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1 BE
Quenya uses forms of ná as the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns “in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another” (VT49:28). It may also denote a position, as in tanomë nauvan “I will be there” (VT49:19). PE17:68 mentions návë “being” as a “general infinitive” form; the gloss would suggest that návë may also be regarded as a gerund. Present tense ná “is” (Nam), pl. nar or nár ”are" (PE15:36, VT49:27, 30), dual nát (VT49:30). Also attested with various pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë “I am”, nalyë or natyë “you (sg.) are” (polite and familiar, respectively), nás “it is”, násë “(s)he is”, nalmë “we are” (VT49:27, 30). Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps intended as aorist forms (nain “I am”, naityë/nailyë “you are”); VT49:30 however lists aorist forms with no intruding i (nanyë *“I am”, nalyë *”thou art”, ná “is”, nassë *”(s)he is”, nalmë *“we are”, nar “are”). Pa.t. nánë or né “was”, pl. náner/nér and dual nét “were” (VT49:6, 10, 27, 30). According to VT49:31, né “was” cannot receive pronominal endings (though nésë “he was” is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29), and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen “I was”, anel “you were”, anes “(s)he/it was” (VT49:28). Future tense nauva "will be" (VT42:34, VT49:19; alternative form uva only in VT49:30) Perfect anaië “has been” (VT49:27, first written as anáyë). The form na may be used as imperative (na airë "be holy", VT43:14, alcar...na Erun "glory...be to God", VT44:34); this imperative na is apparently incorporated in the word nai "be it that" (misleading translation "maybe" in LotR). This nai can be combined with a verb to express a hope that something will happen (Nam: nai hiruvalyë Valimar, “may you find Valimar”) or if the verb is in the present rather than the future tense, that it is already happening (VT49:39: nai Eru lye mánata “God bless you” or *”may God be blessing you”). According to PE17:58, imperative na is short for á na with the imperative particle included. – Ná "is" appears with a short vowel (na) in some sources, but writers should probably maintain the long vowel to avoid confusion with the imperative na (and with the wholly distinct preposition na "to"). The short form na- may however be usual before pronominal suffixes. By one interpretation, na with a short vowel represents the aorist (VT49:27). – The word ëa is variously translated "is", "exists", "it is", "let it be". It has a more absolute meaning than ná, with reference to existence rather than being a mere copula. It may also be used (with prepositional phrases) to denote a position: i ëa han ëa “[our Father] who is beyond [the universe of] Eä” (VT43:12-14), i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa “the One who is above all thrones” (UT:305). The pa.t. of this verb is engë, VT43:38, perfect engië or rarely éyë, future euva, VT49:29. – Fíriel's Song contains a word ye "is" (compare VT46:22), but its status in LotR-style Quenya is uncertain. – NOT BE, NOT DO: Also attested is the negative copula uin and umin "I do not, am not" (1st pers. aorist), pa.t. úmë. According to VT49:29, forms like ui “it is not”, uin(yë) “I am not”, uil(yë) *“you are not”, *uis *”(s)he is not” and uilmë *”we are not” are cited in a document dating from about 1968, though some of this was struck out. The monosyllable ú is used for “was not” in one text. The negation lá can be inflected for time “when verb is not expressed”. Tense-forms given: (aorist) lanyë “I do not, am not”; the other forms are cited without pronominal suffixes: present laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva, imperative ala, alá. MAY IT BE SO, see AMEN. –VT49:27-34, Nam/RGEO:67, VT43:34/An Introduction to Elvish:5, VT42:34,Silm:21/391, FS, UGU/UMU, VT49:13 -
2 BUT
A sting of different words for the conjunction "but" are attested. In the Etymologies, the word for "but" is ná or nán. In Fíriel's Song, the short variant nan appears. One text (VT49:15) uses apa for “but”, but elsewhere, this is a preposition “after”. In Tolkien's drafts for a Quenya version of the Lord's Prayer, he was experimenting with many words for "but": anat, onë, ono (VT43:23; ono occurs also in another text in VT44:5/9, and shorter nó is attested in VT41:13), but in the final version of the Lord's Prayer, he used mal. We cannot know how many of these alternatives Tolkien would have considered conceptually valid and which were just experimental. For the purpose of writing in Quenya, the variant ná is probably best avoided since it can be confused with the copula "is"; likewise, nán (and nan?) may also mean *"I am" (ná, na- + the pronominal ending -n "I"). The Lord's Prayer variants are less ambiguous, and mal (the word used in the final version) is perhaps the best alternative so far published. BUT meaning "only" (as in "I am but a boy") may be rendered by er (only, one, alone, still). BUT YET a-nanta, ananta (and yet) –NDAN, LT1:269, FS, VT41:13, VT43:23 -
3 THOU
(singular 2nd person pronoun, distinct from plural “you” – the Quenya forms here discussed are not archaic like English “thou”, but simply express singular “you”). Quenya makes a distinction between a formal or polite “thou” and an intimate or familiar “thou”, the latter being reserved for use between close friends, family members, and lovers (VT49:51, 52). The formal pronoun normally appears as the ending -lyë or (if shortened) -l that is added to verbs, e.g. hiruvalyë “thou shalt find ” (Nam), caril or carilyë *“thou dost” or *“you (sg.) do” (VT49:16). The short form in -l may be the more usual, though the long form -lye- must be used if a second pronominal ending denoting the object of the verb is to be added (e.g. *cenuvalyes “thou shalt see it”, with the ending -s “it” appended). The ending -lyë may also be added to prepositions (aselyë “with thee”, VT43:29). The independent pronoun is lye, with a long vowel (lyé, VT49:51) when stressed. This pronoun can also appear in object position (English “thee”), e.g. nai Eru lye mánata, by Tolkien translated “God bless you” (VT49:39). Case endings may be added, e.g. allative lyenna *“upon thee” (VT49:40, 41). There is also elyë “thou, even thou” (Nam, RGEO:67) as an emphatic pronoun (Nam); apparently this can also receive case endings. Such independent pronouns may also be used in copula-less constructions, e.g. aistana elyë "blessed [art] thou" (VT43:30). – The intimate or familiar pronoun is similar in form, only with t instead of l. The pronominal ending is thus -tyë, as in carityë “thou dost, you (sg.) do” (VT49:16). It is uncertain whether -tyë has a short form -t (the existence of a short form is explicitly denied in VT49:51, but -t is listed in VT49:48). At one conceptual stage Tolkien mentioned such an ending that could be added to imperatives (hecat “get thee gone”, WJ:364), but he may have dropped it because it clashed with -t as a dual ending on verbs. The independent pronoun is tye, with a long vowel when stressed (tyé, VT49:51); presumably there also exists an emphatic pronoun *etyë (still unattested). Like lye, the pronoun tye may also appear in object position (ar inyë, yonya, tye-méla “and I too, my son, love thee”, LR:61); we must also assume that tye (and emphatic *etyë) can receive case endings. – Genitive forms, see THY.
См. также в других словарях:
copulă — CÓPULĂ, copule, s.f. 1. Cuvânt de legătură. 2. Verb copulativ. 3. Cuvânt care leagă subiectul de predicat. – Din fr. copule, lat. copula. Trimis de IoanSoleriu, 20.05.2004. Sursa: DEX 98 CÓPULĂ s. (gram.) verb copulativ. Trimis de siveco, 05.08 … Dicționar Român
cópula — f. med. Ligadura o atadura de una cosa con otra. ⊆ anat. Parte u órgano que conecta. ⊆ sex. Coito. Medical Dictionary. 2011 … Diccionario médico
COPULA — apud Capitolin. Maximino Iuniore, c. 1. Dextrocherium cum copula de hyacinthis quatuor etc. ea pars dextrocherii est. quâ iungitur et copulatur; vel taenia potius utrâque dextrocherii parte pendens, quâ dextrocherium alligabatur. Gloss. Copula,… … Hofmann J. Lexicon universale
Copula — ist ein Begriff aus der Mathematik, siehe Copula (Mathematik) aus der Linguistik, siehe Kopula aus der Musik, siehe Copula (Musik) Diese Seite ist eine Begriffsklärung zur Unterscheidung mehrerer … Deutsch Wikipedia
copula — copulá vb., ind. prez. 3 sg. şi pl. copuleáză Trimis de siveco, 10.08.2004. Sursa: Dicţionar ortografic COPULÁ vb. I. refl. A se împreuna, a se acupla. [< fr. copuler] … Dicționar Român
cópula — sustantivo femenino 1. Unión de una cosa con otra: De la cópula de los dos gametos se origina la célula huevo. 2. Unión sexual del macho y la hembra: Antes de la cópula en muchas especies animales el macho realiza un largo galanteo a la hembra.… … Diccionario Salamanca de la Lengua Española
copula — / kɔpula/ s.f. [dal lat. copula legame, congiunzione ]. 1. (fisiol.) [congiungimento sessuale] ▶◀ accoppiamento, amore, amplesso, coito, congiunzione (carnale), (non com.) copulazione, rapporto (sessuale), (volg.) scopata. 2. (gramm.) [elemento… … Enciclopedia Italiana
copula — linking verb, 1640s, from L. copula that which binds, rope, band, bond (see COPULATE (Cf. copulate)) … Etymology dictionary
cópula — s. f. 1. Relação ou ato sexual. = COITO, CONCÚBITO, COPULAÇÃO 2. União, junção. 3. [Gramática] Verbo que une o sujeito ao nome predicativo do sujeito. = VERBO COPULATIVO ‣ Etimologia: latim copula, ae, laço, correia, gancho, união, casamento … Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa
Copula — Cop u*la, n. [L., bond, band. See {Couple}.] 1. (Logic & Gram.) The word which unites the subject and predicate. [1913 Webster] 2. (Mus.) The stop which connects the manuals, or the manuals with the pedals; called also {coupler}. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Copŭla — (lat.), 1) Band, Verbindung; so C. carnalis, fleischliche Vermischung, od. die Verwandtschaft[432] od. Schwägerschaft, welche durch den Beischlaf erfolgt; 2) (Gramm.), der Satztheil, welcher das Subject mit dem Prädicat verbindet; sie ist… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
