 3. fig. (on) (ia) ngec, (ia) lë në dorë; the job was wished on to me ma ngecën këtë punë. 4. shfaq një dëshirë; you must wish as you eat it shfaq një dëshirë gjatë kohës që e ha.-n 1. dëshirë; against her wish kundër dëshirës së saj. 2. lutje, dëshirë; their wishes came true/were granted, they got their wish dëshira iu plotësua. 3. të fala; urime; give her my best wishes bëji shumë të fala nga unë; with best wishes for a speedy recovery/for the New Year me urimet më të mira për një shërim të shpejtë/ për Vitin e Ri.● wishbone ['wishbëun] n. shpor, parmëz (kocka e kraharorit të shpendëve, samari a gjoksi i shpendëve; heqës)● wishful thinking ['wishful 'thinking] n. psik. marrje e dëshirave për realitet● wishy-washy ['wishiwoshi] adj 1. e zbardhulët, e shpëlarë (ngjyrë). 2. i lëngshëm, i ujshëm. 3. fig. i shpëlarë; bajat* * *dëshiroj -
5 undergraduate
[,andë:'græxhuit/,andë:'grædjuit] n., adj. -n. student (universitar), student i padiplomuar (universitar)./- adj. studentor; studentësh, për studentë; undergraduate studies studime univerzitare; in my undergraduate days kur isha student.William G. Morgan (1870-1942), who was born in the State of New York, has gone down in history as the inventor of the game of volleyball, to which he originally gave the name "Mintonette".The young Morgan carried out his undergraduate studies at the Springfield College of the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) where he met James Naismith who, in 1891, had invented basketball. After graduating, Morgan spent his first year at the Auburn (Maine) YMCA after which, during the summer of 1896, he moved to the YMCA at Holyoke (Massachusetts) where he became Director of Physical Education. In this role he had the opportunity to establish, develop, and direct a vast programme of exercises and sports classes for male adults.His leadership was enthusiastically accepted, and his classes grew in numbers. He came to realise that he needed a certain type of competitive recreational game in order to vary his programme. Basketball, which sport was beginning to develop, seemed to suit young people, but it was necessary to find a less violent and less intense alternative for the older members.go down in history as... [gou daun in 'histëri æz] hyj në history si, njihet në history si, pnohet në histori si
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