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41 economy
1) экономика, народное хозяйство2) pl экономия, бережливость3) экономия (как область знания) -
42 economy
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43 economy
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44 economy
Einsparung; Wirtschaft* -
45 economy
сущ.1) эк. экономика; хозяйствоnational economy — народное хозяйство, национальная экономика
See:advanced economies, closed economy, command economy, developed economies, dual economy, Dynamic Asian Economies, emerging economy, innovation-driven economy, investment-driven economy, market economy, mixed economy, mixed-market economy, moral economy, open economy, planned economy, tiger economy, transitional economy, world economy, capitalism2)а) эк. бережливость, расчет, расчетливость, экономия, экономность, экономичностьSyn:See:б) эк., обычно мн. сэкономленное; сбережения3) общ. организация, строение, структура, устройство, системаSyn:
* * *
экономика, народное хозяйство: совокупность взаимодействующих экономических агентов (государство, производители, рабочая сила, потребители и др.); экономика обычно определяется национальными границами государства.* * *1. совокупность производственных отношений, соответствующих данной степени развития производственных сил общества2. хозяйство района, республики, страны, группы стран или всего мира -
46 closed
прил.1) общ. закрытый, замкнутыйclosed basin — непроточный водоем; закрытый бассейн
See:2) общ. законченный3) эк., юр. закрытый (о компании или другой организации, учредители которой не имеют права продавать свои акции или паи другим лицам без согласия всех остальных учредителей; акции таких организаций, как правило, не обращаются на рынке)See:4) мат. закрытое ( характеристика множества)See: -
47 closed
[kləuzd]прил.1) закрытый; замкнутыйclosed shop — амер. предприятие, принимающее на работу только членов профсоюза ( на основании договора с профсоюзом)
closed economy — закрытая, автаркическая экономика, автаркия
closed season — время, когда запрещена охота
closed compound — сложное слово, которое пишется слитно
closed work — горн. подземные работы
2) огороженный3) тех. замкнутый4) эл. замкнутый ( об электрической цепи)5) законченныйSyn:6) лингв. закрытый -
48 Economy
Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging. -
49 closed
1. past participle of close II 2.2. adjective1) запертый, закрытый; closed sea внутреннее море (все берега которого принадлежат одному государству); closed work mining подземные работы; closed shop amer. предприятие, принимающее на работу только членов профсоюза (на основании договора с профсоюзом); closed economy автаркическая экономия, автаркия; closed season время, когда запрещена охота2) законченный3) phon. закрытый; closed syllable закрытый слог4) electr. под токомclosed mind ограниченность* * *1 (a) закрытый2 (s) закрыт* * *а) закрытый, запертый б) огороженный* * *adj. закрытый, замкнутый, запертый; законченный, заделанный; крытый; находящийся под током, под током* * *законченныйзакрытзакрытазакрытаязакрытоезакрытыйзапертыйзаслонензаслоненазаслоненнаязаслоненноезаслоненныйзатворензатворенныйзахлопнута* * *1) а) закрытый б) огороженный 2) а) тех. замкнутый б) электр. под током -
50 closed
adj. хаалттай. a \closed economy хаалттай эдийн засаг. -
51 closed
closed [kləʊzd](a) (shut → shop, museum etc) fermé; (→ eyes) fermé, clos; (→ opening, pipe) obturé, bouché; (→ road) barré; (→ economy, mind) fermé;∎ road closed to traffic (sign) route interdite à la circulation;∎ figurative we found the door closed nous avons trouvé porte close;∎ Law in closed session à huis clos;∎ to do sth behind closed doors faire qch en cachette;∎ economics is a closed book to me je ne comprends rien à l'économie(b) (restricted) exclusif;∎ a closed society un cercle fermé►► closed circuit television télévision f en circuit fermé;Politics closed primary = aux États-Unis, élection primaire réservée aux membres d'un parti;closed set ensemble m fermé;Industry closed shop (practice) = système selon lequel une entreprise n'embauche que des travailleurs syndiqués; (establishment) = entreprise qui n'embauche que des travailleurs syndiqués -
52 closed
[kləʊzd] 1. 2.1) (shut) [door, container, shop, eyes] chiuso"closed for repairs" — "chiuso per lavori"
"road closed" — "strada chiusa"
"closed to the public" — "vietato al pubblico"
"closed to traffic" — "chiuso al traffico"
behind closed doors — fig. a porte chiuse
2) (restricted) [community, economy] chiuso* * *[kləʊzd] 1. 2.1) (shut) [door, container, shop, eyes] chiuso"closed for repairs" — "chiuso per lavori"
"road closed" — "strada chiusa"
"closed to the public" — "vietato al pubblico"
"closed to traffic" — "chiuso al traffico"
behind closed doors — fig. a porte chiuse
2) (restricted) [community, economy] chiuso -
53 closed
{klouzd}
1. затворен, закрит
CLOSED book прен. въпрос/тема, по която човек не знае нищо
behind/with CLOSED doors юр. при закрити врати (за процес и пр.), the road is CLOSED to heavy motor traffic пътят/шосето e затворено за тежкотоварни коли
2. ограничен, предназначен само за определен кръг хора
CLOSED shop фабрика/цех и пр., в които се приемат само работници, членуващи в професионални съюзи
CLOSED circuit телевизионно предаване по кабели за ограничен брой приемници
CLOSED season ам. close-season* * *{klouzd} а 1. затворен; закрит; closed book прен. въпрос/тема, по к* * *ограничен; приключен; запушен; затворен; закрит;* * *1. behind/with closed doors юр. при закрити врати (за процес и пр.), the road is closed to heavy motor traffic пътят/шосето e затворено за тежкотоварни коли 2. closed book прен. въпрос/тема, по която човек не знае нищо 3. closed circuit телевизионно предаване по кабели за ограничен брой приемници 4. closed season ам. close-season 5. closed shop фабрика/цех и пр., в които се приемат само работници, членуващи в професионални съюзи 6. затворен, закрит 7. ограничен, предназначен само за определен кръг хора* * *closed [klouzd] adj 1. ограничен (само за избрани хора); \closed shop работилница (фабрика и пр.), в която не се приемат работници, които не членуват в професионални съюзи; \closed society ( economy) затворено общество, затворена икономика; 2. затворен, запушен; "road \closed" "пътят е затворен"; \closed season ам. забранен сезон (за лов и пр.); \closed wood бранище. -
54 closed-end fund
finance, business, economy• suljettu sijoitusrahasto -
55 closed-end unit trust
finance, business, economy• suljettu sijoitusrahasto -
56 open economy macroeconomics
эк. макроэкономика открытой экономики (объединение двух разделов экономической теории: макроэкономики закрытой экономики и международной экономики)See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > open economy macroeconomics
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57 OPEN ECONOMY
Открытая экономика
1. Страна, экономика которой в значительной степени зависит от внешней торговли. Ее экспорт и импорт составляют значительную долю ВВП. 2. Неограниченное перемещение товаров, капиталов и рабочей силы через границу страны. Ср.: Closed economy.Новый англо-русский словарь-справочник. Экономика. > OPEN ECONOMY
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58 автаркическая экономия
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > автаркическая экономия
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59 закрытая экономика
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > закрытая экономика
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60 экономия
жен.
1) (чего-л.) economy;
saving (of) для экономии времени, денег ≈ to save time, money политическая экономия ≈ political economy соблюдать экономию ≈ to economize, to save экономия топлива ≈ saving of fuel, fuel economy режим экономии ≈ economy effort строгая экономия ≈ rigid economy автаркическая экономия ≈ closed economy
2) savings;
amount saved( by economizing) экономия составила... ≈ the savings amounted to...
3) уст. estateэкономи|я - ж. economy;
(выгода) saving (in, of) ;
валютная ~ currency saving;
~ в расходах saving of expense;
~ материала saving of/in material, economizing on material;
~ места space saving;
~ финансовых ресурсов saving of financial resources;
режим ~и policy/regime of economy, economy regime/drive;
получать ~ю achieve saving on;
политическая ~ political economy.Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > экономия
См. также в других словарях:
Closed Economy — An economy in which no activity is conducted with outside economies. A closed economy is self sufficient, meaning that no imports are brought in and no exports are sent out. The goal is to provide consumers with everything that they need from… … Investment dictionary
closed economy — closed e conomy n [C, usually singular] a country that does not trade with any other countries … Dictionary of contemporary English
closed economy — A theoretical model of an economy that neither imports nor exports and is therefore independent of economic factors in the outside world. No such economy exists, although the foreign sector of the US economy is relatively small and most economic… … Big dictionary of business and management
closed economy — /kləυzd ɪ kɒnəmi/ noun a type of economy where trade and financial dealings are tightly controlled by the government … Dictionary of banking and finance
closed economy — economic system which does not carry out trade with other systems … English contemporary dictionary
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